{"id":10892,"date":"2024-12-01T17:21:59","date_gmt":"2024-12-01T17:21:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/actualites\/stimuler-la-lutte-contre-les-pratiques-de-corruption-a-travers-la-numerisation-de-ladministration-publique-en-afrique\/"},"modified":"2025-11-22T19:11:11","modified_gmt":"2025-11-22T19:11:11","slug":"stimuler-la-lutte-contre-les-pratiques-de-corruption-a-travers-la-numerisation-de-ladministration-publique-en-afrique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/stimuler-la-lutte-contre-les-pratiques-de-corruption-a-travers-la-numerisation-de-ladministration-publique-en-afrique\/","title":{"rendered":"Stimuler la lutte contre les pratiques de corruption \u00e0 travers la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique en Afrique"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10892\" class=\"elementor elementor-10892\" 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elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f03e25c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"\/?issues=African%20Administrations:%20Decoloniality,%20Endogeneity,%20and%20Innovation%20\">06.2024<br>Les administrations africaines : d\u00e9colonialit\u00e9, endog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 et innovation<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b07a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b07a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Publi\u00e9 le : 20 juin 2024 <\/strong><br><strong>ISSN: 3020-0458<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/GA-Issue-07-1.jpg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1810\" height=\"2560\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Global-Africa-Issue-06-African-Administrations-Decoloniality-Endogeneity-and-Innovation-scaled.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1368\" alt=\"Reforming healthcare systems from &quot;the bottom up\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae2d51c e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ae2d51c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c8215e e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3c8215e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa2f8e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-adv-tabs\" data-id=\"fa2f8e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-adv-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div data-scroll-on-click=\"no\" data-scroll-speed=\"300\" id=\"eael-advance-tabs-fa2f8e7\" class=\"eael-advance-tabs eael-tabs-horizontal eael-tab-auto-active  responsive-vertical-layout\" data-tabid=\"fa2f8e7\">\n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-nav \">\n                <ul class=\"eael-tab-inline-icon\" role=\"tablist\">\n                                            <li id=\"abstract\" class=\"active-default eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"abstract-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Abstract<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"rsum\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"rsum-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_France.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"muhtasari\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"muhtasari-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_Kenya.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Muhtasari<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" viewBox=\"0 0 900 600\"><path id=\"green\" d=\"m0 600h900v-600h-900z\" fill=\"#005430\" stroke-width=\".375\"><\/path><g id=\"white\" transform=\"scale(.375)\"><g id=\"shahada\"><g 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19.456-16.681v-4.8205c0-16.842-15.922-30.506-35.569-30.506\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                    \n                                  <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-content\">\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"abstract-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item active-default\" data-title-link=\"abstract-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <div id=\"bgLayers_comp-lxg4xjuj1\" class=\"MW5IWV\"><div id=\"bgMedia_comp-lxg4xjuj1\" class=\"VgO9Yg\">This paper provides new empirical evidences that show that the digitalization of public administration can be a great anti-corruption measure in developing countries. Using a cross-section analysis based on 51 African countries from 2003 to 2020 and a System Generalized Method of Moment\u2019s estimation, we find that the digitalization of public administration spurs the fight against corrupt practices in Africa. These results are strong to a battery of robustness checks. Moreover, the results of the mediation analysis show that the effect of the digitalization of public administration on corruption is mediated by education and citizen participation. From a pure policy perspective, we suggest that automation of tasks, combined with investments in telecommunications to increase internet use and technological penetration, as well as in education, and institutional practice of democracy, could enable African states to spur the fight against corruption through the digitalization of their public administration.<\/div><\/div><div class=\"\"><div><div id=\"comp-lxg4xjuk4__d94b43f2-ae18-4934-a5d7-e7703062fd51\" class=\"HcOXKn c9GqVL QxJLC3 lq2cno comp-lxg4xjuk4 wixui-rich-text\"><h5>\u00a0<\/h5><h5 class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Keywords<\/h5><p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">The digitalization of public administration, corruption control, education, citizen participation<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"rsum-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"rsum-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Cet article fournit de nouvelles preuves empiriques d\u00e9montrant que la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique est une mesure anti-corruption pour les pays en d\u00e9veloppement. L&rsquo;analyse est bas\u00e9e sur un panel de 51 pays africains sur la p\u00e9riode 2003-2020. Les r\u00e9sultats d&rsquo;estimation obtenus \u00e0 partir de la M\u00e9thode des Moments G\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9s nous a permis de constater que la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique favorise la lutte contre les pratiques de corruption en Afrique. Ces r\u00e9sultats r\u00e9sistent \u00e0 une batterie d\u2019analyses de robustesse. De plus, les r\u00e9sultats de l\u2019analyse de la m\u00e9diation montrent que l\u2019effet de la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique sur la corruption est conditionn\u00e9 par l\u2019\u00e9ducation et la participation citoyenne. D\u2019un point de vue politique, nous sugg\u00e9rons que l\u2019automatisation des t\u00e2ches, conjugu\u00e9e aux investissements dans les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications pour accro\u00eetre l\u2019utilisation d\u2019Internet et la p\u00e9n\u00e9tration technologique, les investissements dans l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation ainsi que la pratique institutionnelle de la d\u00e9mocratie, pourrait permettre aux \u00c9tats africains de stimuler la lutte contre la corruption \u00e0 travers la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique.<\/p><h5 class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Mots-cl\u00e9s<\/h5><p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique, lutte contre la corruption, \u00e9ducation, participation citoyenne<\/p><h5>Points forts<\/h5><p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u2022 L\u2019effet de la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique sur la corruption est positive.<\/p><p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u2022 L\u2019\u00e9ducation et la participation citoyenne constituent des canaux de transmission dans la relation num\u00e9risation de l&rsquo;administration publique et la corruption.<\/p><p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u2022 Les r\u00e9gressions effectu\u00e9es sur un panel de 51 pays africains sur la p\u00e9riode 2003-2020 confortent notre hypoth\u00e8se.<\/p>                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"muhtasari-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"muhtasari-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Makala haya yanatoa ushahidi mpya wa kitaalamu unaoonyesha kuwa uwekaji digitali wa utawala wa umma ni hatua ya kupambana na rushwa kwa nchi zinazoendelea. Matumizi ya uchanganuzi wa sehemu mbalimbali kulingana na nchi 51 za Kiafrika kuanzia 2003 hadi 2020 na mbinu ya jumla ya kukadiria matukio yalituruhusu kutambua kwamba uwekaji wa digitali wa utawala wa umma unakuza vita dhidi ya vitendo vya rushwa barani Afrika. Matokeo haya huhifadhi hadi betri ya ukaguzi wa uimara. Zaidi ya hayo, matokeo ya uchanganuzi wa upatanishi yanaonyesha kuwa athari za mfumo wa kidijitali wa utawala wa umma kwenye ufisadi hupatanishwa na elimu na ushiriki wa wananchi. Kwa mtazamo wa kisera, tunapendekeza kwamba uwekaji kazi otomatiki, pamoja na uwekezaji katika mawasiliano ya simu ili kuongeza matumizi ya mtandao na kupenya kiteknolojia na vile vile katika elimu na utendaji wa kitaasisi wa demokrasia, kunaweza kuwezesha mataifa ya Afrika kuchochea vita dhidi ya ufisadi kupitia mfumo wa kidijitali wa utawala wa umma.<\/p><h5 class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Maneno muhimu<\/h5><p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Uwekaji digitali wa utawala wa umma, vita dhidi ya rushwa, elimu, ushiriki wa wananchi<\/p>                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <div class=\"\"><div><div id=\"comp-lxg4xjtk__d94b43f2-ae18-4934-a5d7-e7703062fd51\" class=\"HcOXKn c9GqVL QxJLC3 lq2cno comp-lxg4xjtk wixui-rich-text\"><p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 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\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p><h5 class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d<\/h5><p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629- \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f- \u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629- \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>                    <\/div>\n\t\t                    <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d2053f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3d2053f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-509849b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"509849b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La lutte contre la corruption est promue par tous les gouvernements des pays en voie de d\u00e9veloppement comme un objectif prioritaire de politique \u00e9conomique. Pour les pays africains, cet engagement conditionne parfois le soutien et l\u2019appui financier des partenaires au d\u00e9veloppement. Cependant, malgr\u00e9 les efforts d\u00e9ploy\u00e9s, le niveau de corruption reste tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9 et h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8ne dans les pays africains. Les indicateurs de gouvernance de la Banque mondiale indiquent que le contr\u00f4le de la corruption reste encore \u00e0 des niveaux faibles, atteignant en moyenne &#8211; 0,670 en 2020 sur le continent.   <\/p><p>Les pratiques de corruption sont universellement per\u00e7ues comme n\u00e9gatives (Gorsira et al., <span class=\"highlight\">2020<\/span>). Elles sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme un facteur freinant les investissements nationaux et \u00e9trangers (Beekman et al., <span class=\"highlight\">2014<\/span> ; Brada et al., <span class=\"highlight\">2019<\/span> ; M\u00e9on &amp; Sekkat, <span class=\"highlight\">2005<\/span>), d\u00e9primant la croissance \u00e9conomique (Aidt et al., <span class=\"highlight\">2008<\/span> ; M\u00e9on &amp; Sekkat, <span class=\"highlight\">2005<\/span>), aggravant les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s et la pauvret\u00e9 et r\u00e9duisant la confiance dans l\u2019\u00c9tat (Apergis et al., <span class=\"highlight\">2010<\/span> ; \u00c7era et al., <span class=\"highlight\">2019<\/span> ; Glaeser &amp; Saks, <span class=\"highlight\">2006<\/span>). Elles d\u00e9couragent les contribuables de payer leurs imp\u00f4ts (Osipov et al., <span class=\"highlight\">2018<\/span>) et ont des effets n\u00e9gatifs sur la protection sociale et les services publics, car elles entra\u00eenent des coupes budg\u00e9taires et perturbent l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e9quitable aux services publics (Mazzanti et al., <span class=\"highlight\">2020<\/span>). Dans des cas extr\u00eames, la corruption peut conduire \u00e0 la non-reconnaissance de la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00c9tat, provoquant une instabilit\u00e9 politique et \u00e9conomique (Grayson, <span class=\"highlight\">2020<\/span>).   <\/p><p>La modernisation de l\u2019administration publique et des services r\u00e9sultant de l\u2019int\u00e9gration des technologies de l\u2019information et de la communication est essentielle (Mansel, <span class=\"highlight\">2012<\/span>) et devrait devenir une pr\u00e9occupation constante des gouvernements africains. La num\u00e9risation est un moteur (Russell, <span class=\"highlight\">2020<\/span>) qui contribue de mani\u00e8re significative \u00e0 la modernisation des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s et \u00e0 la transformation des institutions \u00e9tatiques (Bennett &amp; Segerberg, <span class=\"highlight\">2012<\/span>). Depuis la fin des ann\u00e9es <span class=\"highlight\">1990<\/span>, le d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019administration \u00e9lectronique est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme un outil potentiel pour accro\u00eetre la transparence et l\u2019engagement des citoyens dans la fourniture des services publics (Jaeger &amp; Bertot, <span class=\"highlight\">2010<\/span>) ; diminuer les comportements opportunistes dans la prestation de services du secteur public (Saxena, <span class=\"highlight\">2005<\/span>) ; et induire des innovations manag\u00e9riales (Aldieri et al., <span class=\"highlight\">2020<\/span> ; Panori et al., <span class=\"highlight\">2021<\/span>). Aujourd\u2019hui, la num\u00e9risation est per\u00e7ue comme un facteur essentiel pour assurer une bonne gouvernance. La gouvernance \u00e9lectronique pr\u00e9sente l\u2019une des plus grandes opportunit\u00e9s, mais aussi l\u2019un des plus grands d\u00e9fis pour le d\u00e9veloppement et offre des solutions pour lutter contre la corruption.    <\/p><p>De nombreuses \u00e9tudes ont quantifi\u00e9 l\u2019effet de l\u2019administration \u00e9lectronique sur la corruption (Androniceanu et al., <span style=\"color: #00909f;\">2022<\/span> ; Garcia-Murillo, <span style=\"color: #00909f;\">2013 <\/span>; Kleven et al., <span style=\"color: #00909f;\">2011<\/span> ; Li et al., <span style=\"color: #00909f;\">2021<\/span> ; Mistry &amp; Jalal, <span style=\"color: #00909f;\">2012<\/span> ; Neupane et al., <span style=\"color: #00909f;\">2014<\/span> ; Ndung\u2019u, <span style=\"color: #00909f;\">2017<\/span> ; Ouedraogo &amp; Sy, <span style=\"color: #00909f;\">2020<\/span> ; Sadik-Zada et al., <span style=\"color: #00909f;\">2022<\/span> ; Thammaiah &amp; Syal, <span style=\"color: #00909f;\">2019<\/span>) et soulignent le r\u00f4le positif significatif du niveau de num\u00e9risation en tant que mesure anti-corruption. La litt\u00e9rature a \u00e9galement identifi\u00e9 plusieurs mani\u00e8res par lesquelles la num\u00e9risation peut promouvoir l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 du gouvernement et les politiques anti-corruption. Premi\u00e8rement, elle facilite la collaboration interne et externe entre les diff\u00e9rents segments de l\u2019administration (Islam et al., <span style=\"color: #00909f;\">2016<\/span>). Par exemple, la transmission et le traitement des documents et des rapports peuvent s\u2019effectuer de mani\u00e8re instantan\u00e9e, alors que dans un contexte non digitalis\u00e9, cela n\u00e9cessitera un temps de transmission plus long avec des risques de perte. Deuxi\u00e8mement, la num\u00e9risation offre une plus grande capacit\u00e9 de stockage des documents et des archives, permettant une facilit\u00e9 d\u2019action plus efficace dans la mesure o\u00f9 le stockage reste centralis\u00e9 (Fichman et al., <span style=\"color: #00909f;\">2014<\/span>). Troisi\u00e8mement, la num\u00e9risation permet \u00e0 l\u2019administration d\u2019am\u00e9liorer et de faciliter son interaction et son engagement avec les individus et les entreprises tout en se modernisant, favorisant ainsi la transparence, la d\u00e9mocratie et la libert\u00e9 d\u2019action (Falk et al., <span style=\"color: #00909f;\">2017<\/span>). Santiso (<span style=\"color: #00909f;\">2022<\/span>) observe cinq principaux avantages int\u00e9gr\u00e9s \u00e0 la lutte contre la corruption par la digitalisation : 1) elle permet un meilleur acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019information et aux donn\u00e9es gouvernementales ouvertes, et augmente ainsi la transparence exploitable ; 2) elle r\u00e9duit le pouvoir discr\u00e9tionnaire et limite les interactions entre les usagers et les agents publics sans scrupules dans les transactions et les services publics, limitant ainsi les possibilit\u00e9s de qu\u00eate de profit et de sollicitation de pots-de-vin ; 3) elle r\u00e9duit \u00e9galement les co\u00fbts de transaction pour les utilisateurs des services, ce qui augmente la conformit\u00e9 volontaire des citoyens et des entreprises ; 4) cela \u00e9largit la concurrence dans les march\u00e9s publics, ce qui fait baisser les co\u00fbts tout en r\u00e9duisant la collusion ; et 5) elle accro\u00eet la confiance dans les institutions et la capacit\u00e9 des gouvernements \u00e0 agir, en facilitant l\u2019acc\u00e8s aux services publics et en les rendant plus efficaces, plus simples et plus fiables.           <\/p><p>\u00c0 l\u2019inverse, un autre pan de la litt\u00e9rature pense que la num\u00e9risation peut \u00e9galement cr\u00e9er de nouvelles opportunit\u00e9s de corruption. Ces opportunit\u00e9s sont principalement li\u00e9es \u00e0 la cybercriminalit\u00e9 ou simplement \u00e0 l\u2019utilisation abusive de technologies bien intentionn\u00e9es telles que les services publics num\u00e9riques. Les archives num\u00e9riques et les syst\u00e8mes de service public peuvent \u00eatre manipul\u00e9s par des fonctionnaires corrompus poss\u00e9dant de grandes comp\u00e9tences en technologies de l\u2019information. Les syst\u00e8mes num\u00e9riques sont \u00e9galement vuln\u00e9rables aux cyberattaques qui peuvent perturber les fonctions gouvernementales et mettre en danger les informations priv\u00e9es stock\u00e9es num\u00e9riquement par les citoyens, en particulier dans les pays dot\u00e9s de capacit\u00e9s administratives limit\u00e9es et de syst\u00e8mes de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 sous-financ\u00e9s (Monitor, <span class=\"highlight\">2018<\/span>). Saxena (<span class=\"highlight\">2017<\/span>) soutient qu\u2019en raison de la persistance d\u2019une qualit\u00e9 institutionnelle inf\u00e9rieure au sein des bureaucraties, la gouvernance \u00e9lectronique n\u2019est pas en mesure de r\u00e9soudre le probl\u00e8me de la corruption dans la prestation des services du secteur public. Selon Ponti et al. (<span class=\"highlight\">2021<\/span>), la gouvernance \u00e9lectronique, en tant que pratique d\u2019innovation sociale dans l\u2019administration publique, pourrait facilement conna\u00eetre des difficult\u00e9s, voire des \u00e9checs. La num\u00e9risation et la transparence dans l\u2019administration publique ne sont pas li\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re lin\u00e9aire ; des politiques plut\u00f4t coh\u00e9rentes conduisent \u00e0 une transparence accrue renforc\u00e9e par les pratiques de gouvernement \u00e9lectronique ou de num\u00e9risation. Erkut (<span class=\"highlight\">2020<\/span>) a \u00e9voqu\u00e9 le \u00ab probl\u00e8me de la connaissance \u00bb dans la gouvernance \u00e9lectronique par laquelle les gouvernements peuvent exploiter les m\u00e9gadonn\u00e9es g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9es par les nouvelles technologies de l\u2019information et de la communication (TIC) \u00e0 partir du public. Le d\u00e9veloppement de la gouvernance \u00e9lectronique est une arme \u00e0 double tranchant. D\u2019une part, les pays en d\u00e9veloppement et en transition doivent d\u00e9velopper leurs syst\u00e8mes de gouvernance \u00e9lectronique pour accro\u00eetre la qualit\u00e9 de la prestation des services publics. D\u2019autre part, les abus li\u00e9s aux m\u00e9gadonn\u00e9es et d\u2019autres probl\u00e8mes de mise en \u0153uvre peuvent entraver les progr\u00e8s en mati\u00e8re de transparence. Cela implique que l\u2019impact de la num\u00e9risation sur la corruption n\u2019est pas clair.           <\/p><p>Bien que quelques \u00e9tudes aient mis en \u00e9vidence le compromis entre la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique et la corruption, ces \u00e9tudes se heurtent \u00e0 certaines limites, notamment la mesure de la num\u00e9risation, le manque de donn\u00e9es sur le long terme et actuelles, la taille tr\u00e8s limit\u00e9e de l\u2019\u00e9chantillon et une strat\u00e9gie \u00e9conom\u00e9trique appropri\u00e9e, entre autres. Cet article vise \u00e0 combler ces lacunes et contribue \u00e0 construire des preuves empiriques plus solides pour \u00e9tayer les conclusions \u00e9mergentes sur le r\u00f4le positif du niveau de num\u00e9risation en tant que mesure anti-corruption dans le contexte plus large de la transition num\u00e9rique mondiale. Premi\u00e8rement, nous utilisons une mesure originale, notamment l\u2019indice des services en ligne des Nations unies comme mesure cl\u00e9 de la num\u00e9risation du secteur public. Cet indice mesure la capacit\u00e9 et la volont\u00e9 des gouvernements \u00e0 num\u00e9riser la prestation de services du secteur public. Deuxi\u00e8mement, nous menons notre \u00e9tude sur un panel de 51 pays africains sur la p\u00e9riode 2003-2020. Les \u00e9tudes ant\u00e9rieures portant sur l\u2019effet de la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique sur la corruption ont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9es sur des \u00e9tudes de cas nationales et sur des p\u00e9riodes tr\u00e8s limit\u00e9es. Nous menons cette \u00e9tude dans un large \u00e9chantillon de pays africains sur une p\u00e9riode plus longue, avec des donn\u00e9es r\u00e9centes nous permettant de capter les dynamiques et les changements au fil du temps. Troisi\u00e8mement, de mani\u00e8re empirique, pour consid\u00e9rer la dynamique de la corruption au fil du temps, nous utilisons la M\u00e9thode des Moments G\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9s syst\u00e8me (MMGS) pour estimer l\u2019effet de la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique sur la corruption. De plus, nous \u00e9tendons notre champ d\u2019analyse en y incluant les canaux de transmission.        <\/p><p>Les r\u00e9sultats indiquent que la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique am\u00e9liore le contr\u00f4le de la corruption dans les pays africains, cet effet est mod\u00e9r\u00e9 par l\u2019\u00e9ducation et la participation citoyenne. La section 2 \u00e0 la suite de cette introduction se concentre sur le contexte th\u00e9orique. Les donn\u00e9es et la m\u00e9thodologie sont d\u00e9crites dans la section 3. La section 4 contient les estimations empiriques, tandis que la section 5 pr\u00e9sente la conclusion.    <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe5cf2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fe5cf2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexte th\u00e9orique <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28d92fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"28d92fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><i>Cadre conceptuel de la corruption <\/i><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-667f168 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"667f168\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD\u00e9finir la corruption n\u2019est pas une t\u00e2che facile, car il s\u2019agit d\u2019un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne complexe aux multiples dimensions \u00e9conomiques, sociales, politiques et culturelles (Gavurova et al., <span class=\"highlight\">2020<\/span> ; Yousif et al., <span class=\"highlight\">2020<\/span>).\nPour Verhulst (<span class=\"highlight\">2002<\/span>), la corruption signifie conflit d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eats et favoritisme. Roy et Oliver (<span class=\"highlight\">2009<\/span>) d\u00e9finissent les pratiques de corruption comme des actes ou des pratiques dans lesquels on abuse du pouvoir du service public \u00e0 des fins personnelles ou priv\u00e9es d\u2019une mani\u00e8re qui viole les r\u00e8gles du jeu.  \n Juge et al. (<span class=\"highlight\">2011<\/span>) les d\u00e9finissent comme un abus de pouvoir public \u00e0 des fins priv\u00e9es susceptible de se produire l\u00e0 o\u00f9 les secteurs public et priv\u00e9 se rencontrent. \n Rose-Ackerman (<span class=\"highlight\">2007<\/span>) d\u00e9finit la corruption de mani\u00e8re similaire en se concentrant sur l\u2019agent public, mais en soulignant \u00e9galement les paiements ill\u00e9gaux qu\u2019impliquent les pratiques de corruption. \n D\u2019autres \u00e9tudes telles que Bahoo et al. (<span class=\"highlight\">2020<\/span>) ont conserv\u00e9 cette d\u00e9finition large de la corruption en se concentrant sur l\u2019abus consistant \u00e0 fournir un gain ou un avantage priv\u00e9. \n Javorcik et Wei (<span class=\"highlight\">2009<\/span>) soulignent que les pratiques de corruption se d\u00e9veloppent en raison des asym\u00e9tries d\u2019information et du manque de transparence. \n Pour Androniceanu et al. (<span class=\"highlight\">2022<\/span>), la corruption est un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne qui appara\u00eet et se d\u00e9veloppe dans des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s et des administrations publiques o\u00f9 la num\u00e9risation est faible, la bureaucratie \u00e9lev\u00e9e, la transparence institutionnelle faible et la communication interne et externe probl\u00e9matique. \n Adam et Fazekas (<span class=\"highlight\">2020<\/span>) notent que l\u2019impact de la corruption peut \u00eatre r\u00e9duit en promouvant la transparence et en facilitant la participation citoyenne gr\u00e2ce aux TIC.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-951cea6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"951cea6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><i>Cadre conceptuel de la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique<\/i><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9160af2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9160af2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dans la litt\u00e9rature, il existe une diversit\u00e9 d\u2019opinions concernant le concept de num\u00e9risation. Selon Effah et Nuhu (<span class=\"highlight\">2017<\/span>), la digitalisation peut \u00eatre d\u00e9finie comme la transition d\u2019une gestion traditionnelle des proc\u00e9dures, de la bureaucratie et de la paperasse vers une gestion via des plateformes num\u00e9riques. Irani et al. (<span class=\"highlight\">2008<\/span>) soutiennent que la num\u00e9risation repr\u00e9sente un niveau avanc\u00e9 de proc\u00e9dures d\u2019administration \u00e9lectronique qui permet aux gouvernements d\u2019am\u00e9liorer leur efficacit\u00e9 et leur efficience. Pour Santiso (<span class=\"highlight\">2022<\/span>), la num\u00e9risation des services publicsconsiste \u00e0 int\u00e9grer des portails de services gouvernementaux ainsi que des outils essentiels tels que l\u2019identit\u00e9 num\u00e9rique, le partage de donn\u00e9es et les paiements num\u00e9riques. Il a \u00e9galement r\u00e9initialis\u00e9 la relation entre les \u00c9tats et les citoyens, contribuant ainsi \u00e0 placer les citoyens au premier plan et au centre du gouvernement afin de fournir des services de qualit\u00e9 meilleure, plus rapides et transparents.<\/p><p>Gray-Hawkins et L\u0103z\u0103roiu (<span class=\"highlight\">2020<\/span>) soulignent que la transformation num\u00e9rique du secteur public a des implications dans toutes les branches de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, de l\u2019emploi \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9ducation en passant par la sant\u00e9 et la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 sociale. Elle facilite la gouvernance \u00e9lectronique, se manifeste dans le cadre de la relation entre l\u2019\u00c9tat et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 (Androniceanu et al., <span class=\"highlight\">2020<\/span>) et augmente la participation politique des citoyens ainsi que la rationalisation de l\u2019appareil administratif (Ionescu, <span class=\"highlight\">2020<\/span>). Une augmentation du nombre de services publics num\u00e9riques disponibles signifie une baisse des co\u00fbts pour les administrations, moins de bureaucratie pour les entreprises et les citoyens, et moins de corruption. La num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique facilite l\u2019interaction entre cette derni\u00e8re et les citoyens et r\u00e9duit la corruption. Ainsi, en num\u00e9risant les services publics, les citoyens et les entreprises n\u2019entrent plus en contact direct avec les fonctionnaires, \u00e9liminant ainsi les situations de corruption et r\u00e9duisant le risque de corruption (Androniceanu et al.,\u00a0<span class=\"highlight\">2022<\/span>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8711cae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8711cae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><i>Cadre th\u00e9orique<\/i><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c2d1d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8c2d1d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cette sous-section donne un aper\u00e7u des fondements th\u00e9oriques du lien entre la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique et le contr\u00f4le de la corruption. Il existe deux th\u00e9ories fondamentales qui articulent le lien sous-jacent, \u00e0 savoir la th\u00e9orie de l\u2019agence et la th\u00e9orie du changement institutionnel.