{"id":11423,"date":"2025-04-18T16:04:34","date_gmt":"2025-04-18T16:04:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/actualites\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\/"},"modified":"2025-05-15T11:10:53","modified_gmt":"2025-05-15T11:10:53","slug":"du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\/","title":{"rendered":"Du commerce social \u00e0 Rufisque (S\u00e9n\u00e9gal) : strat\u00e9gies de construction et de s\u00e9curisation de la confiance-client"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"11423\" class=\"elementor elementor-11423\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-036a802 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"036a802\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1d7910 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d1d7910\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c21c9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c21c9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Num\u00e9ro 9 - Jeunes chercheurs<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62d8bc1 ignoretoc elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"62d8bc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/anta%20betty%20kanteye\" class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Anta-Betty-KANTEYE-225x300.webp\" alt=\"Image de Anta Betty Kanteye\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/anta%20betty%20kanteye\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-author-box__name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAnta Betty Kanteye\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-author-box__button elementor-button elementor-size-xs\" href=\"\/authors\/anta%20betty%20kanteye\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTous les articles de l'auteur\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fa7705 ignoretoc elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"5fa7705\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/albert%20gautier%20ndione\" class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Albert-Gautier-NDIONE-225x300.webp\" alt=\"Image de Albert Gautier Ndione\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/albert%20gautier%20ndione\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-author-box__name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAlbert Gautier Ndione\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-author-box__button elementor-button elementor-size-xs\" href=\"\/authors\/albert%20gautier%20ndione\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTous les articles de l'auteur\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0d0aaa ignoretoc elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"b0d0aaa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/elhadj%20imalick%20sy%20camara\" class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/EL-Hadji-Malick-Sy-Camara-225x300.webp\" alt=\"Image de EL Hadji Malick Sy Camara\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/elhadj%20imalick%20sy%20camara\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-author-box__name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEL Hadji Malick Sy Camara\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-author-box__button elementor-button elementor-size-xs\" href=\"\/authors\/elhadj%20imalick%20sy%20camara\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTous les articles de l'auteur\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1659d68 ignoretoc elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"1659d68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/sylvain%20landry%20birane%20faye\" class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Silvain-Landry-Birane-Faye--225x300.webp\" alt=\"Image de Silvain Landry Birane Faye\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/sylvain%20landry%20birane%20faye\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-author-box__name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSilvain Landry Birane Faye\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-author-box__button elementor-button elementor-size-xs\" href=\"\/authors\/sylvain%20landry%20birane%20faye\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTous les articles de l'auteur\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5182bb3 ignoretoc elementor-widget elementor-widget-wpml-language-switcher\" data-id=\"5182bb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wpml-language-switcher.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wpml-elementor-ls\"><p class=\"wpml-ls-statics-post_translations wpml-ls\">This post is also available in: \n<span role=\"menu\">\n    <span class=\"wpml-ls-slot-post_translations wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-en wpml-ls-first-item wpml-ls-item-legacy-post-translations\" role=\"none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/\" class=\"wpml-ls-link\" role=\"menuitem\" aria-label=\"Passer \u00e0 Anglais(English)\" title=\"Passer \u00e0 Anglais(English)\"><img decoding=\"async\"\n            class=\"wpml-ls-flag\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/flags\/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg\"\n            alt=\"\"\n            width=18\n            height=12\n    \/><span class=\"wpml-ls-native\" lang=\"en\">English<\/span><span class=\"wpml-ls-display\"><span class=\"wpml-ls-bracket\"> (<\/span>Anglais<span class=\"wpml-ls-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span>    <span class=\"wpml-ls-slot-post_translations wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-fr wpml-ls-current-language wpml-ls-last-item wpml-ls-item-legacy-post-translations\" role=\"none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/\" class=\"wpml-ls-link\" role=\"menuitem\" ><img decoding=\"async\"\n            class=\"wpml-ls-flag\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/sitepress-multilingual-cms\/res\/flags\/fr.svg\"\n            alt=\"\"\n            width=18\n            height=12\n    \/><span class=\"wpml-ls-native\" role=\"menuitem\">Fran\u00e7ais<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5eeda1f elementor-share-buttons--view-icon elementor-share-buttons--shape-circle elementor-share-buttons--skin-gradient elementor-grid-0 elementor-share-buttons--color-official elementor-widget elementor-widget-share-buttons\" data-id=\"5eeda1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"share-buttons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_facebook\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Partager sur facebook\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-facebook\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_x-twitter\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Partager sur x-twitter\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-x-twitter\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_linkedin\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Partager sur linkedin\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-linkedin\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_whatsapp\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Partager sur whatsapp\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-whatsapp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_email\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Partager sur email\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fas fa-envelope\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-297d7b5 elementor-align-left elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"297d7b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/0404-4x71\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER EN PDF<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2724b9e e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2724b9e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f03e25c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f03e25c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"\/?issues=Tomorrow\u2019s%20Africas,%20Worlds%20and%20Knowledge%20\">09.2025<br>Varia<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b07a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b07a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Publi\u00e9 le : 20 mars 2025<br><\/strong><strong>ISSN: 3020-0458<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38d84bf elementor-align-center elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"38d84bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/issue-9-2.png\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER LE NUM\u00c9RO PDF<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5db791 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b5db791\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/GA-Issue-07-1.jpg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"408\" height=\"610\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/issue-9-1.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-11079\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae2d51c e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ae2d51c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c8215e e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3c8215e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa2f8e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-adv-tabs\" data-id=\"fa2f8e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-adv-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div data-scroll-on-click=\"no\" data-scroll-speed=\"300\" id=\"eael-advance-tabs-fa2f8e7\" class=\"eael-advance-tabs eael-tabs-horizontal eael-tab-auto-active  responsive-vertical-layout\" data-tabid=\"fa2f8e7\">\n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-nav \">\n                <ul class=\"eael-tab-inline-icon\" role=\"tablist\">\n                                            <li id=\"English\" class=\"active-default eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"English-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Abstract<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"French\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"French-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_France.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"Swahili\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"Swahili-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_Kenya.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Muhtasari<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"Arabic\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"Arabic-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" viewBox=\"0 0 900 600\"><path id=\"green\" d=\"m0 600h900v-600h-900z\" fill=\"#005430\" stroke-width=\".375\"><\/path><g id=\"white\" transform=\"scale(.375)\"><g id=\"shahada\"><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1800,635.53)\"><path d=\"m0 0c-0.023 4.162-1.516 15.373-1.895 19.134-0.378 3.761-0.759 7.173-0.667 7.972 0.09 0.771 1.187-1.072 1.767-1.221 0.3 0.065 0.166 1.229-0.379 2.223-0.369 0.675-1.627 3.199-2.39 4.678-0.359 0.7-0.439 1.106-0.612 1.192-0.172 0.086-1.561-2.945-1.409-3.281 0.379-0.616 0.639-0.91 0.698-1.998 0.06-1.088 0.58-8.856 1.243-14.744 0.499-4.442 1.594-14.012 1.633-19.962 0.011-1.941-0.188-3.791-0.427-4.564-0.613-1.214-1.571-2.309-5.139-4.567-4.011-2.539-9.362-4.652-11.662-6.066-1.43-0.882-0.956-1 0.289-0.614 1.242 0.386 7.664 1.623 10.784 3.049 2.929 1.342 4.83 3.587 6.273 6.862 1.782 4.049 1.918 7.485 1.893 11.907\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1709.3,422.03)\"><path d=\"m0 0c0.31 0.13 2.877 0.273 3.568 0.119-0.454-0.702-3.532-2.256-3.545-2.541 0.084-0.192 2.126 0.355 2.77 0.659 0.421 0.274 0.702 0.698 1.014 1.05 0.736 0.916 1.609 2.615 1.389 2.828-0.357 0.344-3.856 0.13-4.317 0.059-0.309-0.048-1.093-1.568-1.237-1.958-0.141-0.39 0.048-0.346 0.358-0.216\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1747.6,588.62)\"><path d=\"m0 0c0.535 1.96 0.667 4.338-0.061 6.841-0.748 2.577-2.606 4.148-3.946 4.953l-0.239-2.481s1.879-1.01 3.164-3.553c0.814-1.613 1.153-3.894 0.51-6.437-0.107-0.631 0.31-0.283 0.572 0.677\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1602.4,672.64)\"><path d=\"m0 0c0.482 1.765 0.6 3.906-0.054 6.16-0.674 2.321-2.347 3.736-3.554 4.458l-0.216-2.233s1.692-0.91 2.849-3.198c0.734-1.451 1.038-3.508 0.461-5.797-0.096-0.566 0.279-0.254 0.514 0.61\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1098.3,444.51)\"><path d=\"m0 0c0.774-1.531 1.095-3.699 0.486-6.114-0.102-0.599 0.292-0.27 0.543 0.642 0.506 1.86 0.632 4.12-0.06 6.499-0.711 2.449-2.476 3.94-3.749 4.703l-0.225-2.356s1.785-0.959 3.005-3.374\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,758,449.86)\"><path d=\"m0 0c0.65-1.648 0.694-3.873-0.356-6.217-0.204-0.589 0.293-0.31 0.71 0.571 0.852 1.801 1.33 4.055 0.898 6.545-0.443 2.56-2.221 4.305-3.552 5.25l-0.604-2.339s1.879-1.212 2.904-3.81\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,852.07,698.62)\"><path d=\"m0 0c0.826 1.658 1.17 2.774 1.537 4.738 0.321 1.728 0.342 3.724 0.226 5.756 2.472 1.09 5.418 2.899 6.408 3.032-0.677-2.514 0.939-5.227 4.203-4.873 0.25-2.843 0.464-5.34 0.594-6.821 0.266-3.036 0.226-6.862 0.218-7.527-0.011-0.668 0.436-0.542 0.895 0.946 0.612 1.992 0.801 7.194 0.579 10.634-0.053 0.86-0.143 2.021-0.252 3.344 2.116 1.059 2.468 3.103 3.259 3.974 0.714-2.705 4.644-3.072 5.857-2.493 1.504 0.719 1.997 2.012 2.384 5.013 0.388 3-0.742 4.208-1.146 4.535-0.04-0.363-1.024-3.889-1.024-3.889s0.933-1.066 0.98-1.59c-0.76-0.744-2.363-0.79-3.709-0.316-1.347 0.474-1.76 1.346-1.68 1.931 0.078 0.587 0.585 1.121 0.602 1.836 0.015 0.715-0.302 0.508-0.841-0.125-0.539-0.634-0.887-1.204-1.633-2.565-0.61-1.113-1.6-2.471-3.346-2.859-0.288 3.268-0.617 6.745-0.837 8.929-0.115 1.153-1.264 11.117-1.346 12.232-0.071 0.971-0.204 2.116-0.182 2.654 0.022 0.428 0.27 0.258 0.654-0.19 0.385-0.447 1.058-1.227 1.174-1.166 0.392 0.208-9e-3 1.503-0.522 2.663-0.512 1.163-2.26 5.751-2.627 5.94-0.189 0.096-1.369-2.728-1.439-3.284 0.183-0.348 0.661-0.895 0.678-2.451 6e-3 -0.434 0.264-4.526 0.622-8.395 0.313-3.417 0.728-6.659 0.768-7.036 0.285-2.608 0.631-6.284 0.96-9.898-1.895 0.39-2.399 1.742-2.357 2.513 0.048 0.87 0.411 1.852 0.237 2.074-0.365 0.237-2.537-1.076-5.566-2.487-0.852-0.396-1.812-0.821-2.825-1.224-0.264 2.463-0.612 4.805-0.752 6.596l-0.017 0.199c1.992 0.139 3.623 1.227 4.365 2.263 0.927 1.295 1.575 3.96 1.638 6.002 0.063 2.044-1.462 5.781-1.825 6.969-0.366 1.189-0.555 2.013-0.587 2.424-0.033 0.411 0.824-0.476 1.363-0.65 0.365-0.079 0.239 0.776-0.207 1.363-0.443 0.585-2.839 4.518-3.007 4.242-0.103-0.162-1.063-3.055-1.126-3.498 0.378-0.27 0.82-1.014 0.851-1.727 0.032-0.713 0.56-3.848 1.145-5.59 0.587-1.742 1.837-5.084 1.916-6.003-0.893-0.681-2.926-1.834-4.937-1.765-0.344 3.048-0.78 6.588-1.013 9.095-0.09 0.969-0.096 2.003-0.082 2.543 0.011 0.428 0.296 0.369 0.688-0.071 0.394-0.44 0.998-1.08 1.122-1.034 0.27 0.097 0.036 1.068-0.499 2.221s-2.661 6.03-3.034 6.212c-0.189 0.093-1.141-2.646-1.201-3.205 0.19-0.346 0.677-0.881 0.725-2.437 0.038-1.239 0.596-7.311 1.074-12.659-1.99 1.113-2.669 2.704-2.915 5.375-0.172 1.862-0.189 5.292-0.803 8.161-0.346 1.622-1.075 3.27-1.939 4.145-0.206-0.539-1.126-3.848-1.126-3.848 0.3-0.95 1.233-4.149 1.201-6.921-0.031-2.772-0.233-5.482-3.105-7.349-2.87-1.868-7.175-1.125-8.238 1.789-1.063 2.916 1.3 10.227 1.269 11.953-0.032 1.726-0.317 1.964-0.984 1.679-0.666-0.285-2.029-1.949-3.203-4.656-1.174-2.709-1.696-6.064-2.363-8.345-0.665-2.281-1.73-4.592-3.378-4.464-1.648 0.126-2.535 1.757-3.042 4.116-0.508 2.361-0.197 5.47-0.059 6.267 0.344 1.996-0.453 1.587-0.941-1.547-0.302-1.933-0.602-5.02 0.461-8.251 1.061-3.231 2.87-4.436 4.455-4.023 1.586 0.411 2.98 4.434 3.472 6.241 0.491 1.804 2.688 9.817 3.932 10.211 0.174-0.903-0.967-3.814-1.332-7.219-0.364-3.405 0.485-7.979 4.481-8.77 3.996-0.792 6.707 2.011 7.69 3.957 0.984 1.949 1.443 3.992 1.554 5.021 0.128-2.612 1.776-6.691 4.977-7.854l0.33-0.103c0.197-2.138 0.518-4.929 0.813-7.86-0.623-0.208-1.252-0.396-1.878-0.558-0.08 0.281-0.168 0.556-0.275 0.809-0.977 2.273-2.594 4.368-4.835 4.223-2.289-0.147-4.785-3.451-4.676-5.864 0.072-1.623 0.898-2.955 3.902-3.296 1.372-0.157 2.829 8e-3 4.334 0.363 0.212-0.671 0.346-1.338 0.361-1.946-0.952-1.204-8.829-7.63-14.727-8.248-5.898-0.617-7.697 2.727-7.756 6.084-0.044 2.554 1.376 5.103 2.374 6.867 1.428 1.13 2.6 2.543 3.34 3.633 0.201-0.134 0.392-0.258 0.574-0.373 0.705-0.443 0.986-1.105 0.986-1.105 0.13 0.216 0.736 1.396 0.499 1.973-0.109 0.142-0.642 0.497-1.283 0.918 0.673 1.814 0.664 3.625-0.208 4.028-0.975 0.449-2.248-0.799-2.797-1.56-0.285-0.396-0.394-0.845-0.396-1.222-4e-3 -0.485 0.207-0.923 0.729-1.313 0.52-0.384 1.003-0.732 1.457-1.046-1.289-1.464-4.335-3.609-6.199-4.869-0.069 0.185-0.342-0.01-0.709-0.478l-0.505-0.337c-1.487-0.984-5.053-3.145-5.754-3.674-0.702-0.53-0.262-0.434 0-0.316 0.495 0.289 1.145 0.639 1.875 1.025 1.034 0.547 2.237 1.166 3.413 1.787-0.348-0.638-0.708-1.384-1.027-2.198-1.403-3.583-3.671-11.009 1.235-15.477 4.694-4.277 12.762-2.65 19.453 1.795 6.692 4.446 8.137 6.009 9.183 7.625m-21.816 17.664c-0.232 0.185-0.264 0.432-0.075 0.604 0.241 0.222 0.549 0.432 0.899 0.503 0.742 0.149 1.038-0.773 0.74-2.209-0.564 0.373-1.144 0.765-1.564 1.102m15.348-6.057c-3.407-0.017-3.564 0.652-3.5 1.08 0.063 0.426 1.124 1.595 2.47 0.824 0.569-0.327 1.21-1.011 1.803-1.87-0.262-0.021-0.52-0.032-0.773-0.034m-10.435-19.379c-6.437-1.9-12.716 1.044-13.096 6.873-0.291 4.451 1.21 7.805 2.178 9.695 0.923 0.494 1.795 0.974 2.516 1.404-1.685-2.935-2.671-6.866-2.012-10.196 0.746-3.772 3.78-6.059 8.917-5.321 5.086 0.729 11.963 5.961 13.913 7.934 0.594 0.712 0.986 1.354 1.52 2.662 0.22 0.537 0.529 1.246 0.644 2.047 0.075 0.522 0.115 1.08 0.124 1.648 0.597 0.193 1.197 0.409 1.801 0.641 0.205-2.388 0.356-4.742 0.365-6.778-3.169-4.02-10.433-8.708-16.87-10.609\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1551,647.88)\"><path d=\"m0 0c-0.218 3.9-0.744 10.959-1.038 14.54-0.26 3.187-0.771 7.555-1.145 11.4-0.094 0.968-0.104 1.895-0.094 2.434 0.011 0.426 0.405 0.262 0.799-0.176s1.01-0.988 1.126-0.921c0.385 0.216-0.076 1.284-0.617 2.433-0.541 1.151-2.686 5.912-3.059 6.093-0.19 0.092-1.195-2.76-1.253-3.319 0.192-0.344 0.683-0.877 0.736-2.433 0.054-1.557 0.781-8.715 1.306-14.504 0.364-4.024 0.834-10.59 1.176-15.541-0.017-8e-3 0.323-4.707 0.36-5.235 0.21-3.04 0.101-6.865 0.08-7.529-0.023-0.667 0.428-0.551 0.912 0.929 0.493 1.511 0.774 4.885 0.812 7.931z\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1417.5,555.68)\"><path d=\"m0 0c-0.66-0.218-1.696 0.537-1.617 2.12 0.072 1.43 0.638 2.769 0.856 3.614 0.3 1.166 0.302 2.29 0.048 1.653-0.572-1.424-1.637-4.177-1.857-6.045-0.221-1.868 0.339-3.072 1.1-3.483 0.948-0.515 1.631 0.302 2.093 1.506 0.444 1.153 0.36 2.499 0.052 2.182-0.258-0.331-0.354-1.44-0.675-1.547\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1348.2,594.54)\"><path d=\"m0 0c0.35 1.006 0.432 1.992 0.163 1.451-0.607-1.212-1.744-3.554-2.077-5.181-0.332-1.627 0.071-2.728 0.711-3.145 0.798-0.522 1.455 0.147 1.952 1.172 0.475 0.981 0.499 2.172 0.207 1.914-0.252-0.272-0.419-1.239-0.707-1.31-0.599-0.143-1.453 0.597-1.268 1.985 0.168 1.25 0.765 2.387 1.019 3.114\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1146.4,737.86)\"><path d=\"m0 0c0.585 1.027 0.876 2.092 0.47 1.554-0.906-1.202-2.621-3.535-3.313-5.246-0.69-1.711-0.47-2.996 0.145-3.581 0.767-0.73 1.622-0.13 2.369 0.889 0.717 0.977 0.985 2.273 0.61 2.052-0.329-0.249-0.705-1.272-1.036-1.291-0.681-0.036-1.467 0.945-0.985 2.423 0.436 1.334 1.317 2.456 1.74 3.2\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1500.2,535.46)\"><path d=\"m0 0c-0.671-0.182-1.663 0.631-1.497 2.208 0.151 1.423 0.792 2.728 1.055 3.558 0.366 1.149 0.429 2.27 0.14 1.65-0.648-1.392-1.864-4.08-2.189-5.934-0.325-1.853 0.166-3.086 0.904-3.539 0.92-0.564 1.644 0.212 2.174 1.39 0.507 1.126 0.499 2.474 0.172 2.174-0.275-0.318-0.432-1.419-0.759-1.507\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1498.7,666.11)\"><path d=\"m0 0c0.918-0.564 1.646 0.212 2.174 1.39 0.506 1.126 0.499 2.474 0.174 2.174-0.277-0.316-0.434-1.419-0.761-1.507-0.671-0.181-1.665 0.631-1.497 2.208 0.151 1.423 0.791 2.729 1.055 3.558 0.365 1.149 0.428 2.272 0.14 1.65-0.65-1.392-1.864-4.08-2.189-5.932-0.325-1.855 0.166-3.088 0.904-3.541\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1584.4,499.22)\"><path d=\"m0 0c0.442 1.39 0.518 2.747 0.168 1.996-0.786-1.684-2.256-4.936-2.65-7.181-0.392-2.243 0.203-3.734 1.096-4.283 1.111-0.682 1.99 0.257 2.631 1.681 0.611 1.363 0.602 2.996 0.208 2.631-0.333-0.383-0.524-1.715-0.92-1.822-0.81-0.22-2.013 0.763-1.81 2.671 0.183 1.722 0.958 3.301 1.277 4.307\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,899.52,661.58)\"><path d=\"m0 0c0.723 1.694 0.985 3.39 0.453 2.487-1.191-2.021-3.434-5.934-4.2-8.706-0.767-2.773-0.199-4.721 0.856-5.52 1.316-0.992 2.535 0.084 3.512 1.795 0.935 1.641 1.121 3.696 0.582 3.285-0.465-0.44-0.867-2.094-1.377-2.181-1.048-0.178-2.44 1.204-1.954 3.579 0.44 2.143 1.606 4.035 2.128 5.261\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1639,775)\"><path d=\"m0 0c0.554 0.491 5.372 3.298 6.259 3.868 0 0 0.907 1.6 0.635 1.77-0.273 0.17-2.032-1.56-3.126-1.608-1.095-0.048-2.594 0.822-2.642 1.535 0.142 0.538 1.459 1.346 1.935 1.379 0.476 0.03 0.399-1.142 0.558-1.285 0.159-0.141 0.792 0.809 0.872 1.205 0.078 0.395 0.013 2.049-0.858 1.812-1.379-0.377-3.459-3.143-3.696-4.013-0.239-0.872 1.046-1.631 1.984-2.044-0.08-0.032-0.78-0.396-1.223-0.87 0 0-0.476-0.577-0.698-1.749\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1519,798.48)\"><path d=\"m0 0c0.554 0.491 5.372 3.296 6.259 3.868 0 0 0.909 1.6 0.635 1.77-0.273 0.17-2.032-1.56-3.126-1.608-1.095-0.048-2.594 0.822-2.642 1.535 0.142 0.538 1.459 1.346 1.935 1.377 0.476 0.032 0.399-1.139 0.558-1.281 0.159-0.143 0.792 0.807 0.872 1.203 0.078 0.395 0.011 2.049-0.858 1.812-1.379-0.379-3.459-3.143-3.696-4.015-0.239-0.87 1.046-1.629 1.982-2.042-0.078-0.032-0.778-0.395-1.221-0.87 0 0-0.476-0.577-0.698-1.749\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1248.7,458.72)\"><path d=\"m0 0c0.432-0.543 3.262-4.432 5.479-6.877 2.216-2.447 6.015-6.407 8.806-9.121 0.54-0.526 1.113-1.096 1.696-1.689 0.704-5.846 1.518-13.285 1.86-16.361 0.337-3.029 0.387-6.854 0.394-7.52 6e-3 -0.667 0.45-0.531 0.872 0.966 0.566 2.009 0.631 7.211 0.331 10.647-0.186 2.122-0.625 6.097-1.05 