<\/p><p>Sur la base de la <i>th\u00e9orie de l\u2019agence,<\/i> l\u2019effet des TIC sur les pratiques de corruption peut \u00eatre analys\u00e9 sous deux angles : du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de la demande \u00ab du citoyen vers le gouvernement \u00bb (ou transparence par le haut) et du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de l\u2019offre \u00ab du gouvernement vers le citoyen \u00bb (ou transparence par le bas) (Adam &amp; Fazekas, <span class=\"highlight\">2018<\/span> ; Kossow &amp; Dykes, <span class=\"highlight\">2018<\/span>). Du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de la demande, un niveau \u00e9lev\u00e9 de num\u00e9risation r\u00e9duit les pratiques de corruption en facilitant le contr\u00f4le des agents publics, dans la mesure o\u00f9 une num\u00e9risation accrue permet aux citoyens d\u2019informer ou de se plaindre des pratiques de corruption en face \u00e0 face entre agents publics et citoyens, par l\u2019interm\u00e9diation et l\u2019enregistrement de toutes les transactions dans des ensembles de donn\u00e9es num\u00e9riques (Charoensukmongkol &amp; Moqbel, <span class=\"highlight\">2014<\/span> ; Pathak et al., <span class=\"highlight\">2017<\/span> ; Shim &amp; Eom, <span class=\"highlight\">2008<\/span>). Du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de l\u2019offre, l\u2019automatisation du processus administratif entrave les actions discr\u00e9tionnaires des agents publics et rend toutes les initiatives publiques plus accessibles et visibles. En cons\u00e9quence, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la num\u00e9risation, la distribution bidirectionnelle de l\u2019information est plus efficace entre les citoyens et le gouvernement, faisant du niveau de num\u00e9risation un outil pr\u00e9cieux dans la lutte contre la corruption (Adam &amp; Fazekas, <span class=\"highlight\">2018<\/span>). Dans tous les cas, le niveau de d\u00e9veloppement des TIC du pays et les comp\u00e9tences num\u00e9riques des citoyens jouent un r\u00f4le cl\u00e9, car ils constituent les conditions n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 des transactions transparentes. Ouedraogo et Sy (<span class=\"highlight\">2020<\/span>) soulignent que, dans un environnement d\u2019informations imparfaites, de co\u00fbts de transaction \u00e9lev\u00e9s et de t\u00e2ches discr\u00e9tionnaires de recherche de rente, la num\u00e9risation peut contribuer \u00e0 r\u00e9duire les co\u00fbts de recherche, \u00e0 diffuser l\u2019information de mani\u00e8re rentable et \u00e0 r\u00e9duire le probl\u00e8me d\u2019al\u00e9a moral li\u00e9 au suivi des agents du secteur public<\/p><p>Selon la <i>th\u00e9orie du changement institutionnel<\/i>, les institutions sont des structures qui constituent la base d\u2019une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et affectent les actions et les comportements des personnes, des syst\u00e8mes et des organisations (Arregle et al., <span class=\"highlight\">2013<\/span> ; North, <span class=\"highlight\">1991<\/span>). Les institutions d\u00e9finissent les r\u00e8gles du jeu entre agents (North, <span class=\"highlight\">1990<\/span>). La d\u00e9mocratie est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e par Rodrik (<span class=\"highlight\">2005<\/span>) comme une m\u00e9tainstitution dont le fonctionnement permet la r\u00e9alisation de diverses autres institutions. Les valeurs qui sous-tendent la num\u00e9risation des services publics sont profond\u00e9ment ancr\u00e9es dans les principes d\u00e9mocratiques. Les implications des initiatives d\u2019administration \u00e9lectronique sont li\u00e9es aux questions d\u2019efficacit\u00e9 et d\u2019efficience dans la prestation des services publics. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019utilisation des TIC, le processus de gouvernance peut s\u2019am\u00e9liorer en fournissant des outils de communication ouverte et de discours public efficace (Lee-Geiller &amp; Lee, <span class=\"highlight\">2019<\/span>). La gouvernance \u00e9lectronique est donc un processus de r\u00e9invention du secteur public \u00e0 travers la num\u00e9risation et de nouvelles techniques de gestion de l\u2019information afin d\u2019accro\u00eetre la participation politique des citoyens et de rationaliser l\u2019appareil administratif (Ionescu, <span class=\"highlight\">2020<\/span>). La gouvernance \u00e9lectronique se manifeste dans le cadre de la relation entre l\u2019\u00c9tat et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 (Androniceanu et al., <span class=\"highlight\">2020<\/span>). Augmenter le nombre de services publics num\u00e9riques disponibles signifie des co\u00fbts plus bas pour les administrations, moins de bureaucratie pour les entreprises et les citoyens, et moins de corruption. Ainsi, un environnement num\u00e9rique bien d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 peut contribuer \u00e0 r\u00e9duire les probl\u00e8mes de communication en offrant un environnement institutionnel formel positif et transparent dans lequel les agents \u00e9conomiques peuvent se sentir prot\u00e9g\u00e9s. Cette transparence r\u00e9duit les asym\u00e9tries d\u2019information et l\u2019incertitude en m\u00eame temps que les comportements discr\u00e9tionnaires et les pratiques de corruption sont ainsi moins susceptibles de se produire.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0474ebe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0474ebe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><i>Quelques preuves empiriques<\/i><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc36fb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fc36fb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les preuves empiriques ant\u00e9rieures sur les liens entre le niveau de num\u00e9risation et les pratiques decorruption sont rares et peu concluantes. Toutefois, certains r\u00e9sultats indiquent le r\u00f4le positif significatif duniveau de num\u00e9risation en tant que mesure anti-corruption (Adomako et al., <span class=\"highlight\">2021<\/span> ; Andersen, <span class=\"highlight\">2009 <\/span>; Kim et al., <span class=\"highlight\">2009<\/span>).\u00a0<\/p><p>Mistry et Jalal (<span class=\"highlight\">2012<\/span>) ont \u00e9tudi\u00e9 la perception de la corruption et ont confirm\u00e9 qu\u2019\u00e0 mesure que le niveau de num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique augmente, la perception de la corruption diminue. Ils ont constat\u00e9 que cette relation \u00e9tait encore plus forte dans les pays en d\u00e9veloppement. Des auteurs tels que Kleven et al. (<span class=\"highlight\">2011<\/span>) et Pomeranz (<span class=\"highlight\">2015<\/span>) ont confirm\u00e9 que les syst\u00e8mes modernes de d\u00e9claration fiscale \u00e9lectronique r\u00e9duisent la fraude et les pratiques de corruption. De m\u00eame, Krolikowski (<span class=\"highlight\">2014<\/span>) a examin\u00e9 l\u2019utilisation des m\u00e9thodes de paiement mobile sur les pratiques de corruption et a constat\u00e9 le m\u00eame effet. Romero-Mart\u00ednez et Garc\u00eda-Mui\u00f1a (<span class=\"highlight\">2021<\/span>) ont constat\u00e9 qu\u2019un niveau \u00e9lev\u00e9 de num\u00e9risation r\u00e9duit les risques de pratiques de corruption dans le secteur h\u00f4telier en Espagne. Androniceanu et al. (<span class=\"highlight\">2022<\/span>), gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une corr\u00e9lation canonique et une analyse en composantes principales, ont montr\u00e9 que la num\u00e9risation du secteur public am\u00e9liorait consid\u00e9rablement la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019administration publique et r\u00e9duisait la corruption dans les \u00c9tats membres de l\u2019UE. Sadik-Zada et al. (<span class=\"highlight\">2022<\/span>) ont appliqu\u00e9 un mod\u00e8le Tobit \u00e0 effet al\u00e9atoire et un mod\u00e8le \u00e0 effets al\u00e9atoires lin\u00e9aires sur un \u00e9chantillon de 121 pays pour analyser l\u2019effet de la gouvernance \u00e9lectronique sur la petite corruption. Ils d\u00e9montrent que l\u2019adoption de la gouvernance \u00e9lectronique dans la prestation des services du secteur public a \u00e9t\u00e9 le facteur central qui a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 la r\u00e9duction de la petite corruption dans les \u00e9conomies en d\u00e9veloppement et en transition.<br \/>Thammaiah et Syal (<span class=\"highlight\">2019<\/span>) analysent l\u2019impact du projet de gouvernance \u00e9lectronique Bhoomi dans l\u2019\u00c9tat du Karnataka, dans le sud de l\u2019Inde. Ils constatent que la mise en \u0153uvre de ce projet a conduit \u00e0 une r\u00e9duction spectaculaire de la corruption et \u00e0 des gains d\u2019efficacit\u00e9. Li et al. (<span class=\"highlight\">2021<\/span>) \u00e9tudient les effets de la gouvernance \u00e9lectronique sur la corruption dans les provinces chinoises entre <span class=\"highlight\">2006<\/span> et <span class=\"highlight\">2015<\/span> et indiquent que le gouvernement \u00e9lectronique a eu un effet restrictif sur la corruption dans toutes les provinces. Neupane et coll. (<span class=\"highlight\">2014<\/span>) analysent l\u2019\u00e9tude de cas du N\u00e9pal et constatent \u00e9galement que l\u2019intention d\u2019adopter la gouvernance \u00e9lectronique dans les march\u00e9s publics est une indication de l\u2019engagement du gouvernement en mati\u00e8re de lutte contre la corruption et peut avoir des effets positifs substantiels sur la qualit\u00e9 des march\u00e9s publics.<\/p><p>Ndung\u2019u (<span class=\"highlight\">2017<\/span>) a constat\u00e9 au Kenya que l\u2019introduction d\u2019une plateforme num\u00e9rique, combin\u00e9e \u00e0 la mise en \u0153uvre d\u2019un programme d\u2019int\u00e9grit\u00e9, a permis \u00e0 l\u2019administration fiscale d\u2019accro\u00eetre la transparence de ses op\u00e9rations et de r\u00e9duire les possibilit\u00e9s de corruption. Ouedraogo et Sy (<span class=\"highlight\">2020<\/span>), utilisant les donn\u00e9es de \u00a0<span class=\"highlight\">23 000<\/span> individus dans <span class=\"highlight\">26<\/span> pays africains bas\u00e9 sur les enqu\u00eates de la sixi\u00e8me \u00e9dition d&rsquo;Afrobarom\u00e8tre soulignent que l\u2019adoption d\u2019outils num\u00e9riques est associ\u00e9e \u00e0 une perception plus faible de la corruption dans l\u2019administration fiscale d\u2019environ <span class=\"highlight\">trois<\/span> points de pourcentage<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b1c113 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1b1c113\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Donn\u00e9es et m\u00e9thodologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b85b622 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b85b622\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><i>Donn\u00e9es<\/i><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e53127 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e53127\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Notre \u00e9chantillon est constitu\u00e9 de 51 pays sur les 54 que compte l\u2019Afrique. Le choix de le limiter \u00e0 51 pays est d\u00fb au manque de donn\u00e9es dans certains pays. Les diff\u00e9rentes zones g\u00e9ographiques de l\u2019Afrique sont fortement repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es dans l\u2019\u00e9chantillon.<\/p><p>Pour la variable endog\u00e8ne, \u00e0 savoir la corruption, nous utilisons l\u2019indice de contr\u00f4le de la corruption fourni par la Banque mondiale (World Governance Indicators) qui varie entre &#8211; 2,5 (corruption \u00e9lev\u00e9e) et 2,5 (corruption faible). L\u2019indice de contr\u00f4le de la corruption rend compte de l\u2019utilisation du pouvoir public \u00e0 des fins personnelles ainsi que du d\u00e9tournement de l\u2019\u00c9tat par les \u00e9lites et les int\u00e9r\u00eats priv\u00e9s.<\/p><p>Notre variable d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat, la transformation num\u00e9rique de l\u2019administration publique, est repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e par l\u2019indice de service en ligne (<span class=\"highlight\">ISL<\/span>) fourni par l\u2019enqu\u00eate des Nations unies sur la gouvernance \u00e9lectronique qui mesure quatre \u00e9tapes de la disponibilit\u00e9 en ligne des autorit\u00e9s nationales. Il s\u2019agit de : (i) la disponibilit\u00e9 de sites Web informatifs et la connectivit\u00e9 de leurs pages ; (ii) \u00e9valuer pour voir si ces sites Web constituent une plateforme efficace pour l\u2019interaction entre les autorit\u00e9s gouvernementales et les citoyens ; (iii) la disponibilit\u00e9 d\u2019un large \u00e9ventail de services publics en ligne ainsi que la disponibilit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9valuations et de commentaires de citoyens sur les plateformes de fourniture de services ; et (iv) la capacit\u00e9 du gouvernement \u00e0 \u00eatre proactif dans les applications <span class=\"highlight\">Web 2.0<\/span> et le niveau de fourniture des services \u00e9lectroniques sur mesure pour les citoyens (Lee, <span class=\"highlight\">2017<\/span>). L\u2019ISL varie entre <span class=\"highlight\">0<\/span> (faible digitalisation des services publics) et <span class=\"highlight\">1<\/span> (forte digitalisation). Nous pr\u00e9f\u00e9rons cet indicateur \u00e0 d\u2019autres comme l\u2019indice de d\u00e9veloppement de la gouvernance \u00e9lectronique (<span class=\"highlight\">IDGE<\/span>) habituellement utilis\u00e9 dans la litt\u00e9rature (Mistry &amp; Jalal, <span class=\"highlight\">2012<\/span> ; Wandaogo, <span class=\"highlight\">2022<\/span>), car nous pensons qu\u2019en termes de digitalisation de l\u2019administration publique, les services publics en ligne sont des outils de lutte plus efficaces contre la corruption. Cela r\u00e9duit l\u2019asym\u00e9trie de l\u2019information ainsi que les contacts face-\u00e0-face des citoyens et des entreprises avec les agents publics (Ndung\u2019u, <span class=\"highlight\">2017<\/span> ; Santiso, <span class=\"highlight\">2022<\/span>). L\u2019<span class=\"highlight\">ISL<\/span> est l\u2019un des moyens par lesquels la num\u00e9risation gouvernementale peut contribuer \u00e0 d\u00e9tecter et \u00e0 d\u00e9courager la corruption en augmentant la transparence et en permettant des actions concr\u00e8tes.<\/p><p>Concernant les variables de contr\u00f4le, nous nous mobilisons trois cat\u00e9gories :<\/p><p><b>Les variables historiques et socioculturelles<\/b>, notamment les syst\u00e8mes juridiques et la culture religieuse. Les syst\u00e8mes juridiques sont des variables indicatives qui prennent la valeur 1 pour un syst\u00e8me particulier et 0 sinon. Nous consid\u00e9rons le syst\u00e8me britannique de common law et le syst\u00e8me fran\u00e7ais de droit civil. En ce qui concerne la culture religieuse, elle refl\u00e8te la fragmentation religieuse construite par Alesina et al., (<span class=\"highlight\">2003<\/span>). Dans la m\u00eame cat\u00e9gorie, nous consid\u00e9rons la fragmentation ethnique construite par Alesina et al., (<span class=\"highlight\">2003<\/span>).<\/p><p>Dans la cat\u00e9gorie des <b>variables \u00e9conomiques<\/b>, nous consid\u00e9rons l\u2019ouverture commerciale, mesur\u00e9e par la somme des importations et des exportations par rapport au produit int\u00e9rieur brut (PIB) ; rentes mini\u00e8res et p\u00e9troli\u00e8res obtenues \u00e0 partir de la base de donn\u00e9es World Development Indicators (WDI) de la Banque mondiale. Ces rentes, qui captent l\u2019influence des ressources naturelles, correspondent \u00e0 la diff\u00e9rence entre la valeur de la production des ressources (extractions mini\u00e8res et p\u00e9troli\u00e8res) aux prix mondiaux et les co\u00fbts de production totaux. Le PIB par habitant en parit\u00e9 de pouvoir d\u2019achat, exprim\u00e9 en logarithme, est \u00e9galement obtenu \u00e0 partir de la base de donn\u00e9es WDI.<\/p><p>Dans la cat\u00e9gorie des <b>variables institutionnelles<\/b>, nous consid\u00e9rons le type de r\u00e9gime politique (parlementaire ou pr\u00e9sidentiel) est captur\u00e9 par une variable muette qui prend la valeur 1 pour un r\u00e9gime particulier et sinon 0. L\u2019indice de stabilit\u00e9 politique est fourni par la Banque mondiale \u00e0 travers les indicateurs mondiaux de gouvernance.<\/p><p>Incluons \u00e9galement l\u2019urbanisation comme variable de contr\u00f4le, celle-ci est mesur\u00e9e par la population urbaine fournie par la Banque mondiale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2762f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a2762f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><i>Le mod\u00e8le \u00e9conom\u00e9trique<\/i><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b5d9c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9b5d9c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Afin de tester empiriquement l\u2019effet de la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique sur la corruption, nous utilisons une m\u00e9thodologie par \u00e9tapes. Nous supposons que la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique augmente le contr\u00f4le de la corruption ou r\u00e9duit les pratiques de corruption. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous commen\u00e7ons par estimer l\u2019impact de la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique sur le contr\u00f4le de la corruption en utilisant l\u2019estimateur Driscoll-Kraay des moindres carr\u00e9s ordinaires (MCO), comme le montre l\u2019\u00e9quation ci-dessous :<\/p><p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (1)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b885aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2b885aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"114\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_5f6e48517e3d47529a64d8aa6383884cmv2.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3267\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_5f6e48517e3d47529a64d8aa6383884cmv2.png 893w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_5f6e48517e3d47529a64d8aa6383884cmv2-300x43.png 300w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_5f6e48517e3d47529a64d8aa6383884cmv2-768x109.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a74d97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a74d97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 7\"><div class=\"layoutArea\"><div class=\"column\"><p>Nous effectuons d\u2019abord une estimation des moindres carre\u0301s ordinaires (MCO) car les MCO sont ge\u0301ne\u0301ralement utilise\u0301s comme cadre analytique initial pour donner la tendance ge\u0301ne\u0301rale des re\u0301sultats. En raison des limites des MCO, en particulier de la sensibilite\u0301 de cette me\u0301thode au proble\u0300me d\u2019endoge\u0301ne\u0301ite\u0301 et de la persistance des pratiques de corruption dans la re\u0301gion Afrique, nous passons a\u0300 une spe\u0301cification dynamique. Ce faisant, nous appliquons la me\u0301thode des Moments Ge\u0301ne\u0301ralise\u0301s en Syste\u0300me (MMGS) propose\u0301e par Arellano et Bond (1991) et de\u0301veloppe\u0301e par Arellano et Bover (1995) et Blundell et Bond (1998). Plusieurs raisons motivent le choix de la me\u0301thode MMG. Cette technique prend en compte l\u2019he\u0301te\u0301roge\u0301ne\u0301ite\u0301 des pays et permet de traiter le proble\u0300me d\u2019endoge\u0301ne\u0301ite\u0301 de la variable endoge\u0300ne lorsque sa valeur de\u0301cale\u0301e est conside\u0301re\u0301e comme une variable explicative. Les MMG permettent e\u0301galement de re\u0301soudre le proble\u0300me d\u2019endoge\u0301ne\u0301ite\u0301 du\u0302 a\u0300 une e\u0301ventuelle causalite\u0301 bidirectionnelle. En adoptant l\u2019approche MMG, nous nous affranchissons des biais d\u2019estimation lie\u0301s a\u0300 l\u2019omission de possibles variables explicatives dans notre spe\u0301cification pour produire des re\u0301sultats robustes. Enfin, cette technique apporte des solutions aux proble\u0300mes de biais de simultane\u0301ite\u0301 qui peuvent surgir du choix de nos variables.<\/p><div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 8\"><div class=\"section\"><div class=\"layoutArea\"><div class=\"column\"><p>La cohe\u0301rence de l\u2019estimateur MMG de\u0301pend de deux choses : la validite\u0301 de l\u2019hypothe\u0300se selon laquelle le terme d\u2019erreur ne pre\u0301sente pas de corre\u0301lation se\u0301rielle (AR [2]) et la validite\u0301 des instruments (test de Hansen). Un trop grand nombre d\u2019instruments peut se\u0301rieusement affaiblir et biaiser le test de sur-identification des restrictions de Hansen ; par conse\u0301quent, la re\u0300gle ge\u0301ne\u0301rale est que le nombre d\u2019instruments doit e\u0302tre infe\u0301rieur au nombre de pays (Roodman, 2009).<\/p><p>Ce faisant, nous spe\u0301cifions le mode\u0300le de panel dynamique suivant :<\/p><div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 8\"><div class=\"section\"><div class=\"layoutArea\"><div class=\"column\"><p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (2)<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10dc8e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"10dc8e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"86\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_d051a6549e4d441baa5a4b04e5164bc1mv2-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3272\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_d051a6549e4d441baa5a4b04e5164bc1mv2-1.png 885w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_d051a6549e4d441baa5a4b04e5164bc1mv2-1-300x32.png 300w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_d051a6549e4d441baa5a4b04e5164bc1mv2-1-768x82.