9.762 1.648-1.761 3.205-3.508 4.254-4.816 1.929-2.401 3.552-4.212 4.541-6.793 0.7-1.826 0.629-3.279 0.916-3.566 0.248-0.248 0.522 1.937 0.216 4.056-0.496 3.441-1.176 4.9-5.26 9.813-1.558 1.878-3.392 3.841-5.185 5.676-0.069 0.566-0.132 1.09-0.189 1.555-0.142 1.149-1.526 11.083-1.635 12.196-0.093 0.969-0.256 2.11-0.243 2.649 0.01 0.429 0.262 0.262 0.658-0.176 0.394-0.437 1.084-1.202 1.201-1.135 0.386 0.216-0.044 1.499-0.585 2.65-0.539 1.149-2.396 5.695-2.769 5.875-0.189 0.092-1.302-2.759-1.359-3.317 0.193-0.344 0.683-0.88 0.736-2.434 0.015-0.434 0.371-4.52 0.818-8.378 0.396-3.409 0.886-6.642 0.937-7.016l2e-3 -0.029c-1.849 1.824-3.478 3.373-4.466 4.346-2.31 2.271-7.412 7.66-7.617 8.467-0.046 0.255 0.35 0.098 1.078-0.028 0.731-0.127 1.381-0.396 1.264-8e-3 -0.053 0.183-0.333 0.635-1.03 1.101-0.698 0.467-2.486 1.677-3.816 2.533-1.333 0.855-1.993 1.572-2.268 1.367-0.136-0.101-0.015-3.03 0.065-3.395 0.333-0.031 0.918-0.455 1.348-1\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1275.3,423.15)\"><path d=\"m0 0c0.547 0.13 3.139 0.059 4.08-0.155-0.394-0.296-3.046-1.745-3.57-2.09-0.521-0.346-0.653-0.546-0.391-0.512 0.76 0.228 2.473 0.512 3.294 0.975 0.774 0.392 2.093 2.304 2.606 3.017 0.51 0.713 0.51 1.069 0.38 1.26-0.524 0.308-3.902 0.617-5.531 0.18-0.451-0.331-1.333-2.094-1.463-2.461-0.13-0.369 0.048-0.344 0.595-0.214\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1380.6,421.6)\"><path d=\"m0 0c0.442 0.105 2.531 0.048 3.288-0.124-0.317-0.239-2.453-1.407-2.875-1.687-0.423-0.277-0.528-0.439-0.317-0.411 0.613 0.182 1.994 0.411 2.655 0.786 0.623 0.316 1.686 1.857 2.099 2.43 0.411 0.576 0.411 0.862 0.306 1.015-0.42 0.251-3.143 0.499-4.456 0.146-0.364-0.266-1.073-1.687-1.178-1.983-0.107-0.296 0.038-0.277 0.478-0.172\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1466.2,420.5)\"><path d=\"m0 0c0.44 0.105 2.529 0.048 3.286-0.124-0.315-0.239-2.452-1.407-2.875-1.685-0.421-0.279-0.526-0.441-0.315-0.413 0.613 0.182 2.101 0.413 2.762 0.786 0.624 0.316 1.363 1.857 1.776 2.432 0.413 0.574 0.413 0.862 0.306 1.013-0.42 0.251-2.929 0.499-4.24 0.148-0.364-0.268-1.075-1.689-1.18-1.985s0.038-0.277 0.48-0.172\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1412.8,462.19)\"><path d=\"m0 0c-0.694-1.182 0.176-2.136 0.493-3.091-0.428-0.423-1.086-0.037-1.306 0.334-0.468 0.761-0.311 2.312-0.862 2.551-0.141-0.419-0.233-0.884-0.233-0.884s0.419-1.061 0.314-1.763c-0.067-0.424-0.413-0.919-0.87-0.929-1.218-0.032-0.618 1.918-1.088 3.023-0.096-0.27-0.165-0.56-0.277-0.813 0.086-0.288 0.133-0.692 0.147-0.925 0.028-0.463-6e-3 -0.962 0.067-1.357 0.101-0.559 0.388-0.93 0.826-0.966 0.91-0.078 1.325 0.719 1.462 1.373 0.157-0.667 1.36-1.402 1.952-0.583 0.784 1.08 0.157 2.005-0.245 3.021-0.29 0.751-0.206 1.244-0.38 1.009\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1163.1,441.02)\"><path d=\"m0 0c0.063-0.486 0.294-0.818 0.671-0.868 0.778-0.107 1.172 0.562 1.319 1.118 0.103-0.581 1.109-1.265 1.656-0.587 0.723 0.897 0.222 1.721-0.08 2.614-0.216 0.662-0.123 1.082-0.283 0.887-0.65-0.986 0.059-1.849 0.29-2.686-0.388-0.344-0.937 0.017-1.111 0.344-0.37 0.677-0.168 2.006-0.63 2.237-0.14-0.356-0.239-0.751-0.239-0.751s0.313-0.933 0.191-1.532c-0.075-0.363-0.394-0.774-0.79-0.763-1.049 0.025-0.447 1.679-0.805 2.65-0.093-0.227-0.166-0.476-0.275-0.686 0.063-0.254 0.086-0.602 0.086-0.805 8e-3 -0.4-0.044-0.826 0-1.172\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1344.4,750.3)\"><path d=\"m0 0c0.117 0.201 0.375 0.753 0.31 1.13s-0.492 1.95-1.321 2.344c-0.824 0.394-1.448-0.432-1.843-1.581l-0.274 7e-3c-0.065-0.17-0.147-0.424-0.212-0.883-0.092-0.663-0.266-1.09-1.317-2.122-0.884-0.864-3.748-2.939-5.604-3.914-1.858-0.977-3.195-1.82-3.688-2.076-0.491-0.252-0.348-0.346 0.143-0.187 0.49 0.158 2.956 1.017 3.939 1.455 0.981 0.441 2.181 1.166 3.627 2.181 1.608 1.128 2.569 2.256 2.892 3.256 0.23 0.713 0.289 0.998 0.289 0.998s0.604-0.386 1.629-0.639c1.021-0.254 1.311-0.172 1.43 0.031m-1.386 2.235c0.455-0.187 0.732-0.723 0.814-1.048-0.522-0.013-1.483 0.274-1.892 0.474 0.246 0.515 0.674 0.738 1.078 0.574\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1264.9,757.77)\"><path d=\"m0 0c-1.426 0.214-5.019 0.805-5.898 3.061 0.738 1.164 4.137 2.638 8.395 4.017 4.258 1.376 8.707 3.162 9.903 4.024 0.262 0.096 0.769 0.067 0.769 0.067 0.214 0.667 1.283 3.009 1.35 3.499-1.19-0.073-8.525-0.656-11.783-0.845-3.26-0.19-9.538-0.144-11.63-0.119 1.283 0.998 4.328 2.946 8.68 4.608 0.564 0.216 1.086 0.411 1.573 0.587 0.362-0.698 0.631-1.388 0.687-1.989 0.277 0.308 0.485 1.329 0.415 2.377 2.537 0.876 3.844 1.166 4.408 1.331 0.356 0.499 0.987 2.517 1.081 3.984-0.379 0.747-1.566 1.677-2.622 2.476-1.455 1.099-3.024 2.057-4.59 1.638-2.141-0.568-2.57-4.822-2.071-5.724 0.159-0.285 0.536-0.79 0.981-1.413-1.564-0.665-3.2-1.447-4.642-2.269-3.212-1.83-6.798-3.832-7.844-5.757l-0.3-0.158c-0.084-0.182-0.746-3.161-0.842-3.482 0.668 0.025 5.656 0.015 9.13 0.132 3.472 0.12 6.508 0.239 7.697 0.239-1.761-0.451-6.376-2.306-7.703-3.397-1.327-1.094-2.161-2.757-2.183-5.608-1.237 0.524-3.536 1.721-5.495 4.587-2.184 3.194-1.732 6.479-2.606 10.79-1.27 6.256-3.982 11.538-5.671 13.154-0.569-2.208-0.642-3.872-0.642-3.872s2.116-5.06 3.187-8.29c1.071-3.231 1.986-6.414 1.941-7.127-0.882-2.092-6.103-6.474-10.454-9.039-4.126-2.432-7.761-2.694-9.049-0.962-0.253 0.338-0.425 0.738-0.522 1.191 0.56 0.283 1.122 0.568 1.698 0.853 3.71 1.828 10.299 5.676 11.843 7.695 1.666 2.447 1.643 5.892 0.666 7.864-0.973 1.971-2.499 4.253-2.618 5.06-0.093 0.381 0.991-0.155 1.631-0.191 0.31 0.025 0.155 0.476-0.51 1.189-0.532 0.568-2.589 2.411-3.375 3.13-0.197 0.183-0.344 0.109-0.384-0.084-0.153-0.736-0.466-2.312-0.587-3.09l0.084-0.392c0.226-0.145 0.486-0.308 0.612-0.715 0.178-0.577 0.801-2.187 1.822-4.219 1.023-2.031 2.501-4.273 2.646-5.405-1.202-1.658-7.263-5.189-13.167-8.099 0.365 1.224 0.941 2.608 1.705 4.145 0.217 0.26 0.415 0.581 0.599 0.943 0.589 1.164 0.646 2.587 0.289 2.286-0.306-0.319-0.526-1.474-0.876-1.552-0.717-0.159-1.723 0.746-1.47 2.401 0.229 1.493 0.967 2.841 1.286 3.704 0.442 1.194 0.563 2.374 0.228 1.732-0.753-1.434-2.166-4.212-2.6-6.153-0.432-1.938 0.027-3.263 0.784-3.776 0.283-0.195 0.554-0.256 0.812-0.218-0.518-1.066-1.158-2.374-1.625-3.934-2.374-1.149-4.684-2.176-6.596-2.916-6.873-2.661-11.771-4.229-15.197-5.393l-0.134-0.065c0.252 0.881 0.218 1.633-0.052 1.407-0.306-0.321-0.525-1.476-0.875-1.552-0.717-0.159-1.723 0.745-1.471 2.401 0.23 1.493 0.968 2.839 1.287 3.703 0.44 1.193 0.562 2.375 0.228 1.732-0.754-1.434-2.166-4.212-2.6-6.152-0.433-1.939 0.026-3.264 0.782-3.778 0.942-0.64 1.745 0.145 2.361 1.359l0.216 0.499c0.214 0 0.575 0.054 1.114 0.184 1.57 0.382 5.495 0.998 10.892 1.759 3.996 0.562 6.755 1.749 9.422 3.07-0.012-0.319-0.015-0.644-2e-3 -0.979 0.145-3.961 2.545-5.079 5.827-4.338 3.166 0.719 7.581 3.859 10.227 5.977 2.759 2.208 4.351 4.181 4.757 4.869 0.736 1.687 0.938 3.551 0.988 4.43 0.241-2.422 0.436-5.774 2.554-8.649 1.95-2.646 5.946-6.338 13.462-6.439 0.025 0.967-0.333 3.986-0.333 3.986m-0.497 24.544c1.076 1.306 3.372 0.452 5.095-1.204-0.883-0.224-2.082-0.623-3.405-1.134-0.786 1.025-1.663 2.013-1.69 2.338\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,952.63,471.1)\"><path d=\"m0 0c0.488 0.241 1.981 0.967 3.59 1.981 1.606 1.007 3.115 2.227 3.853 3.038 0.283 0.311 0.535 0.554 0.696 0.843 0.482-0.216 0.814-0.44 1.021-0.528 0.311-0.13 0.726-0.317 0.996 0.641 0.269 0.957-0.088 1.575-0.614 2.313-0.445 0.619-1.151 1.549-1.724 1.78-0.486 0.197-0.717-0.977-0.643-0.948h0.325l0.063-0.033c-0.669-0.365-1.187-1.501-1.239-1.9-0.053-0.434 0.023-0.754 0.983-1.021l0.386-0.123c-0.801-1.026-2.294-2.087-3.311-2.839-1.443-1.07-3.491-2.407-4.074-2.793-0.583-0.384-0.534-0.505-0.308-0.411m8.672 7.538 0.052 0.513c0.675-0.832 1.176-1.822 1.126-1.962-0.31-0.027-0.696 0.283-1.371 0.595 0.075 0.248 0.138 0.522 0.193 0.854m-1.938-1e-3c-4e-3 0.156 0.256 0.59 0.806 0.827 0.549 0.239 0.792-0.428 0.84-1.24l-0.163-0.325-0.495 0.185c-0.524 0.166-0.878 0.26-0.988 0.553\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1215.5,576.87)\"><path d=\"m0 0c0.792 0.566 2.969 2.266 4.204 3.38 0.859 0.774 1.868 1.914 2.553 2.878 0.43-0.301 0.831-0.568 1.196-0.8 0.704-0.445 0.987-1.105 0.987-1.105 0.13 0.216 0.736 1.398 0.499 1.973-0.142 0.188-1.008 0.735-1.893 1.321 0.449 1.09 1.067 2.975 0.182 3.635-0.757 0.56-2.034-0.367-2.625-1.57-0.488-0.996-0.551-1.841 0.38-2.533 0.262-0.195 0.513-0.379 0.759-0.554-0.939-1.111-2.669-2.755-3.9-3.874-1.529-1.384-2.975-2.741-3.227-3.065l-0.073-0.126c-0.334 1.006-0.243 1.627-0.491 1.293-1.071-1.817 0.271-3.289 0.759-4.759-0.66-0.648-1.671-0.053-2.01 0.514-0.722 1.174-0.481 3.558-1.326 3.927-0.218-0.644-0.36-1.361-0.36-1.361s0.643-1.633 0.48-2.711c-0.101-0.652-0.635-1.415-1.336-1.428-1.876-0.052-0.951 2.95-1.675 4.65-0.147-0.417-0.252-0.863-0.428-1.249 0.133-0.447 0.206-1.067 0.225-1.426 0.048-0.713-6e-3 -1.478 0.105-2.09 0.155-0.86 0.597-1.432 1.272-1.485 1.399-0.123 2.038 1.107 2.25 2.11 0.241-1.026 2.094-2.154 3.005-0.896 1.207 1.663 0.241 3.087-0.376 4.651l-0.073 0.203c0.086-0.033 0.409 0.12 0.937 0.497m5.472 9.364c0.464 0.931 1.441 1.01 1.734 0.522 0.233-0.388 0.252-1.145-0.098-1.944-0.862 0.585-1.631 1.158-1.636 1.422\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,992.43,536.89)\"><path d=\"m0 0c-1.648 0.126-2.535 1.759-3.042 4.118-0.508 2.359-0.197 5.47-0.059 6.267 0.138 0.796-0.639 0.385-0.941-1.548-0.3-1.931-0.602-5.019 0.461-8.252 1.061-3.229 2.87-4.434 4.455-4.021 1.585 0.411 2.98 4.434 3.472 6.239 0.491 1.806 2.688 9.171 3.932 9.567 0.174-0.903-0.967-3.168-1.332-6.573-0.363-3.405 0.269-7.871 4.265-8.663 3.996-0.793 6.707 2.011 7.69 3.96 0.984 1.946 1.443 3.992 1.554 5.02 0.128-2.613 1.776-6.693 4.977-7.856 3.093-1.124 5.456-0.095 6.5 1.362 0.927 1.294 1.682 3.959 1.747 6.003 0.063 2.042-1.569 5.779-1.934 6.969-0.366 1.187-0.555 2.011-0.587 2.422-0.031 0.411 0.826-0.476 1.365-0.65 0.365-0.079 0.237 0.776-0.207 1.363-0.443 0.585-2.841 4.518-3.009 4.244-0.103-0.164-1.063-3.057-1.126-3.5 0.38-0.27 0.82-1.014 0.853-1.727 0.03-0.713 0.665-3.848 1.252-5.59s1.728-5.084 1.808-6.003c-1.141-0.87-3.711-1.977-6.152-0.855-2.441 1.126-3.22 2.757-3.489 5.671-0.172 1.862-0.189 5.292-0.803 8.16-0.346 1.621-1.075 3.269-1.941 4.144-0.204-0.537-1.124-3.848-1.124-3.848 0.3-0.95 1.233-4.149 1.203-6.921-0.033-2.77-0.235-5.481-3.107-7.349-2.87-1.868-6.959-1.124-8.022 1.791-1.063 2.914 1.3 9.47 1.269 11.196-0.032 1.726-0.319 1.965-0.984 1.679-0.666-0.285-2.031-1.949-3.203-4.656-1.174-2.709-1.695-5.416-2.363-7.697-0.665-2.281-1.73-4.592-3.378-4.466\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,642.92,468.66)\"><path d=\"m0 0c2.028 0.159 3.742 1.822 4.185 2.264 0.444 0.445 0.683 1.108 0.365 0.856-2.346-2.265-5.485-2.329-5.661-1.948 0.08 0.38 0.906 0.998 2.111 1.868 0.732 0.529 1.384 1.025 1.872 1.728l0.133-0.025c0.893-0.212 1.924-0.634 2.239-0.296 0.513 0.547 0.581 1.443 0.025 2.409-0.47 0.82-1.566 1.583-2.518 2.134-0.95 0.548-1.134-0.327-1.256-0.639-0.117-0.291-0.069-0.539 0.132-0.545-0.306-0.451-0.524-1.032-0.604-1.512-0.052-0.31-0.01-0.564 0.107-0.773 0.034-0.059 0.21-0.292 0.543-0.43l0.413-0.139c-0.711-0.71-1.53-1.266-1.96-1.547-0.776-0.507-1.696-1.394-1.981-2.311-0.286-0.92-0.175-1.253 1.855-1.094m3.585 6.47 0.078 0.468v0.3c0.643-0.506 1.671-1.464 1.608-2.038-0.407 0.1-1.183 0.277-1.92 0.482 0.094 0.239 0.171 0.501 0.234 0.788m-1.906-0.146c-0.473 0.408-0.012 0.815 0.407 1.077 0.541 0.338 0.858 0.059 1.135-0.828-0.097-0.254-0.233-0.501-0.393-0.738-0.421 0.141-1.014 0.367-1.149 0.489\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,687.36,635.95)\"><path d=\"m0 0c-0.583-0.547-0.809-2.327-0.69-2.434 0.118-0.107 1.94-0.772 2.225-0.916l0.13 0.536c0.868-0.843 1.83-5.049 2.044-5.061 0.214-0.011 0.524 0.476 0.727 1.593 0.187 1.036 0.374 2.586 0.569 3.848 0.182 1.155 0.465 1.816 1.107 1.948 0.643 0.13 1.119-0.761 1.285-1.367 0 0 0.451 1.165 0.547 1.889-0.107 0.381-1.107 1.817-1.927 1.342-0.821-0.476-1.335-2.491-1.501-3.751-0.167-1.258-0.295-2.818-0.497-3.068-0.212 1.074-0.891 2.996-1.711 4.076-0.922 1.21-2 1.654-2.308 1.365\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,630.59,621.43)\"><path d=\"m0 0c0.761 0.226 2.474 0.51 3.294 0.973 0.773 0.392 2.092 2.304 2.604 3.017 0.511 0.713 0.512 1.071 0.382 1.26-0.523 0.31-3.902 0.617-5.532 0.18-0.45-0.329-1.331-2.092-1.461-2.461-0.132-0.367 0.048-0.344 0.594-0.214 0.547 0.132 3.14 0.061 4.078-0.153-0.391-0.298-3.043-1.747-3.567-2.092-0.522-0.344-0.654-0.546-0.392-0.51\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1778.1,690.36)\"><path d=\"m0 0c-0.078 2.137-1.046 5.418-4.726 10.452-1.27 1.738-3.057 4-4.942 6.317-0.052 0.79-0.104 1.512-0.151 2.132-0.247 3.189-1.084 9.695-1.444 13.541-0.088 0.97-0.095 2.002-0.082 2.541 0.013 0.428 0.298 0.371 0.69-0.069 0.392-0.439 0.996-1.08 1.122-1.036 0.268 0.1 0.035 1.071-0.5 2.222-0.534 1.153-2.553 5.816-2.924 5.997-0.191 0.092-1.143-2.646-1.202-3.206 0.189-0.344 0.677-0.879 0.724-2.436 0.05-1.556 0.918-10.746 1.417-16.537l0.027-0.323c-2.818 3.403-5.472 6.506-6.564 7.764-0.189 0.218-0.397 0.466-0.621 0.732-0.178 1.549-0.342 3.025-0.455 4.244-0.092 0.968-0.098 2.002-0.082 2.541 9e-3 0.427 0.296 0.369 0.688-0.071 0.394-0.439 0.996-1.08 1.122-1.034 0.268 0.098 0.035 1.069-0.501 2.222-0.533 1.153-2.638 5.923-3.011 6.104-0.189 0.092-1.185-2.864-1.244-3.42 0.191-0.346 0.678-0.881 0.726-2.438 0.019-0.661 0.178-2.665 0.39-5.194-1.868 2.401-3.697 4.915-3.827 5.426-0.046 0.252 0.349 0.097 1.08-0.031 0.728-0.126 1.411-0.363 1.294 0.027-0.055 0.181-0.333 0.633-1.03 1.101-0.698 0.467-2.486 1.677-3.816 2.531-1.333 0.855-1.993 1.574-2.268 1.369-0.136-0.101-0.015-3.032 0.063-3.395 0.335-0.033 0.954-0.302 1.348-0.872 0.398-0.57 2.946-4.434 4.961-7.047 0.58-0.752 1.488-1.918 2.551-3.264 0.208-2.407 0.426-4.894 0.606-6.972 0.409-4.74 1.879-17.241 1.893-21.304-1.085-1.101-3.304-2.637-5.587-2.669-2.283-0.031-3.535 0.619-4.455 2.455-0.284 0.569-0.548 1.141-0.81 1.659-0.622 1.231-2.01 1.922-3.348 1.583l-0.204-0.059-0.364-0.189c-0.906-0.513-1.843-1.373-2.759-2.707-1.584-2.314-2.596-4.824-3.768-6.998-1.221-2.264-2.158-3.783-4.3-3.42-1.508 0.256-2.653 1.655-3.359 3.376 1.983 1.484 3.423 3.42 4.476 6.103 1.371 3.487 1.86 7.418 1.738 11.838-0.117 4.16-1.87 13.947-2.333 17.698-0.462 3.753-1.126 6.833-1.049 7.634 0.072 0.773 1.21-1.047 1.793-1.183 0.298 0.072 0.138 1.233-0.428 2.214-0.384 0.667-1.6 3.701-2.396 5.164-0.374 0.692-0.464 1.093-0.638 1.175-0.172 0.085-1.497-2.976-1.337-3.309 0.392-0.606 0.66-0.895 0.742-1.981 0.084-1.086 0.992-9.058 1.786-14.929 0.598-4.43 1.919-12.477 2.089-18.425 0.056-1.941-0.2-3.334-0.422-4.112-0.57-1.192-1.499-2.516-4.763-5.029-0.504 3.551 0.044 6.436-0.434 6.703-0.539-0.063-0.625-1.718-0.686-3.76-0.03-0.943 8e-3 -2.249 0.172-3.652-4.009-2.898-9.305-5.537-11.792-6.946-1.459-0.828-0.933-1.021 0.302-0.608 1.235 0.415 8.022 2.34 11.645 4.401l0.39 0.234c0.184-0.691 0.407-1.36 0.681-1.977 1.219-2.74 2.961-4.367 4.848-4.208 1.587 0.132 2.738 1.969 3.742 4.16 1.015 2.218 2.73 6.43 4.412 7.997 0.646 0.604 1.314 1.082 1.964 1.369 0 0 1.149 0.415 2.206-0.332 0.379-0.27 0.662-0.654 0.841-1.084 0.417-0.987 0.91-2.243 1.918-3.295 1.776-1.85 4.632-1.468 6.774-0.392 2.139 1.077 3.231 2.757 3.707 4.753 0.812 3.415 0.682 6.914 0.527 10.022-0.179 3.547-0.703 7.172-1.001 11.013-0.096 1.235-0.283 2.953-0.498 4.816 2.086-2.604 4.252-5.247 5.566-6.692 0.453-0.499 0.931-1.053 1.422-1.638 0.392-5.814 0.769-13.089 0.968-16.142 0.197-3.042 0.07-6.866 0.047-7.531-0.024-0.665 0.318-0.551 0.809 0.925 0.658 1.981 1.071 7.176 0.927 10.621-0.086 2.047-0.275 5.779-0.479 9.309 1.619-2.081 3.156-4.182 4.156-5.6 1.778-2.518 3.411-5.512 3.982-7.38 0.57-1.87 0.633-2.424 0.744-2.757s0.602 1.031 0.524 3.168\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><path id=\"sword\" d=\"m1558.8 1170.7c-1.1729-3.3554-4.7649-5.8169-9.0607-5.8169s-7.8806 2.4615-9.0608 5.8169h-40.678c-0.4105-4.5128-0.01-9.0477 1.2683-13.465l83.981-0.051 2.3385 3.9414c2.1113 3.5531 4.7797 6.7619 7.8731 9.5751zm55.596-39.026h-100.92c7.7559-5.5971 11.824-13.766 10.732-22.029-0.6964-5.2089-5.8571-9.099-12.147-9.6264h-3.1596c-7.6532 0.7472-13.203 6.2637-12.396 12.322l0.3079 2.3297 0.3738 3.5824c0.4106 4.4982 0.015 9.0183-1.2535 13.421h-745.97c11.077 16.117 31.273 26 53.082 25.985l680.71-0.4178c-7.7852 5.6044-11.868 13.788-10.769 22.066 0.8064 6.0585 7.6533 10.374 15.307 9.6263 7.6459-0.7472 13.195-6.2637 12.396-12.33l-0.3079-2.3223h40.004c0.7037 3.9048 4.6037 6.9011 9.354 6.9011s8.6502-2.9963 9.3613-6.9011h40.693v-0.095c8.4963 6.0294 19.294 9.4946 30.716 9.4946 10.747 0 19.456-7.4652 19.456-16.681v-4.8205c0-16.842-15.922-30.506-35.569-30.506\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                    \n                                  <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-content\">\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"English-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item active-default\" data-title-link=\"English-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">E-commerce, also known as social commerce, connects e-merchants and e-buyers through social media platforms. Like any transaction, this form of electronic commerce requires mechanisms that ensure security and trust between the parties involved. In a context marked by a low banking penetration in Senegal, local actors have developed innovative alternative payment strategies for online transactions, which serve as a guarantee of trust in their virtual business interactions.  <\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">This article, based on a qualitative study, analyzes the innovative and resilience-based strategies implemented by merchants in Rufisque in a context of social commerce. The payment methods adopted by these actors are examined from a sociological perspective to highlight their ability to adapt creatively to local e-commerce norms. <\/p>\n<h5>Keywords<\/h5>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdly2\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdly2 YzqVVZ wixui-column-strip__column\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdlz6\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdlz6\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__root style-m8mdjdm23__root wixui-tabs\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__multiStateBoxWrapper wixui-tabs__container\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__animationWrapper Tabscomponent1176390459---phase-10-enter-done\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__tabPanelWrapper Tabscomponent1176390459--isVisible Tabscomponent1176390459---phase-10-enter-done\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdmz3\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdmz3\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdn02\" class=\" comp-m8mdjdn02 wixui-repeater\">\n<div class=\"E6jjcn\">\n<div class=\"VM7gjN\">\n<div class=\"Zc7IjY\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdn2__c41a1d2d-2444-4b54-bd64-8dca055cb11b\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdn2 YzqVVZ wixui-repeater__item\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdn27__c41a1d2d-2444-4b54-bd64-8dca055cb11b\" class=\"HcOXKn c9GqVL QxJLC3 lq2cno YQcXTT comp-m8mdjdn27 wixui-rich-text\">\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">E-commerce, e-merchants, e-buyers, banking, Rufisque<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"French-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"French-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <div id=\"bgLayers_comp-m8mdjdm7__item1\" class=\"MW5IWV\">\n<div id=\"bgMedia_comp-m8mdjdm7__item1\" class=\"VgO9Yg\">\n<div id=\"bgLayers_comp-m8mdjdm7__item1\" class=\"MW5IWV\">\n<div id=\"bgMedia_comp-m8mdjdm7__item1\" class=\"VgO9Yg\"> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdma__item1\" class=\"HcOXKn c9GqVL QxJLC3 lq2cno YQcXTT comp-m8mdjdma wixui-rich-text\">\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">L\u2019e-commerce, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9 commerce social, met en relation e-commer\u00e7ants et e-acheteurs via les plateformes de m\u00e9dias sociaux. Cette forme de commerce n\u00e9cessite, comme toute transaction, des m\u00e9canismes assurant la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et la confiance entre les acteurs. Dans un contexte marqu\u00e9 par un faible taux de bancarisation au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, les acteurs locaux ont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 des strat\u00e9gies alternatives innovantes de paiement en ligne, offrant un gage de confiance pour les \u00e9changes commerciaux virtuels.   <\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Cet article, issu d\u2019une enqu\u00eate qualitative, analyse ces strat\u00e9gies innovantes et r\u00e9silientes mises en \u0153uvre par les commer\u00e7ants de Rufisque dans le cadre du commerce social. Ainsi, les modes de paiement adopt\u00e9s par ces acteurs sont \u00e9tudi\u00e9s selon une approche sociologique afin de mettre en exergue leur capacit\u00e9 d\u2019adaptation aux normes locales du commerce \u00e9lectronique. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h5 class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Mots-cl\u00e9s<\/h5>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdly2\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdly2 YzqVVZ wixui-column-strip__column\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdlz6\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdlz6\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__root style-m8mdjdm23__root wixui-tabs\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__multiStateBoxWrapper wixui-tabs__container\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__animationWrapper Tabscomponent1176390459---phase-10-enter-done\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__tabPanelWrapper Tabscomponent1176390459--isVisible Tabscomponent1176390459---phase-10-enter-done\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdm25\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdm25\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdm45\" class=\" comp-m8mdjdm45 wixui-repeater\">\n<div class=\"E6jjcn\">\n<div class=\"VM7gjN\">\n<div class=\"Zc7IjY\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdm7__item1\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdm7 YzqVVZ wixui-repeater__item\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdma__item1\" class=\"HcOXKn c9GqVL QxJLC3 lq2cno YQcXTT comp-m8mdjdma wixui-rich-text\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdly2\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdly2 YzqVVZ wixui-column-strip__column\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdlz6\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdlz6\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__root style-m8mdjdm23__root wixui-tabs\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__multiStateBoxWrapper wixui-tabs__container\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__animationWrapper Tabscomponent1176390459---phase-10-enter-done\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__tabPanelWrapper Tabscomponent1176390459--isVisible Tabscomponent1176390459---phase-10-enter-done\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdm25\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdm25\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdm45\" class=\" comp-m8mdjdm45 wixui-repeater\">\n<div class=\"E6jjcn\">\n<div class=\"VM7gjN\">\n<div class=\"Zc7IjY\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdm7__item1\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdm7 YzqVVZ wixui-repeater__item\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdma__item1\" class=\"HcOXKn c9GqVL QxJLC3 lq2cno YQcXTT comp-m8mdjdma wixui-rich-text\">\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Commerce \u00e9lectronique, e-commer\u00e7ants, e-acheteurs, bancarisation, Rufisque<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"Swahili-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"Swahili-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <div id=\"bgLayers_comp-m8mdk7ad5__268c5998-3757-4f56-b6b1-04e34144d4fa\" class=\"MW5IWV\">\n<div id=\"bgMedia_comp-m8mdk7ad5__268c5998-3757-4f56-b6b1-04e34144d4fa\" class=\"VgO9Yg\"> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdk7af__268c5998-3757-4f56-b6b1-04e34144d4fa\" class=\"HcOXKn c9GqVL QxJLC3 lq2cno YQcXTT comp-m8mdk7af wixui-rich-text\">\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Biashara ya mtandaoni, pia inaitwa \u00ab\u00a0biashara ya kijamii,\u00a0\u00bb inaunganisha wauzaji wa kielektroniki na wanunuzi wa kielektroniki kupitia majukwaa ya mitandao ya kijamii. Aina hii ya biashara ya kielektroniki inahitaji, kama muamala wowote, mbinu za kuhakikisha usalama na uaminifu kati ya wahusika. Katika muktadha uliobainishwa na kiwango cha chini cha huduma za benki nchini Senegali, wachezaji wa ndani wameunda mikakati mbadala ya kibunifu ya kulipia miamala ya mtandaoni, ambayo hutumika kama hakikisho la uaminifu katika mwingiliano wao wa kibiashara.  <\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Makala haya, kulingana na uchunguzi wa ubora, yanachanganua mikakati bunifu na uthabiti inayotekelezwa na wafanyabiashara wa Rufisque katika muktadha wa biashara ya kijamii. Kwa hivyo, mbinu za malipo zinazotumiwa na wahusika hawa huchunguzwa kwa kutumia mbinu ya kisosholojia ili kuangazia uwezo wao wa kukabiliana na ubunifu wa kanuni za kijamii na kiuchumi katika kukabiliana na mahitaji ya biashara ya mtandaoni. <\/p>\n<h5 class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Maneno muhimu<\/h5>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdly2\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdly2 YzqVVZ wixui-column-strip__column\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdlz6\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdlz6\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__root style-m8mdjdm23__root wixui-tabs\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__multiStateBoxWrapper wixui-tabs__container\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__animationWrapper Tabscomponent1176390459---phase-10-enter-done\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__tabPanelWrapper Tabscomponent1176390459--isVisible Tabscomponent1176390459---phase-10-enter-done\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdmk3\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdmk3\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdml5\" class=\" comp-m8mdjdml5 wixui-repeater\">\n<div class=\"E6jjcn\">\n<div class=\"VM7gjN\">\n<div class=\"Zc7IjY\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdmo__0223762b-f166-4d8c-9636-fe5478ed9df2\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdmo YzqVVZ wixui-repeater__item\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdmp__0223762b-f166-4d8c-9636-fe5478ed9df2\" class=\"HcOXKn c9GqVL QxJLC3 lq2cno YQcXTT comp-m8mdjdmp wixui-rich-text\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdly2\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdly2 YzqVVZ wixui-column-strip__column\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdlz6\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdlz6\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__root style-m8mdjdm23__root wixui-tabs\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__multiStateBoxWrapper wixui-tabs__container\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__animationWrapper Tabscomponent1176390459---phase-10-enter-done\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__tabPanelWrapper Tabscomponent1176390459--isVisible Tabscomponent1176390459---phase-10-enter-done\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdmk3\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdmk3\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdml5\" class=\" comp-m8mdjdml5 wixui-repeater\">\n<div class=\"E6jjcn\">\n<div class=\"VM7gjN\">\n<div class=\"Zc7IjY\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdmo__c41a1d2d-2444-4b54-bd64-8dca055cb11b\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdmo YzqVVZ wixui-repeater__item\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdmp__c41a1d2d-2444-4b54-bd64-8dca055cb11b\" class=\"HcOXKn c9GqVL QxJLC3 lq2cno YQcXTT comp-m8mdjdmp wixui-rich-text\">\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Biashara ya kielektroniki, wafanyabiashara wa kielektroniki, wanunuzi wa kielektroniki, benki, Rufisque<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"Arabic-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"Arabic-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <div id=\"bgLayers_comp-m8mdjdmh1__c41a1d2d-2444-4b54-bd64-8dca055cb11b\" class=\"MW5IWV\">\n<div id=\"bgMedia_comp-m8mdjdmh1__c41a1d2d-2444-4b54-bd64-8dca055cb11b\" class=\"VgO9Yg\"> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdmi__c41a1d2d-2444-4b54-bd64-8dca055cb11b\" class=\"HcOXKn c9GqVL QxJLC3 lq2cno YQcXTT comp-m8mdjdmi wixui-rich-text\">\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0640 \u00ab\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629.  <\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0644 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h5 class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\"><strong class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d<br><\/strong><\/h5>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdly2\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdly2 YzqVVZ wixui-column-strip__column\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdlz6\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdlz6\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__root style-m8mdjdm23__root wixui-tabs\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__multiStateBoxWrapper wixui-tabs__container\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__animationWrapper Tabscomponent1176390459---phase-10-enter-done\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__tabPanelWrapper Tabscomponent1176390459--isVisible Tabscomponent1176390459---phase-10-enter-done\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdme2\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdme2\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdmf\" class=\" comp-m8mdjdmf wixui-repeater\">\n<div class=\"E6jjcn\">\n<div class=\"VM7gjN\">\n<div class=\"Zc7IjY\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdmh1__fdbe462f-d573-4864-ae0e-c17b64e5da35\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdmh1 YzqVVZ wixui-repeater__item\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdmi__fdbe462f-d573-4864-ae0e-c17b64e5da35\" class=\"HcOXKn c9GqVL QxJLC3 lq2cno YQcXTT comp-m8mdjdmi wixui-rich-text\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdly2\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdly2 YzqVVZ wixui-column-strip__column\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdlz6\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdlz6\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__root style-m8mdjdm23__root wixui-tabs\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__multiStateBoxWrapper wixui-tabs__container\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__animationWrapper Tabscomponent1176390459---phase-10-enter-done\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__tabPanelWrapper Tabscomponent1176390459--isVisible Tabscomponent1176390459---phase-10-enter-done\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdme2\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdme2\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdmf\" class=\" comp-m8mdjdmf wixui-repeater\">\n<div class=\"E6jjcn\">\n<div class=\"VM7gjN\">\n<div class=\"Zc7IjY\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdmh1__0223762b-f166-4d8c-9636-fe5478ed9df2\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdmh1 YzqVVZ wixui-repeater__item\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdmi__0223762b-f166-4d8c-9636-fe5478ed9df2\" class=\"HcOXKn c9GqVL QxJLC3 lq2cno YQcXTT comp-m8mdjdmi wixui-rich-text\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdly2\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdly2 YzqVVZ wixui-column-strip__column\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdlz6\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdlz6\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__root style-m8mdjdm23__root wixui-tabs\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__multiStateBoxWrapper wixui-tabs__container\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__animationWrapper Tabscomponent1176390459---phase-10-enter-done\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__tabPanelWrapper Tabscomponent1176390459--isVisible Tabscomponent1176390459---phase-10-enter-done\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdme2\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdme2\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdmf\" class=\" comp-m8mdjdmf wixui-repeater\">\n<div class=\"E6jjcn\">\n<div class=\"VM7gjN\">\n<div class=\"Zc7IjY\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdmh1__c41a1d2d-2444-4b54-bd64-8dca055cb11b\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdmh1 YzqVVZ wixui-repeater__item\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdmi__c41a1d2d-2444-4b54-bd64-8dca055cb11b\" class=\"HcOXKn c9GqVL QxJLC3 lq2cno YQcXTT comp-m8mdjdmi wixui-rich-text\">\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0643<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__animationWrapper Tabscomponent1176390459---phase-9-exit-done\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__tabPanelWrapper Tabscomponent1176390459---phase-9-exit-done\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdmk3\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdmk3\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdml5\" class=\" comp-m8mdjdml5 wixui-repeater\">\n<div class=\"E6jjcn\">\n<div class=\"VM7gjN\">\n<div class=\"Zc7IjY\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdmo__0223762b-f166-4d8c-9636-fe5478ed9df2\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdmo YzqVVZ wixui-repeater__item\">\n<div id=\"bgLayers_comp-m8mdjdmo__0223762b-f166-4d8c-9636-fe5478ed9df2\" class=\"MW5IWV\">\n<div class=\"LWbAav Kv1aVt\"> <\/div>\n<div id=\"bgMedia_comp-m8mdjdmo__0223762b-f166-4d8c-9636-fe5478ed9df2\" class=\"VgO9Yg\"> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdmp__0223762b-f166-4d8c-9636-fe5478ed9df2\" class=\"HcOXKn c9GqVL QxJLC3 lq2cno YQcXTT comp-m8mdjdmp wixui-rich-text\">\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__animationWrapper Tabscomponent1176390459---phase-9-exit-done\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__tabPanelWrapper Tabscomponent1176390459---phase-9-exit-done\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdms2\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdms2\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdms8\" class=\" comp-m8mdjdms8 wixui-repeater\">\n<div class=\"E6jjcn\">\n<div class=\"VM7gjN\">\n<div class=\"Zc7IjY\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdmu5__0223762b-f166-4d8c-9636-fe5478ed9df2\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdmu5 YzqVVZ wixui-repeater__item\">\n<div id=\"bgLayers_comp-m8mdjdmu5__0223762b-f166-4d8c-9636-fe5478ed9df2\" class=\"MW5IWV\">\n<div class=\"LWbAav Kv1aVt\"> <\/div>\n<div id=\"bgMedia_comp-m8mdjdmu5__0223762b-f166-4d8c-9636-fe5478ed9df2\" class=\"VgO9Yg\"> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdmv6__0223762b-f166-4d8c-9636-fe5478ed9df2\" class=\"HcOXKn c9GqVL QxJLC3 lq2cno YQcXTT comp-m8mdjdmv6 wixui-rich-text\">\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__animationWrapper Tabscomponent1176390459---phase-9-exit-done\">\n<div class=\"Tabscomponent1176390459__tabPanelWrapper Tabscomponent1176390459---phase-9-exit-done\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdmz3\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdmz3\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdn02\" class=\" comp-m8mdjdn02 wixui-repeater\">\n<div class=\"E6jjcn\">\n<div class=\"VM7gjN\">\n<div class=\"Zc7IjY\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdn2__0223762b-f166-4d8c-9636-fe5478ed9df2\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdn2 YzqVVZ wixui-repeater__item\">\n<div id=\"bgLayers_comp-m8mdjdn2__0223762b-f166-4d8c-9636-fe5478ed9df2\" class=\"MW5IWV\">\n<div class=\"LWbAav Kv1aVt\"> <\/div>\n<div id=\"bgMedia_comp-m8mdjdn2__0223762b-f166-4d8c-9636-fe5478ed9df2\" class=\"VgO9Yg\"> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdn27__0223762b-f166-4d8c-9636-fe5478ed9df2\" class=\"HcOXKn c9GqVL QxJLC3 lq2cno YQcXTT comp-m8mdjdn27 wixui-rich-text\">\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdn55\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdn55 YzqVVZ wixui-column-strip__column\">\n<div id=\"bgLayers_comp-m8mdjdn55\" class=\"MW5IWV\"> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t                    <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff89d56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff89d56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 id=\"viewer-foo\" class=\"Gjy83 K1qln J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Introduction<a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftn1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>[1]<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/h2><p id=\"viewer-1fqax830\" class=\"_5n5Ku K1qln J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Le commerce \u00e9lectronique, aussi appel\u00e9 commerce en ligne ou e-commerce, est d\u00e9crit comme une forme de vente \u00e0 distance qui tire profit des ressources du num\u00e9rique (Barba et al., 2011). De ce fait, il appara\u00eet, \u00e0 la fois comme une \u00e9volution et une r\u00e9volution du commerce. C\u2019est une \u00e9volution des \u00e9changes commerciaux qui s\u2019inscrit dans une logique de continuit\u00e9 de la vente par correspondance, par la distribution de catalogues exhaustifs de produits aux clients. Parall\u00e8lement, il constitue une r\u00e9volution gr\u00e2ce au support sur lequel il est r\u00e9alis\u00e9 : contrairement \u00e0 la vente \u00e0 distance, il marque une transition du papier vers le num\u00e9rique. Par cons\u00e9quent, les fronti\u00e8res mat\u00e9rielles et g\u00e9ographiques qui entravaient ce type de commerce diminuent progressivement avec le e-commerce (Barba et al., 2011).    <\/span><\/p><p id=\"viewer-aj41g832\" class=\"_5n5Ku K1qln J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Le commerce \u00e9lectronique est appel\u00e9 commerce social lorsqu\u2019il est pratiqu\u00e9 par le biais des m\u00e9dias sociaux<a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftn2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>[2]<\/u><\/a>. En effet, il s\u2019agit d\u2019une sous-composante du commerce \u00e9lectronique, une combinaison d\u2019activit\u00e9s commerciales et sociales. Il est mat\u00e9rialis\u00e9 par l\u2019utilisation des m\u00e9dias sociaux pour faciliter les transactions et les activit\u00e9s de commerce \u00e9lectronique. Aussi, permet-il de g\u00e9rer les interactions sociales et les contributions des utilisateurs au contenu (Liang &amp; Turban, 2011).   <\/span><\/p><p id=\"viewer-ooqid836\" class=\"_5n5Ku K1qln J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Il est un moyen pour les pays de participer aux march\u00e9s mondiaux, d\u2019ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives de diversification des \u00e9conomies nationales et de cr\u00e9er de nouvelles opportunit\u00e9s d\u2019emplois pour les jeunes (CNUCED, 2023). En Afrique, il reste un secteur en plein essor gr\u00e2ce au d\u00e9veloppement des technologies de l\u2019information et de la communication (TIC) accompagn\u00e9 de l\u2019apparition de r\u00e9seaux sociaux de plus en plus accessibles. L\u2019Afrique occupe cependant la derni\u00e8re position dans le commerce \u00e9lectronique mondial (Ducass &amp; Kwadjane, 2015), avec un taux de 2,2 % (UNCTAD, 2018). Cette situation s\u2019explique par le co\u00fbt \u00e9lev\u00e9 des services \u00e0 large bande, la d\u00e9pendance excessive \u00e0 l\u2019argent \u00ab liquide \u00bb, le manque de confiance des consommateurs, les faibles comp\u00e9tences num\u00e9riques de la population et l\u2019implication limit\u00e9e des gouvernements dans la promotion du commerce \u00e9lectronique (CNUCED, 2021).   <\/span><\/p><p id=\"viewer-igxut838\" class=\"_5n5Ku K1qln J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, le gouvernement a int\u00e9gr\u00e9 le d\u00e9veloppement du commerce \u00e9lectronique dans la strat\u00e9gie S\u00e9n\u00e9gal num\u00e9rique 2025 du Plan S\u00e9n\u00e9gal \u00e9mergent (PSE), et r\u00e9cemment dans le New Deal technologique. Quoique certaines entreprises de renomm\u00e9e internationale aient r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 s\u2019imposer, l\u2019e-commerce reste plus d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 dans l\u2019\u00e9conomie informelle, gr\u00e2ce aux petites annonces de particuliers, aux agr\u00e9gateurs de contenus et aux r\u00e9seaux sociaux (CNUCED, 2018). <\/span><\/p><p id=\"viewer-5her0840\" class=\"_5n5Ku K1qln J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Quant aux taux de bancarisation et d\u2019inclusion financi\u00e8re, ils restent faibles malgr\u00e9 l\u2019existence d\u2019un secteur bancaire solide et d\u2019un r\u00e9seau d\u2019institutions de microfinance (IMF) bien d\u00e9velopp\u00e9. Le taux de bancarisation strict, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire le pourcentage de la population adulte disposant d\u2019un compte dans une banque, les services postaux, les caisses nationales d\u2019\u00e9pargne et le Tr\u00e9sor au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, est pass\u00e9 de 19 % en 2018 \u00e0 22,5 % en 2022 (BCEAO, 2023). Face \u00e0 cette timide \u00e9volution, les tontines (syst\u00e8mes d\u2019investissement et de solidarit\u00e9 communautaire), les caisses de solidarit\u00e9 et les banquiers ambulants restent les pratiques les plus utilis\u00e9es. Dans le but de promouvoir le paiement \u00e9lectronique dans les secteurs public et priv\u00e9, le gouvernement du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal a collabor\u00e9 avec des partenaires techniques et financiers tels que le Mobile Money for the Poor du Fonds d\u2019\u00e9quipement des Nations unies et le Better Than Cash Alliance. On a ainsi assist\u00e9 \u00e0 un d\u00e9veloppement rapide des moyens de paiement \u00e9lectronique, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la t\u00e9l\u00e9phonie mobile et aux prestataires de services financiers (CNUCED, 2018).    <\/span><\/p><p id=\"viewer-8okol842\" class=\"_5n5Ku K1qln J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">L\u2019adoption des portefeuilles \u00e9lectroniques au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal a \u00e9t\u00e9 favoris\u00e9e par la hausse du taux de p\u00e9n\u00e9tration de la t\u00e9l\u00e9phonie mobile, le pays comptant 19,1 millions d\u2019abonnements \u2013 soit plus de 114 % de sa population. Comme le soulignent Fall et Birba (2019), les exp\u00e9riences r\u00e9ussies du Kenya avec son M-PESA<a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftn3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>[3]<\/u><\/a> ont incit\u00e9 le S\u00e9n\u00e9gal \u00e0 adopter le paiement mobile sous l\u2019appellation \u00ab <em>Orange Money<\/em> \u00bb d\u00e8s 2010. De son c\u00f4t\u00e9, la Banque centrale des \u00c9tats de l\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest (BCEAO) a pris l\u2019initiative de renforcer l\u2019acc\u00e8s aux services financiers pour les populations vuln\u00e9rables via un syst\u00e8me de seconde g\u00e9n\u00e9ration, commun\u00e9ment appel\u00e9 mobile money. Aujourd\u2019hui, les populations pr\u00e9f\u00e8rent utiliser leur t\u00e9l\u00e9phone mobile pour effectuer des paiements ou des transferts d\u2019argent. Au sein de l\u2019UEMOA, 73 % des micro-entrepreneurs, 57 % des petits producteurs agricoles, 52 % des jeunes et 44 % des femmes privil\u00e9gient ce canal en 2022 (BCEAO, 2023). Dans l\u2019Union, la C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, le Ghana et le S\u00e9n\u00e9gal se classent en t\u00eate, suivis de pr\u00e8s par le B\u00e9nin, le Burkina Faso et le Mali. Entre 2020 et 2022, ces pays ont contribu\u00e9 au d\u00e9veloppement du mobile money dans la r\u00e9gion. Son utilisation a augment\u00e9 pendant la pand\u00e9mie de Covid-19. De nouveaux utilisateurs se servent d\u00e9sormais de ces services pour leurs besoins quotidiens. Depuis 2020, le S\u00e9n\u00e9gal a enregistr\u00e9 un indice tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9 de diffusion du mobile money, le Mobile Money Prevalence Index (MMPI), avec une pr\u00e9valence sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 0,80 (Awanis et al., 2022).         <\/span><\/p><p id=\"viewer-436kh848\" class=\"_5n5Ku K1qln J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">L\u2019e-commerce est de plus en plus pratiqu\u00e9 sur les m\u00e9dias sociaux, qui proposent un mod\u00e8le de vente adapt\u00e9 aux besoins et aux comportements d\u2019achat des S\u00e9n\u00e9galais. Ces plateformes semblent donner une dimension plus interactive, voire plus humaine et sociale, au commerce en ligne, permettant aux clients de discuter les prix et d\u2019\u00e9changer avec les vendeurs. Or, sur les sites d\u2019e-commerce classiques, les prix sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement fixes. L\u2019e-commerce traditionnel a \u00e9t\u00e9 retard\u00e9 par la m\u00e9fiance des acheteurs \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des vendeurs, puisque ces sites fonctionnent dans l\u2019anonymat, ne fournissant pas suffisamment d\u2019informations sur les vendeurs (Diallo et al., 2020). La probabilit\u00e9 d\u2019honorer la confiance d\u2019autrui augmente lorsque la satisfaction des deux agents est nettement sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle qu\u2019ils \u00e9prouvaient auparavant (Orl\u00e9an, 2000).    <\/span><\/p><p id=\"viewer-wgayd850\" class=\"_5n5Ku K1qln J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Pour ne pas entacher sa r\u00e9putation, le fournisseur se doit d\u2019honorer ses engagements envers les consommateurs (Billand, 1998). Selon D. Kreps, l\u2019\u00e9cart informationnel entre les acheteurs fragilise la r\u00e9putation. La confiance de l\u2019acheteur envers le vendeur signifie que l\u2019acheteur sait, de mani\u00e8re certaine ou probable, que le vendeur, en maximisant son propre int\u00e9r\u00eat, respectera ses engagements. Orl\u00e9an (2000) qualifie ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de \u00ab jeu de la confiance \u00bb. En effet, la th\u00e9orie \u00e9conomique analyse cette situation en supposant que l\u2019acheteur et le vendeur sont parfaitement rationnels, cela signifie qu\u2019ils agissent toujours de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 maximiser leur utilit\u00e9. Lorsqu\u2019un des protagonistes ou les deux ont un doute sur la cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9 de l\u2019autre, leur coop\u00e9ration ne pourra pas se faire. Ainsi, le vendeur doit rassurer l\u2019acheteur de sa bonne foi, en lui proposant un gage. Cet arrangement favorise \u00ab la production de la confiance et l\u2019\u00e9mergence de la coop\u00e9ration \u00bb (Billand, 1998, p. 9). Ce gage peut \u00eatre un contrat qu\u2019il signe et remet \u00e0 l\u2019acheteur, avec le risque d\u2019\u00eatre traduit en justice en cas de trahison. Par cons\u00e9quent, pour pr\u00e9server sa r\u00e9putation et ne pas perdre sa cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9, le vendeur sera oblig\u00e9 d\u2019honorer la confiance de l\u2019acheteur (Billand, 1998).          <\/span><\/p><p id=\"viewer-6w2cp852\" class=\"_5n5Ku K1qln J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">L\u2019absence de proximit\u00e9 entre le vendeur et les consommateurs est \u00e0 l\u2019origine de la m\u00e9fiance. En effet, les e-commer\u00e7ants n\u2019entretiennent pas de relations tr\u00e8s ouvertes avec les consommateurs, puisque la plupart de leurs \u00e9changes se font uniquement sur des outils de communication digitale, principalement sur Internet ou par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone. Le consommateur fait face \u00e0 une p\u00e9riode d\u2019attente entre la commande d\u2019un produit, le paiement et la livraison. Cette attente pouvant \u00eatre angoissante, les e-commer\u00e7ants doivent rassurer leurs consommateurs pour qu\u2019ils concr\u00e9tisent et renouvellent leurs achats. Pour les e-acheteurs, leur m\u00e9fiance est par rapport \u00e0 la s\u00e9curisation des paiements, la fiabilit\u00e9 du vendeur et la mani\u00e8re dont la vente, la livraison et le service apr\u00e8s-vente sont g\u00e9r\u00e9s (Roubelat, 2009).    <\/span><\/p><p id=\"viewer-f2o3a854\" class=\"_5n5Ku K1qln J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">La confiance se construit en plusieurs \u00e9tapes : l\u2019instauration, le renforcement et le maintien. Concernant la phase d\u2019instauration, il s\u2019agit d\u2019une confiance \u00ab initiale \u00bb ou \u00ab exploratoire \u00bb. Le consommateur se base sur l\u2019avis d\u2019autrui (r\u00e9putation, recommandations et qualit\u00e9 du site) pour accorder sa confiance au vendeur. Ensuite, la phase de renforcement d\u00e9pend de l\u2019aboutissement de la confiance initiale. Si elle \u00e9tait honor\u00e9e d\u00e8s le premier contact, elle sera renforc\u00e9e. On parle ici de confiance \u00ab prouv\u00e9e \u00bb. Enfin, le maintien de la confiance entre le vendeur et le consommateur est d\u00e9termin\u00e9 par les \u00e9changes pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents. Il s\u2019agit ici d\u2019une confiance \u00ab confirm\u00e9e \u00bb. Le vendeur a pour objectif de s\u2019inscrire dans une relation durable, bas\u00e9e sur le maintien de la confiance du consommateur gr\u00e2ce au respect de ses engagements. \u00c0 chaque \u00e9tape, la confiance est marqu\u00e9e par des caract\u00e9ristiques li\u00e9es au consommateur, \u00e0 la nature de la confiance et \u00e0 ses principaux m\u00e9canismes de production (Chouk, 2005).         <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">En outre, la transaction repose sur les engagements r\u00e9ciproques du consommateur et du vendeur. Le premier est concr\u00e9tis\u00e9 par l\u2019acte de paiement, tandis que le second est mat\u00e9rialis\u00e9 par la disponibilit\u00e9 du bien ou du service. La transaction est \u00e9galement marqu\u00e9e par l\u2019interaction entre le vendeur et le consommateur et la \u00ab mise au march\u00e9 \u00bb. Malgr\u00e9 son efficacit\u00e9 sur la rapidit\u00e9 d\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019offre et \u00e0 la commande, le commerce \u00e9lectronique pr\u00e9sente des risques pouvant impacter le respect des engagements, aussi bien du c\u00f4t\u00e9 du consommateur que du vendeur. Ces risques peuvent \u00eatre le d\u00e9lai de livraison du produit, l\u2019aptitude \u00e0 manipuler des \u00e9crans hypertextes, les probl\u00e8mes de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 li\u00e9s au paiement et le risque de divulgation de donn\u00e9es personnelles ; ce qui augmente les incertitudes entre le paiement et la livraison (Licoppe et al., 2002).    <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Sur le r\u00e9seau social Facebook, nous avons constat\u00e9 que les sites d\u2019e-commerce classiques sont pr\u00e9sents sur la plateforme \u00e0 des fins publicitaires et pour communiquer avec leur communaut\u00e9 en ligne. De plus, certains sites ont ajout\u00e9 la fonctionnalit\u00e9 \u00ab publicit\u00e9 clic vers WhatsApp \u00bb, une option sur WhatsApp Business qui consiste \u00e0 faire appara\u00eetre un bouton WhatsApp sur ses publications commerciales, Instagram et Facebook. Lorsqu\u2019il est activ\u00e9, ce bouton ouvre directement une discussion avec l\u2019e-commer\u00e7ant.  <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, en raison du fort taux de p\u00e9n\u00e9tration de la t\u00e9l\u00e9phonie mobile et du faible taux de bancarisation, l\u2019e-commerce repr\u00e9sente l\u2019espoir d\u2019un important outil d\u2019inclusion financi\u00e8re des m\u00e9nages \u00e0 faible revenu. L\u2019enqu\u00eate GSM Association en 2022, portant sur les dynamiques des services de mobile money dans le monde, a montr\u00e9 que, malgr\u00e9 l\u2019augmentation de la demande de services financiers mobiles, des obstacles subsistent comme le manque de fiabilit\u00e9 du r\u00e9seau mobile, les difficult\u00e9s \u00e0 lire ou \u00e0 \u00e9crire, la pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour l\u2019argent \u00ab liquide \u00bb, le manque de confiance dans le syst\u00e8me, l\u2019absence de justificatifs d\u2019identit\u00e9 n\u00e9cessaires et le manque de fiabilit\u00e9 du r\u00e9seau \u00e9lectrique (Awanis et al., 2022). <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Dans son rapport d\u2019\u00e9valuation rapide de l\u2019\u00e9tat de pr\u00e9paration au commerce \u00e9lectronique au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, la Conf\u00e9rence des Nations unies pour le commerce et le d\u00e9veloppement (CNUCED, 2018) relevait que les services d\u2019argent mobile et les plateformes d\u2019int\u00e9gration de paiements se sont rapidement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s par l\u2019interm\u00e9diaire des op\u00e9rateurs de t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, des fintech et, dans une moindre mesure, des institutions financi\u00e8res bancaires et non bancaires. N\u00e9anmoins, les op\u00e9rations de d\u00e9p\u00f4t\/retrait au guichet et les transferts P2P dominent encore largement le paiement \u00e9lectronique, en raison du faible niveau de revenu des m\u00e9nages et du co\u00fbt des services, mais \u00e9galement d\u2019un manque de confiance dans les transactions \u00e9lectroniques. En effet, la rencontre entre le commerce informel et les r\u00e9seaux sociaux soul\u00e8ve une question fondamentale de r\u00e9gulation (Diallo et al., 2020), avec des probl\u00e8mes de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des paiements en ligne et la m\u00e9fiance des consommateurs face aux transactions \u00e9lectroniques qui repr\u00e9sentent des risques majeurs, auxquels les e-commer\u00e7ants tentent de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 leur mani\u00e8re.  <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Cet article analyse les strat\u00e9gies innovantes et de r\u00e9silience mises en \u0153uvre par les e-commer\u00e7ants de Rufisque pour faire face aux d\u00e9fis de la confiance et du paiement dans le commerce \u00e9lectronique au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, dans un contexte de commerce social marqu\u00e9 par une faible bancarisation. Plus sp\u00e9cifiquement, nous analysons les strat\u00e9gies de communication, de fid\u00e9lisation des clients et d\u2019assurance qualit\u00e9, ainsi que les syst\u00e8mes de paiement utilis\u00e9s par les acteurs du commerce \u00e9lectronique sur les m\u00e9dias sociaux \u00e0 Rufisque afin de renforcer la confiance, favoriser l\u2019inclusion financi\u00e8re dans les transactions commerciales en ligne et d\u2019assurer leur rentabilit\u00e9. <\/span><\/p><h2>M\u00e9thodologie <\/h2><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Les donn\u00e9es ont \u00e9t\u00e9 collect\u00e9es dans le cadre d\u2019une enqu\u00eate qualitative men\u00e9e entre f\u00e9vrier et mai 2023 aupr\u00e8s des acteurs de l\u2019e-commerce \u00e0 Rufisque Est, une commune situ\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019entr\u00e9e de la presqu\u2019\u00eele du Cap-Vert, au sud de Dakar<a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftn4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>[4]<\/u><\/a>. Elle fait partie de l\u2019arrondissement de Rufisque et compte une population de 84 754 habitants (ANSD, 2023). <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">En 2012, la startup Web evens Rufisque a pris l\u2019initiative d\u2019initier les Rufisquois aux TIC (APS, 2012). Les op\u00e9rateurs de t\u00e9l\u00e9phonie mobile Orange, Free et Expresso sont les plus utilis\u00e9s. Toutefois, seul Orange dispose d\u2019une agence \u00e0 Rufisque. Cette agence accueille le centre \u00e9metteur de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 nationale des t\u00e9l\u00e9communications (SONATEL). En 2017, la SONATEL a inaugur\u00e9 son premier data center<a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftn5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>[5]<\/u><\/a> pour la conservation des donn\u00e9es de nombreuses entreprises et administrations.    <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Dans l\u2019optique de comprendre les interactions entre les acteurs du e-commerce sur ces r\u00e9seaux sociaux, nous avons adopt\u00e9 la netnographie, une m\u00e9thode d\u2019enqu\u00eate qualitative qui utilise Internet comme source de donn\u00e9es en s\u2019appuyant sur des communaut\u00e9s virtuelles de consommateurs (Bernard, 2004). C\u2019est dans ce sillage que nous avons r\u00e9alis\u00e9 une immersion sur les r\u00e9seaux sociaux Facebook, WhatsApp et TikTok, sous une double posture : celle d\u2019e-acheteur et celle d\u2019e-commer\u00e7ant.  <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">En tant qu\u2019observateur et e-acheteur, nous avons int\u00e9gr\u00e9 des groupes de vente et sommes entr\u00e9s en contact avec leurs administrateurs pour leur faire part de notre \u00e9tude et leur demander leur consentement pour recueillir et utiliser des donn\u00e9es du groupe. De plus, nous avons achet\u00e9 certains produits en ligne pour vivre l\u2019exp\u00e9rience d\u2019achat des utilisateurs. Cette posture nous a permis d\u2019observer les interactions entre les membres des communaut\u00e9s virtuelles de consommateurs, mais aussi les interactions entre e-commer\u00e7ants et e-acheteurs. En tant qu\u2019e-commer\u00e7ant, nous nous sommes limit\u00e9s \u00e0 explorer ces plateformes, en essayant de suivre les diff\u00e9rentes proc\u00e9dures de vente sur le Marketplace de Facebook et sur WhatsApp Business. En tant que novices, nous ne sommes pas all\u00e9s au bout de notre immersion, nous avons observ\u00e9 comment les e-commer\u00e7ants s\u2019y prenaient pour vendre sur ces plateformes de communication.    <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">De fait, nous avons recueilli des informations sur les \u00e9changes entre les membres des communaut\u00e9s et sur les comportements des e-commer\u00e7ants de Rufisque. \u00c9galement, l\u2019entretien semi-directif, l\u2019observation directe et le groupe de discussion<a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftn6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>[6]<\/u><\/a> ont permis la collecte de donn\u00e9es qualitatives pour la r\u00e9alisation de l\u2019enqu\u00eate de terrain. Les interviews \u00e9taient organis\u00e9es selon la disponibilit\u00e9 des enqu\u00eat\u00e9s, la majorit\u00e9 \u00e9tant faite par appel t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique, tandis que certaines se sont tenues en pr\u00e9sentiel chez l\u2019enqu\u00eat\u00e9. Seul le groupe de discussion s\u2019est tenu sur WhatsApp.   <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Apr\u00e8s saturation des donn\u00e9es, nous avons obtenu un \u00e9chantillon de vingt (20) personnes, dont quinze (15) e-commer\u00e7ants et cinq (5) e-acheteurs. Ces derniers \u00e9taient majoritairement jeunes (\u00e2g\u00e9s de 24 \u00e0 28 ans) et de sexe f\u00e9minin (douze [12] femmes contre huit [8] hommes). Les interviews enregistr\u00e9es au cours des enqu\u00eates individuelles semi-directives ont \u00e9t\u00e9 retranscrites et ont fait l\u2019objet d\u2019une codification th\u00e9matique. Nous sommes conscients de la taille restreinte de cet \u00e9chantillon et de la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de poursuivre cette \u00e9tude dans une perspective de d\u00e9territorialisation du terrain et pour tendre vers une approche comparative de la pratique du commerce social au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, dans le but de renforcer les r\u00e9sultats de cette recherche initiale.   <\/span><\/p><h6 id=\"viewer-685vt888\" class=\"_5n5Ku K1qln J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\"> <\/span><\/h6><h2><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">L\u2019\u00e9volution vers le commerce num\u00e9rique<\/span><\/h2><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Le commerce \u00e9lectronique est apparu au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal en 1996 avec la cr\u00e9ation, par l\u2019\u00c9tat, de la fondation Trade Point S\u00e9n\u00e9gal (TPS). Cette initiative a permis le d\u00e9veloppement de la premi\u00e8re version du logiciel de d\u00e9douanement \u00e9lectronique, Orbus, et a mis en place une plateforme destin\u00e9e \u00e0 faire conna\u00eetre les opportunit\u00e9s d\u2019affaires et \u00e0 faciliter l\u2019\u00e9tablissement de partenariats commerciaux (Corenthin, 2014). Dans le cadre du PSE, les institutions gouvernementales ont manifest\u00e9 un int\u00e9r\u00eat pour le commerce \u00e9lectronique. Il y a des progr\u00e8s constants dans la promotion et l\u2019exploitation des TIC, notamment du commerce \u00e9lectronique. La strat\u00e9gie \u00ab S\u00e9n\u00e9gal num\u00e9rique 2025 \u00bb a facilit\u00e9 le d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019un cadre pour l\u2019\u00e9conomie num\u00e9rique, particuli\u00e8rement l\u2019e-commerce. L\u2019absence de strat\u00e9gie ou de politique du commerce \u00e9lectronique n\u2019a pas emp\u00each\u00e9 l\u2019\u00e9mergence d\u2019op\u00e9rateurs qui apportent un certain dynamisme au secteur. Cependant, l\u2019obsolescence et le manque de donn\u00e9es sur le secteur des TIC ne permettent pas de mesurer les dynamiques d\u2019\u00e9volution du commerce \u00e9lectronique et de l\u2019\u00e9conomie num\u00e9rique (CNUCED, 2018).      <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Le commerce \u00e9lectronique s\u00e9n\u00e9galais concerne essentiellement l\u2019achat de produits import\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s des principaux sites de e-commerce d\u2019entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res (<a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"http:\/\/jumia.sn\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\">jumia.sn<\/a>, <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"http:\/\/cdiscount.sn\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\">CDiscount.sn<\/a>, <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"http:\/\/kaymu.sn\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\">Kaymu.sn<\/a>\u2026) et l\u2019e-commerce de produits et services nationaux (<a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"http:\/\/niokobok.com\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\">niokobok.com<\/a>, Tongtong, <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"http:\/\/senegalcity.com\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\">Senegalcity.com<\/a>\u2026) (Ducass &amp; Kwadjane, 2015). Quoique des acteurs internationaux tels que Jumia se sont fortement install\u00e9s dans ce secteur en s\u2019appuyant sur le march\u00e9 local et sur la diaspora s\u00e9n\u00e9galaise, le secteur informel ne passe pas inaper\u00e7u dans ce march\u00e9 en plein essor, \u00e0 travers les petites annonces de particuliers, sur les sites agr\u00e9gateurs et sur les r\u00e9seaux sociaux. En effet, un nouveau mod\u00e8le \u00e9conomique du secteur informel a \u00e9merg\u00e9 gr\u00e2ce aux r\u00e9seaux sociaux, renfor\u00e7ant le secteur et lui donnant une plus grande port\u00e9e (Diallo et al., 2020). D\u2019innombrables petits commer\u00e7ants, qui n\u2019ont souvent pas les moyens ou le niveau d\u2019instruction pour utiliser des technologies plus \u00e9labor\u00e9es, tentent malgr\u00e9 tout de tirer profit de ce secteur, en s\u2019adaptant avec des outils alliant simplicit\u00e9, accessibilit\u00e9 et fiabilit\u00e9.    <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">\u00c0 Rufisque, l\u2019e-commerce sur les m\u00e9dias sociaux couvre divers types de biens et services : vente d\u2019habillement, de produits alimentaires et \u00e9lectroniques, d\u2019ameublement, de livres, des services th\u00e9rapeutiques et de coaching en tout genre, de la vente de sexe (e-prostitution), de services de voyance, de prestations d\u2019enseignements et de formations, etc. Malgr\u00e9 cette diversit\u00e9, les produits vendus sur les peuvent \u00eatre regroup\u00e9s en deux grandes cat\u00e9gories : l\u2019e-commerce de produits mat\u00e9riels et l\u2019e-commerce de produits immat\u00e9riels, num\u00e9risables ou informatis\u00e9s. <\/span><\/p><h6 id=\"viewer-i1i61908\" class=\"_5n5Ku K1qln J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\"> <\/span><\/h6><h2><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Strat\u00e9gies innovantes pour placer\/acc\u00e9der aux produits en ligne<\/span><\/h2><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Sur Facebook, des pages et des groupes destin\u00e9s \u00e0 la vente ou \u00e0 l\u2019achat de produits ou services en ligne sont cr\u00e9\u00e9s, notamment le groupe \u00ab Rufisque commerce et services (achat &amp; vente) \u00bb con\u00e7u pour toute transaction en ligne. De m\u00eame, des activit\u00e9s e-commerciales y sont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es \u00e0 travers des groupes ou des pages qui ne sont pas destin\u00e9s au commerce comme : \u00ab Sama j\u00ebk\u00ebr, sama xarit<a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftn7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>[7]<\/u><\/a> \u00bb, \u00ab \u00cbttu jigeen yi (hygi\u00e8ne intime et grossesse)<a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftn8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>[8]<\/u><\/a> \u00bb. Les utilisateurs des m\u00e9dias sociaux Facebook, WhatsApp et TikTok profitent des diff\u00e9rentes fonctionnalit\u00e9s qu\u2019offrent ces plateformes pour d\u00e9velopper leur commerce \u00e9lectronique. Une enqu\u00eat\u00e9e, Seynabou, d\u00e9clare en effet :   <\/span><\/p><div id=\"viewer-ylhis918\" dir=\"ltr\"><blockquote class=\"RZBDs\"><div id=\"viewer-ut4xr29785\" class=\"J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"_4fqav J0Hwa\">Pour publier mes produits, je vais sur le Marketplace et je clique sur la rubrique \u00ab vente \u00bb. Elle me sort la cat\u00e9gorie pour que je choisisse si c\u2019est habillement, accessoire ou autres. Puis je fais la description avant d\u2019ajouter les photos. Ensuite, je clique sur \u00ab publier \u00bb et cela va aller en m\u00eame temps, dans les diff\u00e9rents groupes auxquels j\u2019ai adh\u00e9r\u00e9 sur Marketplace. Ce sont des groupes en lien direct avec le Marketplace.    <\/span><\/div><\/blockquote><\/div><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">L\u2019utilisation de la fonctionnalit\u00e9 WhatsApp permet aux clients de communiquer avec l\u2019e-commer\u00e7ant, ce qui favorise l\u2019\u00e9tablissement de la confiance. Le commerce social \u00e0 Rufisque appara\u00eet ainsi comme une manifestation locale d\u2019un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne global qui met en relation e-commer\u00e7ants et e-acheteurs via les plateformes de m\u00e9dias sociaux, avec des m\u00e9canismes permettant de diversifier le placement des produits, tout en permettant aux clients de communiquer et de gagner plus d\u2019assurance sur le produit propos\u00e9, les modalit\u00e9s de livraison et de paiement. Pour donner de l\u2019assurance \u00e0 l\u2019e-acheteur, des captures d\u2019\u00e9cran de clients satisfaits sont post\u00e9es sur WhatsApp, afin de d\u00e9montrer le s\u00e9rieux mais aussi la forte demande de la client\u00e8le. Pour se pr\u00e9munir des arnaques, des annulations ou des changements d\u2019avis, les e-commer\u00e7ants demandent aux clients de passer commande sur WhatsApp, de confirmer et valider avec une capture d\u2019\u00e9cran comme preuve. En effet, une commande sans validation ne peut \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9e ni livr\u00e9e.    <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Les e-acheteurs per\u00e7oivent le commerce social comme plus commode ; Facebook, WhatsApp et TikTok sont plus faciles \u00e0 utiliser et plus accessibles que les sites classiques, mais aussi ils permettent de communiquer avec le e-commer\u00e7ant et de gagner du temps. Khoudja d\u00e9clare : <\/span><\/p><div id=\"viewer-wt89r924\" dir=\"ltr\"><blockquote class=\"RZBDs\"><div id=\"viewer-zazjs29911\" class=\"J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"_4fqav J0Hwa\">Pour moi, ce commerce sur les r\u00e9seaux sociaux est plus int\u00e9ressant parce que sur les sites e-commerce comme Jumia, tu ne peux pas parler avec le vendeur. D\u2019habitude, sur ces sites, tu vois quelque chose et tu passes directement ta commande. Ils ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 affich\u00e9 les prix et tout pour les acheteurs. Alors que s\u2019il s\u2019agit du commerce en ligne sur les r\u00e9seaux sociaux, d\u2019habitude, tu parles avec le vendeur. Le prix est affich\u00e9, mais tu peux discuter avec le vendeur sur ce que tu veux. [\u2026] Tu peux \u00e9changer directement avec le vendeur et il pourra t\u2019expliquer ce \u00e0 quoi sert le produit et t\u2019expliquer \u00e9galement comment l\u2019utiliser et tout. Je pense aussi que c\u2019est le d\u00e9veloppement qui est arriv\u00e9 \u00e0 ce stade.      <\/span><\/div><\/blockquote><\/div><h6 id=\"viewer-n38d3928\" class=\"_5n5Ku K1qln J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\"> <\/span><\/h6><h2><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Des modes de paiement s\u00e9curisant l\u2019activit\u00e9 commerciale dans les m\u00e9dias sociaux<\/span><\/h2><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Le commerce \u00e9lectronique est marqu\u00e9 par des p\u00e9riodes d\u2019incertitude, allant de la commande du produit, du bien ou du service, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la finalisation de la transaction commerciale, illustr\u00e9e par la satisfaction des deux protagonistes : l\u2019e-commer\u00e7ant et l\u2019e-acheteur. Cette incertitude est subie par ces deux acteurs qui doivent chacun s\u2019efforcer de respecter la confiance de l\u2019autre, tout en se prot\u00e9geant contre d\u2019\u00e9ventuelles pratiques frauduleuses. Ainsi, des m\u00e9canismes garantissant la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et la confiance entre les parties sont mis en place.  <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Confront\u00e9s \u00e0 un taux insuffisant de bancarisation, les acteurs du commerce social \u00e0 Rufisque combinent les moyens de paiement \u00e9lectroniques, tels que mobile money (Wave et Orange Money) et le paiement en esp\u00e8ces lors de leurs transactions \u00e9lectroniques. Certains e-commer\u00e7ants ont rajout\u00e9 des modes de paiement traditionnels comme strat\u00e9gies alternatives innovantes servant de gage de confiance. Ces modes de paiement inspir\u00e9s du commerce traditionnel s\u00e9n\u00e9galais, r\u00e9adapt\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019environnement num\u00e9rique, sont propos\u00e9s aux clients : le paiement par avance ou par acompte, la tontine ou \u00ab natt \u00bb, le \u00ab lebb-le<a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftn9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>[9]<\/u><\/a> \u00bb et le syst\u00e8me \u00ab teg-teggi<a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftn10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>[10]<\/u><\/a> \u00bb.  <\/span><\/p><h3><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\"><em>Le paiement par avance comme gage dans la transaction commerciale en ligne<\/em><\/span><\/h3><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Concernant le paiement par avance ou par acompte, les e-commer\u00e7ants de Rufisque proposent deux possibilit\u00e9s aux clients. D\u2019une part, l\u2019e-acheteur peut payer \u00e0 l\u2019avance la totalit\u00e9 de la somme pour valider sa commande, avant de recevoir le produit. D\u2019autre part, il peut opter pour le versement d\u2019un acompte de 50 % du montant afin de valider sa commande, puis versera le solde restant apr\u00e8s la livraison. Cet acompte est vers\u00e9 par Wave ou par Orange Money sur le compte du commer\u00e7ant. Apr\u00e8s cela, l\u2019e-acheteur doit envoyer une capture d\u2019\u00e9cran du r\u00e9sum\u00e9 de la transaction sur le num\u00e9ro WhatsApp du vendeur comme preuve de la transaction, pour permettre la validation de la commande. Cette deuxi\u00e8me possibilit\u00e9 est privil\u00e9gi\u00e9e lorsque l\u2019un ou les deux protagonistes (e-commer\u00e7ant et e-acheteur) ont un doute sur l\u2019engagement de l\u2019autre ou sur l\u2019authenticit\u00e9 du produit command\u00e9.      <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Cependant, il convient de noter que ce mode de paiement est souvent exig\u00e9 pour les e-acheteurs \u00ab occasionnels \u00bb qui ne font pas partie des clients fid\u00e8les, dans le but d\u2019\u00e9viter d\u2019\u00e9ventuelles fraudes. De ce fait, cet acompte va constituer un gage pour l\u2019e-commer\u00e7ant, puisque l\u2019acheteur est contraint de compl\u00e9ter les 50 % restants avant de recevoir sa commande. De plus, il ne peut annuler la transaction commerciale sans perdre l\u2019acompte d\u00e9j\u00e0 vers\u00e9. Khadija d\u00e9clare en ce sens :   <\/span><\/p><div id=\"viewer-zjg1r946\" dir=\"ltr\"><blockquote class=\"RZBDs\"><div id=\"viewer-ud4bq30047\" class=\"J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"_4fqav J0Hwa\">J\u2019ai opt\u00e9 pour le paiement par acompte de 50 % parce que c\u2019est un moyen de s\u2019assurer que le client a valid\u00e9 sa commande. Il ne va pas se d\u00e9sister puisqu\u2019il a d\u00e9j\u00e0 vers\u00e9 la moiti\u00e9 du prix qu\u2019il va compl\u00e9ter lors de la livraison. Vous savez, il y a des personnes qui vous contactent et vous disent qu\u2019ils commandent tel produit, puis vous allez faire beaucoup d\u2019efforts pour trouver cela afin de le leur vendre. Malheureusement, ils vont ignorer vos appels lors de la livraison, vous n\u2019allez plus avoir des nouvelles. De ce fait, si vous aviez opt\u00e9 pour le paiement par acompte de 50 %, ils prendront le produit parce qu\u2019ils y ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 mis leur argent, ils ne voudront pas perdre cela.    <\/span><\/div><\/blockquote><\/div><h3><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\"><em>Le \u00ab natt \u00bb, le \u00ab lebb-le \u00bb et le \u00ab teg-teggi \u00bb, un bouclier pour l\u2019e-commer\u00e7ant<\/em><\/span><\/h3><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Faire du commerce sur les m\u00e9dias sociaux n\u00e9cessite, pour les e-commer\u00e7ants de Rufisque, d\u2019avoir des clients avec lesquels ils partagent une certaine affinit\u00e9. Ainsi, ils ont trouv\u00e9 une alternative innovante en recourant aux modes de paiement par \u00ab natt \u00bb, \u00ab lebb-le \u00bb ou \u00ab teg-teggi \u00bb, dans le but de faciliter le paiement en l\u2019adaptant aux disponibilit\u00e9s financi\u00e8res des clients, tout en prot\u00e9geant leur commerce. <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Le paiement par tontine, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9 \u00ab natt \u00bb, consiste \u00e0 payer l\u2019article ou le produit \u00e0 l\u2019avance et sur une dur\u00e9e d\u00e9termin\u00e9e. Pour cela, le vendeur fait une publication sur les diff\u00e9rents produits disponibles pour la tontine, en y mentionnant le prix de chaque produit, le montant \u00e0 verser \u00e0 chaque \u00e9tape et la p\u00e9riode sur laquelle le paiement total sera \u00e9chelonn\u00e9.  <\/span><\/p><div id=\"viewer-nhs6u28486\" class=\"zwvub\"><div class=\"DyPY- _89fZr\"><figure class=\"thOU-\" data-hook=\"figure-IMAGE\"><div class=\"CQCKX\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" data-hook=\"image-viewer\" aria-haspopup=\"true\"><div id=\"nhs6u28486\" class=\"e1h4z V8Ei5 TI1RX\"><figure style=\"width: 657px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" draggable=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/static.wixstatic.com\/media\/41715f_89f0dab3e47c415e8a89b505e06a0c6f~mv2.png\/v1\/fill\/w_657,h_739,al_c,q_90,enc_auto\/41715f_89f0dab3e47c415e8a89b505e06a0c6f~mv2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"657\" height=\"739\" data-ssr-src-done=\"true\" data-load-done=\"\"><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo 1 : Extrait de vente en ligne par paiement tontine ou \u00ab natt \u00bb sur un groupe de vente WhatsApp.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/figure><\/div><\/div><p id=\"viewer-tvs2j957\" class=\"p-o-k K1qln ZZK1Z xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"hNTrR\">Source: \u00d1u sa\u00f1se, WhatsApp, 2023.<\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">La photo 1 est une capture d\u2019\u00e9cran d\u2019un groupe WhatsApp de vente appel\u00e9 \u00ab \u00d1u Sa\u00f1se<a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftn11\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>[11]<\/u><\/a> \u00bb o\u00f9 l\u2019e-commer\u00e7ante, administratrice du groupe, a publi\u00e9 une annonce pour une tontine avec les modalit\u00e9s de versement du paiement, la dur\u00e9e et les diff\u00e9rents articles. Le versement peut \u00eatre quotidien, hebdomadaire ou mensuel, en fonction du choix de l\u2019e-commer\u00e7ant ou des clients. Tout e-acheteur qui accepte les conditions d\u2019adh\u00e9sion \u00e0 la tontine sera oblig\u00e9 de compl\u00e9ter le paiement de l\u2019article avant de recevoir sa commande. Ainsi, l\u2019e-marchande \u00e9tablit un communiqu\u00e9 dans lequel figure les dates de d\u00e9but et de fin de la tontine, ainsi que les diff\u00e9rents articles \u00e0 vendre. Dans le paiement par \u00ab natt \u00bb, l\u2019e-acheteur ne peut recevoir sa commande qu\u2019apr\u00e8s avoir effectu\u00e9 tous les versements p\u00e9riodiques de la somme totale du produit achet\u00e9. Ce syst\u00e8me existe dans les ghettos aux \u00c9tats-Unis et est plus connu sous le nom de \u00ab Layaway \u00bb (mettre de c\u00f4t\u00e9). Comme le montrent Dimitrov et Ceryan (2018), le programme de \u00ab mise de c\u00f4t\u00e9 \u00bb est un service propos\u00e9 par les d\u00e9taillants qui permet aux consommateurs disposant d\u2019un budget limit\u00e9, et dont l\u2019\u00e9valuation est suffisamment \u00e9lev\u00e9e, de payer en plusieurs fois et d\u2019obtenir le produit qui leur a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9serv\u00e9 \u00e0 la fin de la p\u00e9riode de paiement. Si un consommateur ne respecte pas ses paiements, l\u2019article r\u00e9serv\u00e9 est remis en stock dans le magasin.       <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, la tontine est traditionnellement une dynamique associative qui permettait de cr\u00e9er et nouer des liens autour du partage des besoins, des int\u00e9r\u00eats et des modalit\u00e9s d\u2019entraide, contribuant ainsi \u00e0 renforcer la solidarit\u00e9 et \u00e0 construire un tissu social (Piga, 2003). Dans un contexte de e-commerce, le \u00ab natt \u00bb devient une assurance pour la s\u00e9curisation de la transaction pour l\u2019e-commer\u00e7ant, lui garantissant le paiement total avant la livraison, mais aussi d\u2019\u00e9couler tout son stock de biens ou de produits puisqu\u2019il conna\u00eet d\u2019embl\u00e9e le nombre d\u2019articles que doit recevoir chaque e-acheteur.  <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">En ce qui concerne le paiement par \u00ab lebb-le<a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftn12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>[12] <\/u><\/a>\u00bb, il consiste \u00e0 acheter \u00e0 cr\u00e9dit un article ou un produit. L\u2019e-commer\u00e7ant et l\u2019e-acheteur trouvent un consensus sur la dur\u00e9e de remboursement du pr\u00eat et sur les modalit\u00e9s. De ce fait, la somme due peut \u00eatre vers\u00e9e en une seule fois \u00e0 la date convenue ou \u00e9chelonn\u00e9e jusqu\u2019\u00e0 cette date, selon les modalit\u00e9s fix\u00e9es par les deux contractants. Ce mode de paiement n\u2019est accord\u00e9 qu\u2019aux e-acheteurs avec lesquels le vendeur entretient des affinit\u00e9s, souvent des e-acheteurs avec qui il a eu des exp\u00e9riences d\u2019achats favorables jusqu\u2019\u00e0 leur accorder sa confiance. G\u00e9n\u00e9ralement, les vendeurs sont certains que ces clients paieront. Le \u00ab lebb-le \u00bb est per\u00e7u comme \u00e9tant le paiement traditionnel le plus risqu\u00e9 dans la mesure o\u00f9 l\u2019e-acheteur re\u00e7oit le produit avant de le payer, c\u2019est pour cette raison qu\u2019il n\u2019est accord\u00e9 qu\u2019aux e-acheteurs de confiance :      <\/span><\/p><div id=\"viewer-5lvn4969\" dir=\"ltr\"><blockquote class=\"RZBDs\"><div id=\"viewer-19vi630181\" class=\"J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"_4fqav J0Hwa\">Il va compl\u00e9ter le reste du paiement \u00e0 la fin du mois. Ce sont juste des calculs. Par exemple, je peux prendre une somme de mon argent pour tout pr\u00eater. Avec cette somme, j\u2019ach\u00e8te des articles, cela peut \u00eatre aux environs du 10 ou 15 du mois, je sais que le mois a avanc\u00e9, alors je prends tous les articles pour lebb-le ko (les donner \u00e0 cr\u00e9dit), ce sera une fa\u00e7on de garder l\u2019argent l\u00e0-bas. Ensuite, je prends une autre somme d\u2019argent avec laquelle je vais acheter des articles que je vais vendre par paiement par tranche. Je te donne le produit et tu me donnes ton avance du paiement, de ce fait, je pourrais aller \u00e0 Dakar entre ces quinze jours, pour g\u00e9rer certains trucs. Et c\u2019est s\u00fbr que l\u2019argent va rentrer facilement puisque c\u2019est avec des personnes honn\u00eates que tu fais cela. On ne peut pas faire cela avec n\u2019importe qui, s\u2019il s\u2019agit d\u2019une Betty (il se moque d\u2019une amie), je ne peux pas lui accorder cela (rires). Hassane         <\/span><\/div><\/blockquote><\/div><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Quoiqu\u2019\u00e9tant per\u00e7u comme un moyen de th\u00e9saurisation, le paiement par \u00ab lebb-le \u00bb appara\u00eet aussi comme une strat\u00e9gie permettant de cr\u00e9er une barri\u00e8re contre les e-acheteurs qui tentent de retarder la vente. En effet, ceux-ci ne peuvent pas acheter de nouveau produit tant qu\u2019ils n\u2019ont pas r\u00e9gl\u00e9 leur d\u00fb. De plus, les e-commer\u00e7ants exercent une certaine pression symbolique sur eux, en publiant sur leur statut ou en stories des rappels pour les paiements \u00e0 cr\u00e9dit. Cela passe par des chansons dr\u00f4les ou par des posts \u00e9crits comme \u00ab Fay len borr yi weer bi dee na<a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftn13\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>[13] <\/u><\/a>\u00bb. C\u2019est dans ce sillage que Daba, une e-commer\u00e7ante de Rufisque, t\u00e9moigne qu\u2019il lui arrive de poster une chanson de Bass Thioung<a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftn14\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>[14]<\/u><\/a> en guise de rappel \u00e0 ses clients d\u00e9biteurs. En effet, cette chanson est un moyen de rappeler \u00e0 ces derniers que c\u2019est la fin du mois et qu\u2019il est temps de payer ses dettes. Voici un extrait de la chanson qu\u2019elle publie :      <\/span><\/p><div id=\"viewer-mcdrj977\" dir=\"ltr\"><blockquote class=\"RZBDs\"><div id=\"viewer-r5jbu30308\" class=\"J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"_4fqav J0Hwa\">Ku ma yoreel na\u014ba ma fay man damay ligeey, fowwu ma.<\/span><\/div><div class=\"J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\">Ba \u014ba soxlaa, da \u014ba \u00f1\u00ebw ma j\u00ebll li ma yorr jox la ko. (Refrain) <\/div><div class=\"J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\">Weer wi d\u00e9 na fay leen borr yi, b\u00e0yyi leen lepp te dooleen fay.<\/div><div class=\"J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\">Kila lebbal Ba\u014ba soxla, fexeel ba am \u014boru fay ko<a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftn15\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\"><u>[15]<\/u><\/a>.<\/div><\/blockquote><\/div><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Dans le syst\u00e8me \u00ab teg-teggi \u00bb, en revanche, il n\u2019y a pas de versement p\u00e9riodique : l\u2019e-acheteur doit obligatoirement payer avant ou \u00e0 la livraison, directement par voie \u00e9lectronique sur le num\u00e9ro de t\u00e9l\u00e9phone de l\u2019e-commer\u00e7ant ou en esp\u00e8ces au livreur ou \u00e0 l\u2019e-commer\u00e7ant. Comme son nom l\u2019indique \u00ab teg \u00bb qui signifie en fran\u00e7ais \u00ab d\u00e9poser \u00bb et \u00ab teggi \u00bb qui veut dire \u00ab prendre \u00bb, le syst\u00e8me de paiement \u00ab teg-teggi \u00bb est, selon les e-commer\u00e7ants de Rufisque, le mode de paiement le plus s\u00e9curis\u00e9 puisqu\u2019il n\u00e9cessite de donner l\u2019argent et, simultan\u00e9ment, de prendre la commande. <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Oumar se prononce dans ce sens :<\/span><\/p><div id=\"viewer-am8jy995\" dir=\"ltr\"><blockquote class=\"RZBDs\"><div id=\"viewer-jw30m31032\" class=\"J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"_4fqav J0Hwa\">Le \u00ab teg-teggi \u00bb est plus s\u00fbr. Je te raconte une anecdote : il y a une de mes clientes \u00e0 qui j\u2019ai donn\u00e9 des marchandises. Elle m\u2019avait dit qu\u2019elle allait me donner l\u2019argent apr\u00e8s mais jusqu\u2019au moment o\u00f9 je vous parle elle ne m\u2019a rien donn\u00e9. Chaque jour avec de nouvelles excuses, tant\u00f4t, elle me dit que son enfant est malade, parfois, elle dit qu\u2019elle a un d\u00e9c\u00e8s, d\u2019autre fois, c\u2019est elle qui est \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4pital\u2026 Tu vas jusqu\u2019\u00e0 \u00eatre d\u00e9courag\u00e9 et te dire que tu vas arr\u00eater pour le \u00ab lebb-le \u00bb. D\u00e9sormais, je suis juste pour le \u00ab teg-teggi \u00bb. [\u2026] Vous allez p\u00e9rir si vous avez fait du \u00ab lebb-le \u00bb. Ce que je conseille \u00e0 ceux qui sont sur le commerce en ligne sur les r\u00e9seaux sociaux, c\u2019est\u2026 je ne leur dirai pas de ne pas faire du \u00ab lebb-le \u00bb, mais juste leur dire que ce n\u2019est pas \u00e0 n\u2019importe qui que l\u2019on doit accorder le \u00ab lebb-le \u00bb. Le \u00ab Teg-teggi \u00bb est plus s\u00fbr parce que les choses sont difficiles, tu vas gal\u00e9rer avant d\u2019avoir du b\u00e9n\u00e9fice.       <\/span><\/div><\/blockquote><\/div><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Cependant, les e-acheteurs ont plus confiance au paiement apr\u00e8s livraison puisqu\u2019ils pourront v\u00e9rifier la conformit\u00e9 de l\u2019article livr\u00e9 avant de payer. Mari\u00e8me d\u00e9clare : \u00ab J\u2019ai plus confiance au fait d\u2019attendre d\u2019abord que le produit me soit livr\u00e9 avant de le payer, que je puisse d\u2019abord voir que c\u2019est satisfaisant et que cela me va avant de donner le paiement. \u00bb <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Ces pratiques adaptatives t\u00e9moignent de la capacit\u00e9 des acteurs \u00e0 n\u00e9gocier entre les exigences du commerce \u00e9lectronique global et les r\u00e9alit\u00e9s socio-\u00e9conomiques locales. \u00c9galement, elles illustrent des logiques d\u2019appropriation cr\u00e9ative des technologies num\u00e9riques dans un contexte de d\u00e9veloppement, offrant ainsi une perspective pr\u00e9cieuse sur les modalit\u00e9s d\u2019adaptation et d\u2019innovation dans le commerce \u00e9lectronique au sein des \u00e9conomies \u00e9mergentes. <\/span><\/p><h6 id=\"viewer-apl9r1001\" class=\"_5n5Ku K1qln J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"color: #00909f; font-family: 'Noto Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500;\"> <\/span><\/h6><h6 id=\"viewer-apl9r1001\" class=\"_5n5Ku K1qln J0Hwa xHBmq\" dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"color: #00909f; font-family: 'Noto Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500;\">Discussion et conclusion<\/span><\/h6><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">La pratique de l\u2019e-commerce sur les m\u00e9dias sociaux Facebook, WhatsApp et TikTok d\u00e9note une r\u00e9elle capacit\u00e9 d\u2019innovation des e-commer\u00e7ants de Rufisque, qui ont su int\u00e9grer des modes de paiement traditionnels du commerce s\u00e9n\u00e9galais dans un contexte num\u00e9rique. Puisqu\u2019il importe aux acteurs de trouver un garant ou une assurance dans leurs transactions commerciales, les e-marchands ont, \u00e0 cet effet, adapt\u00e9 des modes de paiement endog\u00e8nes comme le paiement par avance ou par acompte, par tontine \u00ab natt \u00bb, par \u00ab lebb-le \u00bb et le syst\u00e8me \u00ab teg-teggi \u00bb. Ces modes de paiement, ancr\u00e9s dans les pratiques communautaires, poss\u00e8dent une dimension sociale et culturelle de gestion de la confiance dans les transactions commerciales.  <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Ces m\u00e9canismes vont au-del\u00e0 de la simple transaction commerciale, en r\u00e9affirmant les valeurs de responsabilit\u00e9 mutuelle, d\u2019engagement et de parole donn\u00e9e. Cela rejoint le postulat de Roubelat (2009) pour qui l\u2019absence de proximit\u00e9 entre le vendeur et les consommateurs est \u00e0 l\u2019origine de la probl\u00e9matique de la confiance. <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Cette combinaison de pratiques communautaires et de technologies avanc\u00e9es illustre la r\u00e9silience et la pertinence des outils locaux face aux d\u00e9fis de la mondialisation num\u00e9rique, elle offre un exemple int\u00e9ressant de l\u2019\u00e9volution des mod\u00e8les commerciaux dans les march\u00e9s en d\u00e9veloppement. De la sorte, il importe de valoriser ces connaissances endog\u00e8nes dans le d\u00e9veloppement de solutions de l\u2019e-commerce culturellement appropri\u00e9es. <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Cette \u00e9tude nous apprend que la conception et le d\u00e9ploiement de produits par le biais de services mobiles ou \u00e9lectroniques n\u00e9cessitent, de la part des e-commer\u00e7ants, une bonne compr\u00e9hension des conditions de vie, des capacit\u00e9s financi\u00e8res et de paiement des populations. Ce qui leur permettra d\u2019initier des strat\u00e9gies pour mieux les inclure, avec des techniques de marketing, de communication, et de motivation sp\u00e9cifiques, tout en travaillant leur image et celle des services et produits qu\u2019ils offrent. <\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"hNTrR J0Hwa\">Le d\u00e9ploiement de l\u2019e-commerce requiert des solutions simples suscitant la confiance, renforc\u00e9e par la familiarit\u00e9 des clients avec les r\u00e9seaux sociaux, le t\u00e9l\u00e9phone et le service bancaire mobile (Omwansa et al., 2013). Les strat\u00e9gies et les innovations adopt\u00e9es par les e-commer\u00e7ants de Rufisque ont favoris\u00e9 une acceptabilit\u00e9 du syst\u00e8me, parce que globalement con\u00e7u \u00e0 partir d\u2019un m\u00e9canisme d\u2019\u00e9pargne traditionnel, avec des paiements diff\u00e9r\u00e9s, petits et r\u00e9guliers, aussi bien par mobile money ou en esp\u00e8ces. Par ailleurs, les e-commer\u00e7ants ont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 une culture de services, pour faire en sorte que les produits et les services qu\u2019ils proposent se rapprochent des clients, dans des d\u00e9lais plus courts. Toutefois, les aspects r\u00e9glementaires du commerce \u00e9lectronique posent encore probl\u00e8me, surtout la confiance sur les produits, interpellant un plus grand besoin de r\u00e9glementation du secteur par l\u2019\u00c9tat s\u00e9n\u00e9galais (Diagne, 2022).   <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d9184d e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2d9184d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7fd8c3 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a7fd8c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'auteur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38b0172 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-link-in-bio\" data-id=\"38b0172\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"link-in-bio.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio e-link-in-bio\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image e-link-in-bio__identity-image-profile has-style-circle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Anta-Betty-KANTEYE-225x300.png\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image-element\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Anta-Betty-KANTEYE-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Anta-Betty-KANTEYE.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"e-link-in-bio__heading\">Anta Betty Kant\u00e8ye<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"e-link-in-bio__title\">Candidate au doctorat de sociologie<\/h5>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-link-in-bio__description\">\u00c9tudes sur l\u2019Homme et la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 (ETHOS), Universit\u00e9 Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal\n\n<\/p>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icons has-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon is-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a aria-label=\"Email\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-link\" href=\"mailto:kantantabetty9@gmail.com?subject=Contact%20from%20GA%20Bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-svg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__ctas has-type-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/anta%20betty%20kanteye\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener \" class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta is-type-button has-corners-rounded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVoir le profil complet\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4596ddf ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-link-in-bio\" data-id=\"4596ddf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"link-in-bio.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio e-link-in-bio\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image e-link-in-bio__identity-image-profile has-style-circle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Albert-Gautier-NDIONE-225x300.png\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image-element\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Albert-Gautier-NDIONE-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Albert-Gautier-NDIONE.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"e-link-in-bio__heading\">Albert Gautier Ndione\n<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"e-link-in-bio__title\">Candidate au doctorat de sociologie<\/h5>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-link-in-bio__description\">\u00c9tudes sur l\u2019Homme et la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 (ETHOS), Universit\u00e9 Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal\n\n<\/p>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icons has-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon is-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a aria-label=\"Email\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-link\" href=\"mailto:ndionealbert@gmail.com?subject=Contact%20from%20GA%20Bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-svg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__ctas has-type-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/albert%20gautier%20ndione\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener \" class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta is-type-button has-corners-rounded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVoir le profil complet\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3736640 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-link-in-bio\" data-id=\"3736640\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"link-in-bio.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio e-link-in-bio\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image e-link-in-bio__identity-image-profile has-style-circle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/EL-Hadji-Malick-Sy-Camara-225x300.png\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image-element\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/EL-Hadji-Malick-Sy-Camara-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/EL-Hadji-Malick-Sy-Camara.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"e-link-in-bio__heading\">EL Hadji Malick Sy Camara\n\n<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"e-link-in-bio__title\">Socio-anthropologue, ma\u00eetre de conf\u00e9rences, d\u00e9partement de sociologie<\/h5>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-link-in-bio__description\">FLSH, Universit\u00e9 Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal\n<\/p>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icons has-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon is-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a aria-label=\"Email\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-link\" href=\"mailto:elhadjimalicksy.camara@ucad.edu.sn?subject=Contact%20from%20GA%20Bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-svg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__ctas has-type-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/elhadj%20imalick%20sy%20camara\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener \" class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta is-type-button has-corners-rounded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVoir le profil complet\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c50ea8 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-link-in-bio\" data-id=\"9c50ea8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"link-in-bio.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio e-link-in-bio\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image e-link-in-bio__identity-image-profile has-style-circle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Sylvain-Landry-Birane-Faye--225x300.png\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image-element\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Sylvain-Landry-Birane-Faye--225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Sylvain-Landry-Birane-Faye-.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"e-link-in-bio__heading\">Sylvain Landry Birane Faye\n<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"e-link-in-bio__title\">Socio-anthropologue, professeur titulaire des universit\u00e9s <\/h5>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-link-in-bio__description\">directeur du laboratoire de sociologie d\u2019anthropologie et de psychologie (LASAP), Universit\u00e9 Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal <\/p>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icons has-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon is-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a aria-label=\"Email\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-link\" href=\"mailto:fayesylvain@yahoo.fr?subject=Contact%20from%20GA%20Bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-svg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__ctas has-type-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/sylvain%20landry%20birane%20faye\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener \" class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta is-type-button has-corners-rounded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVoir le profil complet\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca44f9b ignoretoc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ca44f9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9galement dans ce num\u00e9ro<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08ab0bf elementor-grid-1 elementor-grid-tablet-1 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-posts--show-avatar elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"08ab0bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:27,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_tablet_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_mobile_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.posts_cards_pp_authors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-posts_cards_pp_authors elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15271 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-revue author-global-africa\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1200\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Issue-10-\u2013-Global-AfricaProtective-Knowledges-The-Wisdom-to-Protect-.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-15268\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tNum\u00e9ro 10 \u2013 Global Africa\u00ab Savoirs protecteurs, savoir prot\u00e9ger \u00bb\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h5>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Num\u00e9ro 10 \u2013 Global Africa\u00ab Savoirs protecteurs, savoir prot\u00e9ger \u00bb\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tGlobal Africa\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15509 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-analyses-critiques author-karine-collette-fr author-ibrahima-ba-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14990\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41.png 527w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41-210x300.png 210w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 527px) 100vw, 527px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tTerre-M\u00e8re : trace discursive d\u2019une \u00e9mancipation \u00e9cologique au Nord et au Sud ?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h5>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Terre-M\u00e8re : trace discursive d\u2019une \u00e9mancipation \u00e9cologique au Nord et au Sud ?\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tKarine Collette, Ibrahima Ba\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15517 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-champ author-cheikh-sadibou-sakho-fr author-masengesho-kamuzinzi-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.18.04.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14982\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\t\u00ab We Heal Together \u00bb, un savoir protecteur par excellence qui s\u2019inspire de l\u2019h\u00e9ritage africain, o\u00f9 les responsabilit\u00e9s envers soi et envers autrui sont indissociables\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h5>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur \u00ab We Heal Together \u00bb, un savoir protecteur par excellence qui s\u2019inspire de l\u2019h\u00e9ritage africain, o\u00f9 les responsabilit\u00e9s envers soi et envers autrui sont indissociables\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tCheikh Sadibou Sakho, Masengesho Kamuzinzi\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15523 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-analyses-critiques author-cheikh-sadibou-sakho-fr author-ndeye-laity-ndiaye-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.17.22.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14992\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tIt Takes a Village! (R\u00e9)inventer la mise \u00e0 l\u2019abri des survivantes de violences sexuelles au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal<br>Pistes \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience du centre Kullimaaroo de Ziguinchor\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h5>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur It Takes a Village! (R\u00e9)inventer la mise \u00e0 l\u2019abri des survivantes de violences sexuelles au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal&lt;br&gt;Pistes \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience du centre Kullimaaroo de Ziguinchor\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tCheikh Sadibou Sakho, Nd\u00e8ye La\u00efty Ndiaye\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e590199 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e590199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dd1381 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-adv-tabs\" data-id=\"3dd1381\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-adv-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div data-scroll-on-click=\"no\" data-scroll-speed=\"300\" id=\"eael-advance-tabs-3dd1381\" class=\"eael-advance-tabs eael-tabs-horizontal eael-tab-auto-active  responsive-vertical-layout\" data-tabid=\"3dd1381\">\n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-nav \">\n                <ul class=\"eael-tab-inline-icon\" role=\"tablist\">\n                                            <li id=\"citing\" class=\"active-default eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"citing-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-quote-left\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Pour citer l&rsquo;article :<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"Notes\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"Notes-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-notes-medical\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Notes<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"Bibliography\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"Bibliography-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-book\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Bibliographie<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                    \n                                  <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-content\">\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"citing-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item active-default\" data-title-link=\"citing-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <h5>APA<\/h5>\n<p>Kant\u00e8ye, A. B., Ndione, A. G., Camara, E. H. M. S., &amp; Faye, S. L. B. (2025). Du commerce social \u00e0 Rufisque (S\u00e9n\u00e9gal) : strat\u00e9gies de construction et de s\u00e9curisation de la confiance-client. <em class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\">Global Africa,<\/em> (9), pp. 154-165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/ephv-d805  <u class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\"><\/u><u class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\"><a class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/0404-4x71\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/0404-4&#215;71<\/a><\/u><\/p>\n<h5>MLA<\/h5>\n<p>Kant\u00e8ye, Anta Betty, et al. \u00ab Du commerce social \u00e0 Rufisque (S\u00e9n\u00e9gal) : strat\u00e9gies de construction et de s\u00e9curisation de la confiance-client. \u00bb <em class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\">Global Africa<\/em>, no. 9, 2025, pp. 154-165. doi.org\/10.57832\/ephv-d805  <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h5>DOI<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/0404-4x71\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/8fbv-0267<\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdns2\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdns2 YzqVVZ wixui-column-strip__column\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdnu1\" class=\"HcOXKn c9GqVL QxJLC3 lq2cno YQcXTT comp-m8mdjdnu1 wixui-rich-text\">\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdns2\" class=\"comp-m8mdjdns2 YzqVVZ wixui-column-strip__column\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdnu1\" class=\"HcOXKn c9GqVL QxJLC3 lq2cno YQcXTT comp-m8mdjdnu1 wixui-rich-text\">\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">\u00a9 2023 by author(s). This work is openly licensed via CC BY-NC 4.0 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"Notes-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"Notes-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <div id=\"bgLayers_comp-m8mdjdng1\" class=\"MW5IWV\">\n<div id=\"bgMedia_comp-m8mdjdng1\" class=\"VgO9Yg\"> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-m8mdjdnh6\" class=\"TWFxr5 \">\n<div class=\"comp-m8mdjdnh6\">\n<div class=\"syIivg8 comp-m8mdjdnh6\">\n<div class=\"tkOJV\">\n<div class=\"CHIMZ\">\n<div class=\"dm6kF\">\n<p id=\"viewer-foo\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\"><a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftnref1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>[1]<\/u><\/a> Les donn\u00e9es de cet article sont essentiellement issues d\u2019un travail de m\u00e9moire de master en sociologie portant sur \u00ab La sociologie des \u00e9changes marchands sur Internet. Le r\u00f4le des m\u00e9dias sociaux dans le d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019e-commerce \u00e0 Rufisque \u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-voxe61165\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\"><a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftnref2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>[2]<\/u><\/a> LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-m0afa1168\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\"><a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftnref3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>[3]<\/u><\/a> M-PESA est un moyen de paiement destin\u00e9 aussi bien aux personnes bancaris\u00e9es qu\u2019aux non-bancaris\u00e9s en Afrique, <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vodafone.com\/about-vodafone\/what-we-do\/m-pesa\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/www.vodafone.com\/about-vodafone\/what-we-do\/m-pesa<\/u><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-33f591173\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\"><a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftnref4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>[4]<\/u><\/a> <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"http:\/\/www.wikipedia.com\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>Www.Wikipedia.com<\/u><\/a> , consult\u00e9 le 06 novembre 2022 (Diedhiou, 2017). <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-f580a1178\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\"><a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftnref5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>[5]<\/u><\/a> Il s\u2019agit du plus grand data center d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest ouvert aux pays africains qui souhaitent h\u00e9berger leurs donn\u00e9es informatiques (Diedhiou, 2017).<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-byymv1181\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\"><a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftnref6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>[6]<\/u><\/a> Dans un souci de respect des normes \u00e9thiques de la recherche en sciences sociales, nous avons inform\u00e9 les enqu\u00eat\u00e9s de leur libert\u00e9 \u00e0 participer \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude volontairement et en toute autonomie, mais aussi de notre besoin de recueillir leur consentement au pr\u00e9alable. Toutes les donn\u00e9es utilis\u00e9es dans cette \u00e9tude r\u00e9sultent du consentement \u00e9clair\u00e9 des enqu\u00eat\u00e9s. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-95qec1184\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\"><a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftnref7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>[7]<\/u><\/a> \u00ab Sama j\u00ebk\u00ebr, sama xarit \u00bb, \u00ab Mon mari, ma moiti\u00e9 \u00bb est une page Facebook cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2014 dans le but de renforcer les liens amicaux, d\u2019\u00e9viter les divergences au sein du couple et de pr\u00e9server le bien vivre dans le foyer.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-9v6zw1187\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\"><a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftnref8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>[8]<\/u><\/a> \u00ab \u00cbttu jigeen yi \u00bb, \u00ab Le coin des femmes \u00bb est un groupe priv\u00e9 Facebook cr\u00e9\u00e9 en 2019 dans le but d\u2019aider les femmes \u00e0 \u00e9changer sur des th\u00e9matiques en rapport avec l\u2019hygi\u00e8ne intime et la grossesse.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-fh7451190\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\"><a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftnref9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>[9]<\/u><\/a> Traduction : pr\u00eater.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-dwtg51193\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\"><a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftnref10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>[10]<\/u><\/a> Traduction : d\u00e9poser-prendre.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-wb2ck1196\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\"><a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftnref11\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>[11]<\/u><\/a> Traduction : \u00ab Sapons-nous \u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-u8vxl1199\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\"><a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftnref12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>[12]<\/u><\/a> Ce terme est un mot wolof qui renvoie au fait d\u2019acheter un produit et d\u2019avoir la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019attendre un certain temps avant de le payer. Cette dur\u00e9e est le plus souvent d\u00e9termin\u00e9e par le vendeur. Toutefois, il arrive que les acheteurs tardent \u00e0 payer, en ne respectant pas la p\u00e9riode d\u2019attente prescrite par le vendeur, le cr\u00e9ancier.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-khdg31202\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\"><a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftnref13\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>[13]<\/u><\/a> Traduction : Payer les dus, c\u2019est la fin du mois.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-47nws1205\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\"><a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftnref14\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>[14]<\/u><\/a> Bass Thioung est un auteur-compositeur et interpr\u00e8te proposant du mbalax chant\u00e9 en wolof (<a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.afrisson.com\/bass-thioung\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/www.afrisson.com\/bass-thioung\/<\/u><\/a>).<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-jwsvg1210\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\"><a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-09\/art-09-08-en#_ftnref15\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>[15]<\/u><\/a> Traduction : Que celui qui me doit de l\u2019argent me le rembourse parce que je travaille, je ne joue pas. Quand tu en avais besoin, tu es venu et je t\u2019ai donn\u00e9 ce que j\u2019avais. C\u2019est la fin du mois, alors payez les dettes. Arr\u00eatez de prendre \u00e0 cr\u00e9dit et de refuser ensuite de le payer. Celui qui t\u2019a pr\u00eat\u00e9 quand tu en avais besoin, aie la dignit\u00e9 de le rembourser.    <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"Bibliography-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"Bibliography-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p id=\"viewer-qgroq1019\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Agence de Presse S\u00e9n\u00e9galaise (APS). (2012). <em>S\u00e9n\u00e9gal : Rufisque &#8211; Une startup initie les populations aux TIC<\/em>. <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.allafrica.com\/stories\/201211201653.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u> <\/u><\/a><a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.allafrica.com\/stories\/201211201653.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/fr.allafrica.com\/stories\/201211201653.html<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-8gum71025\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">ANSD. (2023).  <em>Locality Directories.<\/em><a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ansd.sn\/donnees-recensements?%20%EF%BB%BFfield_liste_annee_value=2023&amp;field_regions_value=DAKAR&amp;field_departements_value=DAKAR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u> <\/u><\/a><a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ansd.sn\/donnees-recensements?%20%EF%BB%BFfield_liste_annee_value=2023&amp;field_regions_value=DAKAR&amp;field_departements_value=DAKAR\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/www.ansd.sn\/donnees-recensements?%20%EF%BB%BFfield_liste_annee_value=2023&amp;field_regions_value=DAKAR&amp;field_departements_value=DAKAR<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-fulrt1030\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Awanis, A., Lowe, C., Andersson-Manjang, S. K., &amp; Lindsey, D. (2022). <em>The State of the Industry: Mobile Money Services Worldwide<\/em>. GSM Association.  <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gsma.com\/sotir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/GSMA_State_of_the_Industry_2022_English.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/www.gsma.com\/sotir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/GSMA_State_of_the_Industry_2022_English.pdf<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-nh7131035\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Barba, C., Alarcon, P., Gratadour, J. R., Isaac, H., Oualid, P., &amp; Volle, P. (2011). <em>Le commerce \u00e9lectronique : \u00e9volution ou r\u00e9volution ?<\/em> In Entreprises et histoire, <em>3<\/em>(64), 167-182. <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/281501310_Le_commerce_electronique_Evolution_ou_revolution\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/281501310_Le_commerce_electronique_Evolution_ou_revolution<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-0sjzw1043\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">BCEAO. (2023). <em>Rapport sur la situation de l\u2019inclusion financi\u00e8re dans l\u2019UEMOA au cours de l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2022<\/em>. <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bceao.int\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-05\/Rapport%20Annuel%20Inclusion%20Financiere_2022.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/www.bceao.int\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-05\/Rapport%20Annuel%20Inclusion%20Financiere_2022.pdf<\/u><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-i8jyv1048\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Bernard, Y. (2004). <em>La netnographie: une nouvelle m\u00e9thode d&rsquo;enqu\u00eate qualitative bas\u00e9e sur les communaut\u00e9s virtuelles de consommation<\/em>. In D\u00e9cisions marketing, (36), pp. 49-62. <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/shs.cairn.info\/revue-decisions-marketing-2004-4-page-49?lang=fr\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/shs.cairn.info\/revue-decisions-marketing-2004-4-page-49?lang=fr<\/u><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-gmbbv1054\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Billand, P. (1998). Rationalit\u00e9 et coop\u00e9ration : le r\u00f4le de la confiance en \u00e9conomie. <em>Revue d\u2019\u00e9conomie industrielle, 84<\/em>(1), 67-84. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-kef421058\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Chouk, I. (2005). <em>Confiance et commerce \u00e9lectronique : un premier bilan<\/em>. ATER, Centre de recherche DMSP, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Dauphine. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-bjknm1062\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Corenthin, A. (2014). <em>D\u00e9veloppement du commerce \u00e9lectronique au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal : quelle place pour les nationaux ?<\/em> Observatoire sur les Syst\u00e8mes d\u2019Information, les R\u00e9seaux et les Inforoutes au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal (OSIRIS).<a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"http:\/\/www.osiris.sn\/Developpement-du-\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u> <\/u><\/a><a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.osiris.sn\/Developpement-du-commerce,12002.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/www.osiris.sn\/Developpement-du-commerce,12002.html<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-xve5d1068\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Crozier, M., &amp; Friedberg, E. (1977). <em>L\u2019acteur et le syst\u00e8me<\/em>. \u00c9ditions du Seuil.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-ct4hh1072\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Diagne, I. N. E. (2022). <em>Le CEO de GAINDE 2000 passe au crible les enjeux et perspectives du commerce \u00e9lectronique au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal<\/em>. GAINDE 2000. <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gainde2000.com\/le-ceo-de-gainde-2000-passe-au-crible-les-enjeux-et-perspectives-du-commerce-electronique-au-senegal\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u> <\/u><\/a><a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gainde2000.com\/le-ceo-de-gainde-2000-passe-au-crible-les-enjeux-et-perspectives-du-commerce-electronique-au-senegal\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/www.gainde2000.com\/le-ceo-de-gainde-2000-passe-au-crible-les-enjeux-et-perspectives-du-commerce-electronique-au-senegal\/<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-ekamh1078\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Diallo, M. M., Diouck, A., Sylla, I., &amp; Wadji, A. (2020). Commerce informel et r\u00e9seaux sociaux \u00e0 Dakar. Itin\u00e9raire d\u2019une adaptation inattendue. <em>Revista Bit\u00e1cora Urbano Territorial, 30<\/em>(3), 89-103.  <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"http:\/\/www.scielo.org.co\/scielo.php?pid=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u> <\/u><\/a><a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/344683735_Commerce_informel_et_reseaux_sociaux_a_Dakar_Itineraire_d'une_adaptation_inattendue\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/344683735_Commerce_informel_et_reseaux_sociaux_a_Dakar_Itineraire_d&rsquo;une_adaptation_inattendue<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-p7ifc1084\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Diedhiou, L. (2017). <em>La SONATEL inaugure son premier Datacenter \u00e0 Rufisque, pour h\u00e9berger des donn\u00e9es informatiques.<\/em> <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"http:\/\/leral.net\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>Leral.net<\/u><\/a>.<a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leral.net\/La-Sonatel-inaugure-son-premier-\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u> <\/u><\/a><a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leral.net\/La-Sonatel-inaugure-son-premier-Datacenter-a-Rufisquepour-heberger-des-donnees-informatique_a204268.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/www.leral.net\/La-Sonatel-inaugure-son-premier-Datacenter-a-Rufisquepour-heberger-des-donnees-informatique_a204268.html<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-5bl5q1092\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Dimitrov, S., &amp; Ceryan, O. (2018). Optimal inventory decisions when offering layaway. <em>International Journal of Production Research, 57<\/em>(4), 1161-1175. <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207543.2018.1502484\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207543.2018.1502484<\/u><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-o606u1098\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Ducass, A., &amp; Kwadjane, J.-M. (2015). <em>Le commerce \u00e9lectronique en Afrique : Maroc, Tunisie, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal et C\u00f4te d&rsquo;Ivoire.<\/em> Recommandations pour l\u2019int\u00e9gration r\u00e9gionale en M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e. IPEMED. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-98a2e1102\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Fall, F., &amp; Birba, O. (2019). L\u2019inclusion financi\u00e8re par le mobile-banking au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal : l\u2019analyse des facteurs socio-\u00e9conomiques d\u2019adoption. <em>Mondes en d\u00e9veloppement, 185<\/em>(1), 61-82. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-m0jbj1106\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Friedberg, E. (1993). <em>Le pouvoir et la r\u00e8gle. Dynamiques de l&rsquo;action organis\u00e9e. <\/em> Seuil.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-lyelb1110\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Liang, T.-P., &amp; Turban, E. (2011). Introduction to the Special Issue: Social Commerce: A Research Framework for Social Commerce. <em>International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 16<\/em>(2), 5-13.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-xokww1114\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Licoppe, C., Pharabod A..-S., &amp; Assadi H. (2002). <em>Contribution \u00e0 une sociologie des \u00e9changes marchands sur internet.<\/em> In R\u00e9seau, (6), pp. 97-140.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-xag0c1118\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Omwansa, T. K., Waema, T. M., Chen, C., &amp; Sullivan, N. P. (2013). The mobile phone as the tool to redefine savings for the poor: evidence from Kenya. <em>African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 5<\/em>(5), 355-361. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-mg1hc1122\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Orl\u00e9an, A. (2000). La th\u00e9orie \u00e9conomique de la confiance et ses limites. <em>La confiance en question, 36<\/em>, 59-72. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-wc7tc1126\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Piga, A. (2003). Islam et villes en Afrique au sud du Sahara.  Karthala.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-k42ji1128\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">R\u00e9publique du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal. (2008). <em>Loi n\u00b0 2008-08 du 25 janvier 2008 sur les transactions \u00e9lectroniques<\/em>. R\u00e9publique du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal.   <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dri.gouv.sn\/sites\/default\/files\/LOI\/2008\/comP4%20loi%20decentralisation%20et%20travail\/LOI%20N200808%20DU%2025%20JANVIER%202008\/LOI%20N%C2%B0200808%20DU%2025%20JANVIER%202008.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/www.dri.gouv.sn\/sites\/default\/files\/LOI\/2008\/comP4%20loi%20decentralisation%20et%20travail\/LOI%20N200808%20DU%2025%20JANVIER%202008\/LOI%20N%C2%B0200808%20DU%2025%20JANVIER%202008.pdf<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-wqcvc1133\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Roubelat, F. (2009). Confiance et E-commerce. <em>M\u00e9tropolis, 4<\/em>(78), 84-88. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-76gjn1137\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">UNCTAD. (2018). <em>\u00c9valuation rapide de l&rsquo;\u00e9tat de pr\u00e9paration du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal au commerce \u00e9lectronique<\/em>. ONU.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-ukxr11141\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">UNCTAD. (2018). <em>Maurice est le pays africain le mieux pr\u00e9par\u00e9 au commerce \u00e9lectronique<\/em>. ONU Commerce et D\u00e9veloppement.  <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/unctad.org\/fr\/press-material\/maurice-est-le-pays-africain-\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u> <\/u><\/a><a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/unctad.org\/fr\/press-material\/maurice-est-le-pays-africain-le-mieux-prepare-au-commerce-electronique\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/unctad.org\/fr\/press-material\/maurice-est-le-pays-africain-le-mieux-prepare-au-commerce-electronique<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-cf6z51147\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">UNCTAD (2021). <em>Post-COVID-19: Digital and E-Commerce Reach a Turning Point in Their Development<\/em>. United Nations.  <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/unctad.org\/news\/how-covid-19-triggered-digital-and-e-commerce-turning-point\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/unctad.org\/news\/how-covid-19-triggered-digital-and-e-commerce-turning-point<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-7p2p81152\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">UNCTAD. (2023). <em>Les cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement mondiales \u00e0 forte intensit\u00e9 technologique : le potentiel de l\u2019Afrique<\/em>. Rapport sur le d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique en Afrique.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-7ql721156\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">UNCTAD (2023). <em>The Potential of Africa to Capture Technology-Intensive Global Supply Chains<\/em>. Economic Development in Africa Report.  <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/unctad.org\/system\/files\/official-document\/aldcafrica2023_en.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/unctad.org\/system\/files\/official-document\/aldcafrica2023_en.pdf<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t                    <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aff930 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5aff930\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc34b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-off-canvas\" data-id=\"fc34b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"off-canvas.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"off-canvas-fc34b86\" class=\"e-off-canvas\" role=\"dialog\" aria-hidden=\"true\" aria-label=\"Off-Canvas\" aria-modal=\"true\" inert=\"\" data-delay-child-handlers=\"true\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-off-canvas__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-off-canvas__main\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-off-canvas__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c44bf9 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6c44bf9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7016ebd elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"7016ebd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:&quot;.ignoretoc&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable des mati\u00e8res\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__7016ebd\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Ouvrir la table des mati\u00e8res\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__7016ebd\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fermer la table des mati\u00e8res\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__7016ebd\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6c3fb2 elementor-post-navigation-borders-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-navigation\" data-id=\"d6c3fb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-navigation.