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-713d985 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"713d985\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Avec CCit et CCit-1 qui d\u00e9signent l\u2019indice de contr\u00f4le de la corruption au niveau et d\u00e9cal\u00e9 d\u2019une p\u00e9riode pour le pays i \u00e0 la date t ; OSIit a captur\u00e9 la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique ; SCjit compos\u00e9 de variables socioculturelles ; ECOjit est compos\u00e9 de variables \u00e9conomiques ; INSpit est compos\u00e9 de variables institutionnelles ; \u03bct sont des indicateurs annuels prenant la valeur 1 pour l\u2019ann\u00e9e t et 0 autrement et captent l\u2019effet fixe de l\u2019ann\u00e9e ; \u03d1it= \u03b8i + \u0190it est le terme d\u2019erreur compos\u00e9, avec \u03b8i l\u2019effet fixe individuel et \u0190it le terme d\u2019erreur. Le coefficient \u03b2 est notre param\u00e8tre d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat. Il capture l\u2019impact de la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique sur le contr\u00f4le de la corruption.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e4b9b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3e4b9b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estimations empiriques <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8247755 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8247755\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><i>R\u00e9sultats de base\n<\/i><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc41b0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dc41b0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les r\u00e9sultats de base sont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s dans le tableau 1. Dans les colonnes [1] et [2], nous testons la relation entre le contr\u00f4le de la corruption et la num\u00e9risation du secteur public en utilisant l\u2019estimateur de Driscoll-Kraay pour estimer l\u2019\u00e9quation (1). Cet estimateur estime le mod\u00e8le de r\u00e9gression MCO group\u00e9s avec les erreurs types de Driscoll et Kraay (Hoechle, <span class=\"highlight\">2007<\/span>). Les erreurs standards de Driscoll et Kraay (<span class=\"highlight\">1998<\/span>) sont robustes aux formes g\u00e9n\u00e9rales d\u2019h\u00e9t\u00e9rosc\u00e9dasticit\u00e9 et d\u2019autocorr\u00e9lation. Les colonnes [1] et [2] rapportent l\u2019estimation de (1). La colonne [1] pr\u00e9sente d\u2019abord une r\u00e9gression bivari\u00e9e entre la num\u00e9risation du secteur public et le contr\u00f4le de la corruption, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire une sp\u00e9cification de l\u2019\u00e9quation (1) sans variables de contr\u00f4le. Dans la colonne [2], nous ajoutons toutes les variables de contr\u00f4le dans le mod\u00e8le. Les r\u00e9sultats de la r\u00e9gression bivari\u00e9e et de la r\u00e9gression avec variables de contr\u00f4le montrent un effet positif de l\u2019ISL sur le contr\u00f4le de la corruption au seuil de 1 %. Ce qui signifie que la num\u00e9risation du secteur public augmente le contr\u00f4le de la corruption en Afrique.<\/p><p>Comme d\u00e9j\u00e0 mentionn\u00e9 ci-dessus, l\u2019estimation de l\u2019\u00e9quation par la m\u00e9thode des MCO soul\u00e8ve plusieurs probl\u00e8mes dont certains sont sp\u00e9cifiques aux mod\u00e8les dynamiques. Les variables explicatives ne sont pas n\u00e9cessairement toutes exog\u00e8nes m\u00eame si elles sont suppos\u00e9es l\u2019\u00eatre a priori, et la causalit\u00e9 entre elles et la variable expliqu\u00e9e pourraient \u00eatre double. En outre, les effets sp\u00e9cifiques individuels, entre autres, peuvent \u00eatre corr\u00e9l\u00e9s aux variables explicatives. Afin de contourner ces difficult\u00e9s, nous appliquons la m\u00e9thode des moments g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9s (MMG) pour estimer l\u2019\u00e9quation (2). (2)<\/p><p>Comme on peut le voir dans les colonnes [3] et [4] du tableau 1, les r\u00e9gressions satisfont aux tests de sp\u00e9cification (AR1, AR2 et test de Hansen). Le nombre d\u2019instruments utilis\u00e9s est inf\u00e9rieur au nombre de pays de l\u2019\u00e9chantillon. En effet, afin de limiter la prolif\u00e9ration des instruments dans la mise en \u0153uvre de l\u2019estimateur MMG, Roodman (<span class=\"highlight\">2009<\/span>) recommande de pr\u00e9ciser le mod\u00e8le de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que le nombre d\u2019instruments ne d\u00e9passe pas le nombre de pays. Par la suite, le test d\u2019autocorr\u00e9lation d\u2019Arellano et Bond (<span class=\"highlight\">1991<\/span>) permet de d\u00e9duire la pr\u00e9sence d\u2019autocorr\u00e9lation des r\u00e9sidus \u00e0 l\u2019ordre 1 et l\u2019absence d\u2019autocorr\u00e9lation s\u00e9rielle \u00e0 l\u2019ordre 2. Enfin, les r\u00e9gressions passent le test de Hansen et confirment la validit\u00e9 des instruments.<\/p><p>Les r\u00e9sultats de la r\u00e9gression bivari\u00e9e dans la colonne [3] confirment l\u2019effet positif de l\u2019ISL sur l\u2019indice de contr\u00f4le de la corruption au seuil de 1 % de significativit\u00e9. Ce r\u00e9sultat est confirm\u00e9 dans la colonne [4] lorsque toutes les variables de contr\u00f4le sont ajout\u00e9es dans le mod\u00e8le. Autrement dit, l\u2019augmentation des services en ligne dans l\u2019administration publique r\u00e9duit les pratiques de corruption en Afrique de 1 %. En termes d\u2019ampleur, une augmentation de 1 % de l\u2019ISL est associ\u00e9e \u00e0 un gain de 0,66 % dans le contr\u00f4le de la corruption. Ainsi, la num\u00e9risation des services publics r\u00e9duit les possibilit\u00e9s de recherche de rente par les fonctionnaires poursuivant leurs int\u00e9r\u00eats personnels par l\u2019automatisation des t\u00e2ches ; cela augmente la transparence et r\u00e9duit par cons\u00e9quent les asym\u00e9tries d&rsquo;information et l\u2019incertitude de l\u2019information, les comportements discr\u00e9tionnaires sont r\u00e9duits ainsi que les interactions, et les pratiques de corruption ou les opportunit\u00e9s de pots-de-vin sont moins susceptibles de se produire. Ce r\u00e9sultat confirme celui obtenu par Ouedraogo et Sy (<span class=\"highlight\">2020<\/span>) qui ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 qu\u2019en apportant de la transparence et en r\u00e9duisant les opportunit\u00e9s de pots-de-vin et d\u2019influence, la num\u00e9risation peut am\u00e9liorer la confiance dans les responsables gouvernementaux en Afrique, ce qui constitue un \u00e9l\u00e9ment cl\u00e9 du niveau de perception de la corruption par les citoyens.<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_3274\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3274\" style=\"width: 868px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3273 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_b65254377cad40e7a4ba4ecef38d8855mv2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"868\" height=\"543\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_b65254377cad40e7a4ba4ecef38d8855mv2.png 868w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_b65254377cad40e7a4ba4ecef38d8855mv2-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_b65254377cad40e7a4ba4ecef38d8855mv2-768x480.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 868px) 100vw, 868px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3274\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1 : Corr\u00e9lation entre la lutte contre la corruption et la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique. Source : Les auteurs.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ec4655 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7ec4655\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-458dfa6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"458dfa6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tableau 1 : Estimation de base et analyse de sensibilit\u00e9, estimations MCO group\u00e9s et MMRI1<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f023a68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f023a68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-15964 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/41715f_d9f8ec5197a6448bbe8fbd11dd6c8546mv2.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"1058\" height=\"1578\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/41715f_d9f8ec5197a6448bbe8fbd11dd6c8546mv2.webp 1058w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/41715f_d9f8ec5197a6448bbe8fbd11dd6c8546mv2-201x300.webp 201w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/41715f_d9f8ec5197a6448bbe8fbd11dd6c8546mv2-687x1024.webp 687w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/41715f_d9f8ec5197a6448bbe8fbd11dd6c8546mv2-768x1145.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/41715f_d9f8ec5197a6448bbe8fbd11dd6c8546mv2-1030x1536.webp 1030w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1058px) 100vw, 1058px\" \/><\/p><p><strong>Note<\/strong> : ***p &lt;0,01 ; **p&lt; 0,05 ; *p &lt; 0,1. Les AR1 et AR2 confirment l\u2019utilisation de la variable endog\u00e8ne d\u00e9cal\u00e9e d\u2019une p\u00e9riode. Le test de Hansen est un test de validit\u00e9 des instruments dans notre analyse des MMG en syst\u00e8me. R2 est le coefficient de d\u00e9termination lin\u00e9aire de Pearson.<\/p><p>Dans le tableau 1, concernant les variables de contr\u00f4le, nous constatons que les variables socioculturelles sont toutes significatives. L\u2019origine l\u00e9gale fran\u00e7aise, le fractionnement ethnique et le fractionnement religieux ont un impact n\u00e9gatif sur le contr\u00f4le de la corruption. Cependant, l\u2019origine l\u00e9gale anglaise a un impact positif. Selon les variables institutionnelles, la stabilit\u00e9 politique a un effet positif et significatif de 1 % sur le contr\u00f4le de la corruption lorsque l\u2019on estime le mod\u00e8le par la m\u00e9thode des MCO. Une fois \u00e9limin\u00e9s les probl\u00e8mes d\u2019endog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9, le coefficient de stabilit\u00e9 politique reste positif, mais non significatif. Les pays africains qui ont adopt\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me adoss\u00e9 au r\u00e9gime parlementaire parviennent \u00e0 mieux maitriser la corruption. En effet, le coefficient associ\u00e9 \u00e0 cette variable est positif selon que le mod\u00e8le est estim\u00e9 par la m\u00e9thode des MCO ou par la m\u00e9thode MMG. Toutefois, les pays \u00e0 r\u00e9gime pr\u00e9sidentiel sont plus susceptibles d\u2019avoir un niveau \u00e9lev\u00e9 de corruption. La sensibilit\u00e9 du coefficient sur le r\u00e9gime pr\u00e9sidentiel est n\u00e9gative et significative au seuil de 5 %, ce qui indique que le contr\u00f4le de la corruption est faible sous le r\u00e9gime pr\u00e9sidentiel. Les variables \u00e9conomiques ont un impact mitig\u00e9. Le PIB par habitant affecte n\u00e9gativement le contr\u00f4le de la corruption au seuil de 5 %. L\u2019ouverture commerciale et les ressources naturelles sont respectivement positives et n\u00e9gatives, mais ne deviennent plus significatives lorsque nous \u00e9liminons le probl\u00e8me d\u2019endog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 (colonne [4]). Concernant l\u2019urbanisation, elle a un impact positif et significatif sur la lutte contre la corruption.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10473df elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"10473df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><i>Contr\u00f4les de robustesse<\/i><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2280286 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2280286\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cette section effectue quelques recherches de robustesse des r\u00e9sultats.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29d28b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"29d28b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mesure alternative de corruption<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8f9ce5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8f9ce5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, notre indicateur de corruption a \u00e9t\u00e9 mesur\u00e9 par l\u2019indice de corruption donn\u00e9 par le Worldwide Government Indicator (WGI). La particularit\u00e9 de cet indice est qu\u2019il regroupe tous les types de corruption, y compris la grande et la petite. Cependant, pour nous assurer que nos r\u00e9sultats ne sont pas influenc\u00e9s par la mani\u00e8re dont la corruption est mesur\u00e9e, nous consid\u00e9rons l\u2019indice de corruption donn\u00e9 par l\u2019International Country Risk Guide (ICRG). Cet indice est une \u00e9valuation de la corruption au sein du syst\u00e8me politique. Il s\u2019est adapt\u00e9 pour capter la grande corruption au niveau du gouvernement. Il varie de 0 \u00e0 1. Des valeurs plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es indiquent des pratiques de corruption plus faibles. Nous utilisons \u00e9galement l\u2019indice de perception de la corruption (IPC) de Transparency International, il varie de 100 (tr\u00e8s peu corrompu) \u00e0 0 (tr\u00e8s corrompu), et permet d\u2019\u00e9valuer la petite corruption dans la prestation de services du secteur public (Sadik-Zada et al, 2022).       <\/p><p>Il ressort imm\u00e9diatement des r\u00e9sultats rapport\u00e9s dans le tableau 2 que le coefficient de l\u2019indice de service en ligne est significatif \u00e0 1 % et 10 % selon qu\u2019il est estim\u00e9 par la m\u00e9thode des MCO ou par MMGS et porte le signe positif. Cela signifie que la num\u00e9risation du secteur public conduit \u00e0 une diminution de la corruption dans le syst\u00e8me politique en Afrique. Le tableau 3 pr\u00e9sente les r\u00e9sultats lorsque nous mesurons la corruption \u00e0 l\u2019aide de l\u2019IPC. Comme le montre le coefficient ISL associ\u00e9, nous avons quand m\u00eame d\u00e9tect\u00e9 un effet positif et significatif de la num\u00e9risation sur le contr\u00f4le de la corruption dans la prestation des services du secteur public. En outre, la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique a un plus grand impact sur la r\u00e9duction de la petite corruption exprim\u00e9e dans l\u2019IPC que la corruption dans le syst\u00e8me politique exprim\u00e9e dans l\u2019indice de corruption de l\u2019ICRG.     <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8536504 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8536504\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mesure alternative de num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68bb7e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"68bb7e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nous examinons maintenant la mesure alternative de la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique. Tout d\u2019abord, nous consid\u00e9rons l\u2019indice de d\u00e9veloppement de la gouvernance \u00e9lectronique. Il pr\u00e9sente l\u2019\u00e9tat du d\u00e9veloppement de la gouvernance \u00e9lectronique des \u00c9tats membres des Nations unies. Avec une \u00e9valuation des mod\u00e8les de d\u00e9veloppement de site Web d\u2019un pays, l\u2019indice de d\u00e9veloppement de la gouvernance \u00e9lectronique (IDGE) int\u00e8gre les caract\u00e9ristiques d\u2019acc\u00e8s, telles que le niveau d\u2019infrastructure et le niveau d\u2019\u00e9ducation, pour refl\u00e9ter la mani\u00e8re dont un pays utilise les technologies de l\u2019information afin de promouvoir l\u2019acc\u00e8s et l\u2019inclusion de sa population. L\u2019IDGE est une combinaison de trois indices diff\u00e9rents : 1) l\u2019indice de mesure du Web ; 2) l\u2019indice des infrastructures de t\u00e9l\u00e9communications ; et 3) l\u2019indice du capital humain. L\u2019indice de mesure du Web repr\u00e9sente l\u2019aptitude g\u00e9n\u00e9rique des gouvernements \u00e0 utiliser le gouvernement \u00e9lectronique comme outil pour informer, interagir, effectuer des transactions et cr\u00e9er des r\u00e9seaux. L\u2019indice des infrastructures de t\u00e9l\u00e9communications d\u00e9finit la capacit\u00e9 de l\u2019infrastructure TIC d\u2019un pays. Enfin, l\u2019indice du capital humain s\u2019appuie sur l\u2019indice d\u2019\u00e9ducation du Programme des Nations unies pour le d\u00e9veloppement (PNUD), mesurant le niveau de d\u00e9veloppement du capital humain au sein d\u2019un pays.       <\/p><p>Nous consid\u00e9rons \u00e9galement l\u2019indice de participation \u00e9lectronique (EPI) de l\u2019enqu\u00eate des Nations Unies sur la gouvernance \u00e9lectronique. Il se concentre sur l\u2019utilisation de services en ligne pour faciliter la fourniture d\u2019informations par les gouvernements aux citoyens (partage d\u2019informations \u00e9lectroniques), l\u2019interaction avec les parties prenantes (consultation \u00e9lectronique) et la participation aux processus d\u00e9cisionnels (prise de d\u00e9cision \u00e9lectronique). <\/p><p>\u00c0 la fin, nous convoquons l&rsquo;indice d&rsquo;utilisation des TIC par le gouvernement qui est donn\u00e9 par la Global Information Technology Report (GITR) et publi\u00e9 par le Forum Economique Mondial (FEM). Il \u00e9value le leadership et le succ\u00e8s du gouvernement dans l\u2019\u00e9laboration et la mise en \u0153uvre de strat\u00e9gies de d\u00e9veloppement des TIC, ainsi que dans leur utilisation, mesur\u00e9s par la disponibilit\u00e9 et la qualit\u00e9 des services gouvernementaux en ligne. <\/p><p>Le r\u00e9sultat affich\u00e9 dans le tableau 4 sugg\u00e8re que la participation \u00e9lectronique (colonnes [1] et [2]) et la gouvernance \u00e9lectronique (colonnes [3] et [4]) augmentent le contr\u00f4le de la corruption \u00e0 un niveau de 5 % et 1 % respectivement. Cela confirme nos r\u00e9sultats pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents. Cependant, l\u2019utilisation des TIC par le gouvernement affecte n\u00e9gativement l\u2019indice de contr\u00f4le de la corruption au seuil de 5 % (colonnes [5] et [6]). M\u00eame si l\u2019ampleur de l&rsquo;effet est faible, ce r\u00e9sultat peut \u00eatre int\u00e9ressant. Sugg\u00e9rant que, dans un environnement \u00e0 risque plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de corruption, telles les administrations des pays africains, la num\u00e9risation des services publics peut \u00e9galement constituer un domaine \u00e0 haut risque de corruption, en particulier pour la petite corruption bureaucratique dans les processus cl\u00e9s o\u00f9 les citoyens et les entreprises interagissent avec les agents publics.     <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-667c77f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"667c77f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><i>Contr\u00f4ler les autres effets<\/i><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80ce4bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"80ce4bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique pourrait potentiellement am\u00e9liorer le contr\u00f4le de la corruptionsi la participation des citoyens et l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation sont renforc\u00e9es. Le tableau 5 inclut la participation citoyenne (colonne [1]), qui correspond \u00e0 la capacit\u00e9 des personnes \u00e0 exercer leurs droits et libert\u00e9s politiques et indique l\u2019int\u00e9gration de l\u2019opinion publique dans l\u2019\u00e9laboration des politiques publiques. elle est capt\u00e9e par l&rsquo;indice des droits politiques de la base de donn\u00e9es Freedom House. Il inclut \u00e9galement l\u2019\u00e9ducation (colonne [2]) capt\u00e9e par la scolarisation dans le secondaire, car nous pensons qu\u2019\u00eatre au secondaire implique de savoir lire et \u00e9crire. Cet indicateur est donn\u00e9 par la base donn\u00e9es de la banque mondiale sur les Indicateurs de D\u00e9veloppement dans le Monde. M\u00eame si l\u2019inclusion de la participation citoyenne et de l\u2019\u00e9ducation ne modifie pas nos conclusions de base, il est int\u00e9ressant de constater que le coefficient de num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique diminue lorsque la participation citoyenne et l\u2019\u00e9ducation sont incluses dans le mod\u00e8le. Sugg\u00e9rant que la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique peut am\u00e9liorer la lutte contre la pratique de la corruption si la participation des citoyens et l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation s&rsquo;am\u00e9liorent.<\/p><div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 13\"><div class=\"section\"><div class=\"layoutArea\"><div class=\"column\"><h5>Tableau 2 : Nume\u0301risation de l\u2019administration publique et corruption, mesure alternative de contro\u0302le de la corruption, indice de corruption ICRG<\/h5><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-15970 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/41715f_1ce59d252db3425d8d775ddab656cca4mv2.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"1046\" height=\"1548\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/41715f_1ce59d252db3425d8d775ddab656cca4mv2.webp 1046w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/41715f_1ce59d252db3425d8d775ddab656cca4mv2-203x300.webp 203w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/41715f_1ce59d252db3425d8d775ddab656cca4mv2-692x1024.webp 692w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/41715f_1ce59d252db3425d8d775ddab656cca4mv2-768x1137.