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post-navigation\" role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"Navigation de publication\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post-navigation__prev elementor-post-navigation__link\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post-navigation__separator-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post-navigation__separator\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post-navigation__next elementor-post-navigation__link\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f37442b elementor-fixed e-transform elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-creative-button\" data-id=\"f37442b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_position&quot;:&quot;fixed&quot;,&quot;_transform_rotateZ_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:90,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_rotateZ_effect_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;deg&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_rotateZ_effect_tablet_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;deg&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_rotateZ_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;deg&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_rotateZ_effect_mobile_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;deg&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_rotateZ_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;deg&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"eael-creative-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div class=\"eael-creative-button-wrapper\">\n\n            <a class=\"eael-creative-button eael-creative-button--default eael-cb-icon-position-\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Doff_canvas%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6ImZjMzRiODYiLCJkaXNwbGF5TW9kZSI6Im9wZW4ifQ%3D%3D\" data-text=\"Allez-y !\">\n            \t    \n                <div class=\"creative-button-inner\">\n\n                    \n                    <span class=\"cretive-button-text\">Table des mati\u00e8res<\/span>\n\n                                    <\/div>\n\t                        <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Num\u00e9ro 9 &#8211; Jeunes chercheurs This post is also available in: English Fran\u00e7ais (French) T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER EN PDF 09.2025Varia Publi\u00e9 le : 20 mars 2025ISSN: 3020-0458 T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER LE NUM\u00c9RO PDF Abstract R\u00e9sum\u00e9 Muhtasari \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 E-commerce, also known as social commerce, connects e-merchants and e-buyers through social media platforms. Like any transaction, this form of electronic commerce requires mechanisms that ensure security and trust between the parties involved. In a context marked by a low banking penetration in Senegal, local actors have developed innovative alternative payment strategies for online transactions, which serve as a guarantee of trust in their virtual business interactions. This article, based on a qualitative study, analyzes the innovative and resilience-based strategies implemented by merchants in Rufisque in a context of social commerce. The payment methods adopted by these actors are examined from a sociological perspective to highlight their ability to adapt creatively to local e-commerce norms. Keywords E-commerce, e-merchants, e-buyers, banking, Rufisque L\u2019e-commerce, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9 commerce social, met en relation e-commer\u00e7ants et e-acheteurs via les plateformes de m\u00e9dias sociaux. Cette forme de commerce n\u00e9cessite, comme toute transaction, des m\u00e9canismes assurant la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et la confiance entre les acteurs. Dans un contexte marqu\u00e9 par un faible taux de bancarisation au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, les acteurs locaux ont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 des strat\u00e9gies alternatives innovantes de paiement en ligne, offrant un gage de confiance pour les \u00e9changes commerciaux virtuels. Cet article, issu d\u2019une enqu\u00eate qualitative, analyse ces strat\u00e9gies innovantes et r\u00e9silientes mises en \u0153uvre par les commer\u00e7ants de Rufisque dans le cadre du commerce social. Ainsi, les modes de paiement adopt\u00e9s par ces acteurs sont \u00e9tudi\u00e9s selon une approche sociologique afin de mettre en exergue leur capacit\u00e9 d\u2019adaptation aux normes locales du commerce \u00e9lectronique. Mots-cl\u00e9s Commerce \u00e9lectronique, e-commer\u00e7ants, e-acheteurs, bancarisation, Rufisque Biashara ya mtandaoni, pia inaitwa &#8220;biashara ya kijamii,&#8221; inaunganisha wauzaji wa kielektroniki na wanunuzi wa kielektroniki kupitia majukwaa ya mitandao ya kijamii. Aina hii ya biashara ya kielektroniki inahitaji, kama muamala wowote, mbinu za kuhakikisha usalama na uaminifu kati ya wahusika. Katika muktadha uliobainishwa na kiwango cha chini cha huduma za benki nchini Senegali, wachezaji wa ndani wameunda mikakati mbadala ya kibunifu ya kulipia miamala ya mtandaoni, ambayo hutumika kama hakikisho la uaminifu katika mwingiliano wao wa kibiashara. Makala haya, kulingana na uchunguzi wa ubora, yanachanganua mikakati bunifu na uthabiti inayotekelezwa na wafanyabiashara wa Rufisque katika muktadha wa biashara ya kijamii. Kwa hivyo, mbinu za malipo zinazotumiwa na wahusika hawa huchunguzwa kwa kutumia mbinu ya kisosholojia ili kuangazia uwezo wao wa kukabiliana na ubunifu wa kanuni za kijamii na kiuchumi katika kukabiliana na mahitaji ya biashara ya mtandaoni. Maneno muhimu Biashara ya kielektroniki, wafanyabiashara wa kielektroniki, wanunuzi wa kielektroniki, benki, Rufisque \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0640 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0644 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0643 Introduction[1] Le commerce \u00e9lectronique, aussi appel\u00e9 commerce en ligne ou e-commerce, est d\u00e9crit comme une forme de vente \u00e0 distance qui tire profit des ressources du num\u00e9rique (Barba et al., 2011). De ce fait, il appara\u00eet, \u00e0 la fois comme une \u00e9volution et une r\u00e9volution du commerce. C\u2019est une \u00e9volution des \u00e9changes commerciaux qui s\u2019inscrit dans une logique de continuit\u00e9 de la vente par correspondance, par la distribution de catalogues exhaustifs de produits aux clients. Parall\u00e8lement, il constitue une r\u00e9volution gr\u00e2ce au support sur lequel il est r\u00e9alis\u00e9 : contrairement \u00e0 la vente \u00e0 distance, il marque une transition du papier vers le num\u00e9rique. Par cons\u00e9quent, les fronti\u00e8res mat\u00e9rielles et g\u00e9ographiques qui entravaient ce type de commerce diminuent progressivement avec le e-commerce (Barba et al., 2011). Le commerce \u00e9lectronique est appel\u00e9 commerce social lorsqu\u2019il est pratiqu\u00e9 par le biais des m\u00e9dias sociaux[2]. En effet, il s\u2019agit d\u2019une sous-composante du commerce \u00e9lectronique, une combinaison d\u2019activit\u00e9s commerciales et sociales. Il est mat\u00e9rialis\u00e9 par l\u2019utilisation des m\u00e9dias sociaux pour faciliter les transactions et les activit\u00e9s de commerce \u00e9lectronique. Aussi, permet-il de g\u00e9rer les interactions sociales et les contributions des utilisateurs au contenu (Liang &amp; Turban, 2011). Il est un moyen pour les pays de participer aux march\u00e9s mondiaux, d\u2019ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives de diversification des \u00e9conomies nationales et de cr\u00e9er de nouvelles opportunit\u00e9s d\u2019emplois pour les jeunes (CNUCED, 2023). En Afrique, il reste un secteur en plein essor gr\u00e2ce au d\u00e9veloppement des technologies de l\u2019information et de la communication (TIC) accompagn\u00e9 de l\u2019apparition de r\u00e9seaux sociaux de plus en plus accessibles. L\u2019Afrique occupe cependant la derni\u00e8re position dans le commerce \u00e9lectronique mondial (Ducass &amp; Kwadjane, 2015), avec un taux de 2,2 % (UNCTAD, 2018). Cette situation s\u2019explique par le co\u00fbt \u00e9lev\u00e9 des services \u00e0 large bande, la d\u00e9pendance excessive \u00e0 l\u2019argent \u00ab liquide \u00bb, le manque de confiance des consommateurs, les faibles comp\u00e9tences num\u00e9riques de la population et l\u2019implication limit\u00e9e des gouvernements dans la promotion du commerce \u00e9lectronique (CNUCED, 2021). Au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, le gouvernement a int\u00e9gr\u00e9 le d\u00e9veloppement du commerce \u00e9lectronique dans la strat\u00e9gie S\u00e9n\u00e9gal num\u00e9rique 2025 du Plan S\u00e9n\u00e9gal \u00e9mergent (PSE), et r\u00e9cemment dans le New Deal technologique. Quoique certaines entreprises de renomm\u00e9e internationale aient r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 s\u2019imposer, l\u2019e-commerce reste plus d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 dans l\u2019\u00e9conomie informelle, gr\u00e2ce aux petites annonces de particuliers, aux agr\u00e9gateurs de contenus et aux r\u00e9seaux sociaux (CNUCED, 2018). Quant aux taux de bancarisation et d\u2019inclusion financi\u00e8re, ils restent faibles malgr\u00e9 l\u2019existence d\u2019un secteur bancaire solide et d\u2019un r\u00e9seau d\u2019institutions de microfinance (IMF) bien d\u00e9velopp\u00e9. Le taux de bancarisation strict, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire le pourcentage de la population<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":149,"featured_media":11133,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[260],"tags":[],"issues3":[],"post_folder":[],"ppma_author":[417,418,419,420],"class_list":["post-11423","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jeunes-chercheurs","author-anta-betty-kanteye-fr","author-albert-gautier-ndione-fr","author-el-hadji-malick-sy-camara-fr","author-silvain-landry-birane-faye-fr"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Du commerce social \u00e0 Rufisque (S\u00e9n\u00e9gal) : strat\u00e9gies de construction et de s\u00e9curisation de la confiance-client | Global Africa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u00c0 Rufisque, les commer\u00e7ants cr\u00e9ent des solutions de paiement locales pour s\u00e9curiser le commerce social au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Du commerce social \u00e0 Rufisque (S\u00e9n\u00e9gal) : strat\u00e9gies de construction et de s\u00e9curisation de la confiance-client | Global Africa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00c0 Rufisque, les commer\u00e7ants cr\u00e9ent des solutions de paiement locales pour s\u00e9curiser le commerce social au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Global Africa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/globalafricasciences\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-04-18T16:04:34+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-05-15T11:10:53+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/issue-9-6.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"798\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1128\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Cheikh Sadibou Sakho, Nd\u00e8ye La\u00efty Ndiaye\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Anta Betty Kant\u00e8ye\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"42 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Anta Betty Kant\u00e8ye\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e547eb316e4a316086810821fb8e8547\"},\"headline\":\"Du commerce social \u00e0 Rufisque (S\u00e9n\u00e9gal) : strat\u00e9gies de construction et de s\u00e9curisation de la confiance-client\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-04-18T16:04:34+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-05-15T11:10:53+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":8372,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/04\\\/issue-9-6.webp\",\"articleSection\":[\"Jeunes chercheurs\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\\\/\",\"name\":\"Du commerce social \u00e0 Rufisque (S\u00e9n\u00e9gal) : strat\u00e9gies de construction et de s\u00e9curisation de la confiance-client | Global Africa\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/04\\\/issue-9-6.webp\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-04-18T16:04:34+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-05-15T11:10:53+00:00\",\"description\":\"\u00c0 Rufisque, les commer\u00e7ants cr\u00e9ent des solutions de paiement locales pour s\u00e9curiser le commerce social au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/04\\\/issue-9-6.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/04\\\/issue-9-6.webp\",\"width\":798,\"height\":1128},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/accueil\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Du commerce social \u00e0 Rufisque (S\u00e9n\u00e9gal) : strat\u00e9gies de construction et de s\u00e9curisation de la confiance-client\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/\",\"name\":\"Global Africa\",\"description\":\"Pan-African Scientific Journal\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Global Africa\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/Globalafrica.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/Globalafrica.png\",\"width\":1680,\"height\":750,\"caption\":\"Global Africa\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/globalafricasciences\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e547eb316e4a316086810821fb8e8547\",\"name\":\"Anta Betty Kant\u00e8ye\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/04\\\/Anta-Betty-KANTEYE.webpae8604ef69726679b19ce1248f8dcae3\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/04\\\/Anta-Betty-KANTEYE.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/04\\\/Anta-Betty-KANTEYE.webp\",\"caption\":\"Anta Betty Kant\u00e8ye\"},\"description\":\"Anta Betty KANTEYE, PhD Candidate in Sociology \u2013 Studies on Human and Society (ETHOS), Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar. Passionate about socio-anthropological research, Anta Betty KANTEYE describes herself as an apprentice sociologist seeking to understand social dynamics in the digital age. She earned her master's degree in sociology with a specialization in the sociology of communication, media, and new information and communication technologies (ICTs). Her research focuses on the interactions between digital technology and the fields of health, economics, gender, and education. As a UX Researcher and Research Sociologist at Yux Design, she applies her expertise at the service of human-centered design. She is also the author of the scientific article \u201cSocial Media in East Rufisque: Virtual Marketplaces\u201d, published in issue 45 of the Annals of the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences.\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.globalafricasciences.org\\\/author\\\/anta-betty-kanteye\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Du commerce social \u00e0 Rufisque (S\u00e9n\u00e9gal) : strat\u00e9gies de construction et de s\u00e9curisation de la confiance-client | Global Africa","description":"\u00c0 Rufisque, les commer\u00e7ants cr\u00e9ent des solutions de paiement locales pour s\u00e9curiser le commerce social au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\/","og_locale":"fr_FR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Du commerce social \u00e0 Rufisque (S\u00e9n\u00e9gal) : strat\u00e9gies de construction et de s\u00e9curisation de la confiance-client | Global Africa","og_description":"\u00c0 Rufisque, les commer\u00e7ants cr\u00e9ent des solutions de paiement locales pour s\u00e9curiser le commerce social au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\/","og_site_name":"Global Africa","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/globalafricasciences","article_published_time":"2025-04-18T16:04:34+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-05-15T11:10:53+00:00","og_image":[{"width":798,"height":1128,"url":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/issue-9-6.webp","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"Cheikh Sadibou Sakho, Nd\u00e8ye La\u00efty Ndiaye","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"\u00c9crit par":"Anta Betty Kant\u00e8ye","Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e":"42 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\/"},"author":{"name":"Anta Betty Kant\u00e8ye","@id":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/e547eb316e4a316086810821fb8e8547"},"headline":"Du commerce social \u00e0 Rufisque (S\u00e9n\u00e9gal) : strat\u00e9gies de construction et de s\u00e9curisation de la confiance-client","datePublished":"2025-04-18T16:04:34+00:00","dateModified":"2025-05-15T11:10:53+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\/"},"wordCount":8372,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/issue-9-6.webp","articleSection":["Jeunes chercheurs"],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\/","url":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\/","name":"Du commerce social \u00e0 Rufisque (S\u00e9n\u00e9gal) : strat\u00e9gies de construction et de s\u00e9curisation de la confiance-client | Global Africa","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/issue-9-6.webp","datePublished":"2025-04-18T16:04:34+00:00","dateModified":"2025-05-15T11:10:53+00:00","description":"\u00c0 Rufisque, les commer\u00e7ants cr\u00e9ent des solutions de paiement locales pour s\u00e9curiser le commerce social au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/issue-9-6.webp","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/issue-9-6.webp","width":798,"height":1128},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/du-commerce-social-a-rufisque-senegal-strategies-de-construction-et-de-securisation-de-la-confiance-client\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/accueil\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Du commerce social \u00e0 Rufisque (S\u00e9n\u00e9gal) : strat\u00e9gies de construction et de s\u00e9curisation de la confiance-client"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/","name":"Global Africa","description":"Pan-African Scientific Journal","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/#organization","name":"Global Africa","url":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Globalafrica.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Globalafrica.png","width":1680,"height":750,"caption":"Global Africa"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/globalafricasciences"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/e547eb316e4a316086810821fb8e8547","name":"Anta Betty Kant\u00e8ye","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Anta-Betty-KANTEYE.webpae8604ef69726679b19ce1248f8dcae3","url":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Anta-Betty-KANTEYE.webp","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Anta-Betty-KANTEYE.webp","caption":"Anta Betty Kant\u00e8ye"},"description":"Anta Betty KANTEYE, PhD Candidate in Sociology \u2013 Studies on Human and Society (ETHOS), Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar. Passionate about socio-anthropological research, Anta Betty KANTEYE describes herself as an apprentice sociologist seeking to understand social dynamics in the digital age. She earned her master's degree in sociology with a specialization in the sociology of communication, media, and new information and communication technologies (ICTs). Her research focuses on the interactions between digital technology and the fields of health, economics, gender, and education. As a UX Researcher and Research Sociologist at Yux Design, she applies her expertise at the service of human-centered design. She is also the author of the scientific article \u201cSocial Media in East Rufisque: Virtual Marketplaces\u201d, published in issue 45 of the Annals of the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences.","url":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/author\/anta-betty-kanteye\/"}]}},"acf":[],"authors":[{"term_id":417,"user_id":0,"is_guest":1,"slug":"anta-betty-kanteye-fr","display_name":"Anta Betty Kant\u00e8ye","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Anta-Betty-KANTEYE.webp","url2x":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Anta-Betty-KANTEYE.webp"},"author_category":"1","exclude_author":"","main-organisation":"","country_of_org":"","field_of_work":"","first_name":"","last_name":"","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":""},{"term_id":418,"user_id":0,"is_guest":1,"slug":"albert-gautier-ndione-fr","display_name":"Albert Gautier Ndione","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Albert-Gautier-NDIONE.webp","url2x":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Albert-Gautier-NDIONE.webp"},"author_category":"1","exclude_author":"","main-organisation":"","country_of_org":"","field_of_work":"","first_name":"","last_name":"","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":""},{"term_id":419,"user_id":0,"is_guest":1,"slug":"el-hadji-malick-sy-camara-fr","display_name":"EL Hadji Malick Sy Camara","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/EL-Hadji-Malick-Sy-Camara.webp","url2x":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/EL-Hadji-Malick-Sy-Camara.webp"},"author_category":"1","exclude_author":"","main-organisation":"","country_of_org":"","field_of_work":"","first_name":"","last_name":"","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":""},{"term_id":420,"user_id":0,"is_guest":1,"slug":"silvain-landry-birane-faye-fr","display_name":"Silvain Landry Birane Faye","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Sylvain-Landry-Birane-Faye-.webp","url2x":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Sylvain-Landry-Birane-Faye-.webp"},"author_category":"1","exclude_author":"","main-organisation":"","country_of_org":"","field_of_work":"","first_name":"","last_name":"","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11423","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/149"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11423"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11423\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11133"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11423"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11423"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11423"},{"taxonomy":"issues3","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/issues3?post=11423"},{"taxonomy":"post_folder","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/post_folder?post=11423"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=11423"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}