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/41715f_1ce59d252db3425d8d775ddab656cca4mv2-1038x1536.webp 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1046px) 100vw, 1046px\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25ddba6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"25ddba6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Note<\/strong> : ***p &lt;0,01 ; **p&lt; 0,05 ; *p &lt; 0,1. Les AR1 et AR2 confirment l\u2019utilisation de la variable endog\u00e8ne d\u00e9cal\u00e9e d\u2019une p\u00e9riode. Le test de Hansen est un test de validit\u00e9 des instruments dans notre analyse des MMG en syst\u00e8me. R2 est le coefficient de d\u00e9termination lin\u00e9aire de Pearson.<\/p><div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 14\"><div class=\"section\"><div class=\"layoutArea\"><div class=\"column\"><h5>Tableau 3 : Nume\u0301risation de l\u2019administration publique et corruption, mesure alternative de contro\u0302le de la corruption, indice de perception de la corruption de Transparency International<\/h5><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-15972 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/41715f_1ce59d252db3425d8d775ddab656cca4mv2-1.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"1046\" height=\"1548\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/41715f_1ce59d252db3425d8d775ddab656cca4mv2-1.webp 1046w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/41715f_1ce59d252db3425d8d775ddab656cca4mv2-1-203x300.webp 203w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/41715f_1ce59d252db3425d8d775ddab656cca4mv2-1-692x1024.webp 692w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/41715f_1ce59d252db3425d8d775ddab656cca4mv2-1-768x1137.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/41715f_1ce59d252db3425d8d775ddab656cca4mv2-1-1038x1536.webp 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1046px) 100vw, 1046px\" \/><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c6f819 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c6f819\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Note<\/strong> : ***p &lt; 0,01 ; **p &lt; 0,05 ; *p &lt; 0,1. Les AR1 et AR2 confirment l\u2019utilisation de la variable endog\u00e8ne d\u00e9cal\u00e9e d\u2019une seule p\u00e9riode. Le test de Hansen est un test de validit\u00e9 des instruments du mod\u00e8le MMG en syst\u00e8me d\u2019analyse GMM. R2 est le coefficient de d\u00e9termination lin\u00e9aire de Pearson.<\/p><h5>Tableau 4 : Mesure alternative de la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique, estimations SGMM<\/h5><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3286 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_ddf349e4be1f4b27b2f786c6b91310bamv2.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"1206\" height=\"1505\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_ddf349e4be1f4b27b2f786c6b91310bamv2.webp 1206w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_ddf349e4be1f4b27b2f786c6b91310bamv2-240x300.webp 240w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_ddf349e4be1f4b27b2f786c6b91310bamv2-821x1024.webp 821w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_ddf349e4be1f4b27b2f786c6b91310bamv2-768x958.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1206px) 100vw, 1206px\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3543a26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3543a26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Note<\/strong> : ***p &lt;0,01 ; **p&lt; 0,05 ; *p &lt; 0,1. Les AR1 et AR2 confirment l\u2019utilisation de la variable endog\u00e8ne d\u00e9cal\u00e9e d\u2019une p\u00e9riode. Le test de Hansen est un test de validit\u00e9 des instruments dans notre analyse des MMG en syst\u00e8me. R2 est le coefficient de d\u00e9termination lin\u00e9aire de Pearson.<\/p><h5>Tableau 5 : Contr\u00f4le de la participation citoyenne et de l\u2019\u00e9ducation<\/h5><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-15976 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/41715f_21ce074022aa4ecf933b34c59362379emv2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1074\" height=\"1458\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33deb61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"33deb61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Note: <\/strong>***p &lt; 0,01 ; **p &lt; 0,05 ; *p &lt; 0,1. R2 est le coefficient de de\u0301termination line\u0301aire de Pearson.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41b2370 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"41b2370\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Analyse de m\u00e9diation de la digitalisation de l\u2019administration publique sur la corruption<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f40778f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f40778f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cette sous-section effectue une analyse plus approfondie sur l\u2019effet m\u00e9diateur de l\u2019\u00e9ducation et de la participation citoyenne sur le contr\u00f4le de la corruption. L\u2019approche consid\u00e9r\u00e9e ici implique l\u2019estimation de deux \u00e9quations de r\u00e9gression, comme l\u2019illustre la figure 2 inspir\u00e9e de Ang (2013).<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-15981 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/41715f_02af884722684ec9a73fbefa2cf18938mv2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1508\" height=\"616\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-affdd36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"affdd36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Figure 2 : Mod\u00e9lisation de l\u2019effet de m\u00e9diation. <\/br>\nO\u00f9 Mdit repr\u00e9sente les variables de m\u00e9diation (\u00e9ducation et participation citoyenne). <\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea16426 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ea16426\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tout d\u2019abord, le param\u00e8tre (b1 ) d\u00e9crit l\u2019effet de la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique (ISL) sur le m\u00e9diateur (Md). Ensuite, l\u2019effet direct est estim\u00e9 en r\u00e9gressant le contr\u00f4le de la corruption (CC) sur la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique (ISL), tout en contr\u00f4lant le m\u00e9diateur (mod\u00e8le 2). Le coefficient ISL fournit l\u2019ampleur de cet effet (b2 ). L\u2019effet indirect est donn\u00e9 par le produit de b1 et b3 , o\u00f9 b3 mesure la force de la corr\u00e9lation entre CC et Md dans le mod\u00e8le 2. Ce terme refl\u00e8te \u00e9galement l\u2019ampleur de la m\u00e9diation, qui d\u00e9pend essentiellement de la mesure dans laquelle l\u2019ISL influence le m\u00e9diateur (b1 ) et la mesure dans laquelle le m\u00e9diateur affecte CC (b3 ). <br \/>Les r\u00e9sultats d\u2019estimation de ces mod\u00e8les sont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s dans le tableau 6. Globalement, les r\u00e9sultats montrent que : (i) l\u2019ISL affecte les deux m\u00e9diateurs et les effets sont statistiquement significatifs au seuil de 1 % (colonnes [1a] et [2a]) ; (ii) les trois m\u00e9diateurs ont un effet distinct significatif sur le contr\u00f4le de la corruption (colonnes [1b] et [2b]) ; (iii) l\u2019ISL affecte le contr\u00f4le de la corruption en l\u2019absence des m\u00e9diateurs (colonne [3]) ; (iv) le coefficient estim\u00e9 de la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique sur le contr\u00f4le de la corruption diminue une fois que le m\u00e9diateur est inclus dans le mod\u00e8le (colonnes [1b] et [2b]) par rapport \u00e0 la colonne [3]). Pris ensemble, les r\u00e9sultats sugg\u00e8rent que l&rsquo;influence de la num\u00e9risation de l&rsquo;administration publique sur la corruption est conditionn\u00e9e par l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation et la participation des citoyens.<\/p><h5>Tableau <a class=\"XSxHY gMMfB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\">6<\/a>\u00a0: L\u2019effet m\u00e9diateur de l\u2019\u00e9ducation et de la participation citoyenne<\/h5><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15984 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/41715f_615ff0baefbe4c2a8446ffbfe8cb79fdmv2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1966\" height=\"1138\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b665cce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b665cce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Note:<\/strong> Des erreurs types robustes sont signal\u00e9es. ***, **, * repr\u00e9sentent la signification statistique au niveau de 1 %, 5 % et 10 %, respectivement.<\/p><h5>Tableau <a class=\"XSxHY gMMfB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"web-link\">7<\/a>\u00a0: Tests de m\u00e9diation<\/h5><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-15986 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/41715f_8a3e32cbff9f42079daacdacb9003c36mv2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1510\" height=\"746\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-555e721 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"555e721\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Note:<\/strong> RIT est le rapport effet indirect\/effet total ; RID, le rapport effet indirect\/effet direct.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cb862e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6cb862e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dans le tableau 7, plusieurs tests de m\u00e9diation sont envisag\u00e9s pour analyser si l\u2019effet indirect de la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique sur la corruption \u00e0 travers l\u2019influence de l\u2019\u00e9ducation et de la participation citoyenne est statistiquement diff\u00e9rent de z\u00e9ro. En tenant compte de l&rsquo;effet m\u00e9diateur de l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation, les coefficients estim\u00e9s qui sont associ\u00e9s aux tests de Sobel, Delta et Monte Carlo ont la m\u00eame valeur, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire 0,417, et la valeur p est inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 5 %. Ce qui sugg\u00e8re que l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se nulle de l\u2019absence de m\u00e9diation est rejet\u00e9e. Concernant la participation citoyenne, les valeurs p des coefficients associ\u00e9s aux statistiques de Sobel, Delta et Monte Carlo sont toutes significatives au seuil de 1 %, ce qui signifie que l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se nulle d\u2019absence de m\u00e9diation est rejet\u00e9e.&nbsp;<\/p><p>Il faut \u00e9galement souligner que l\u2019utilisation d\u2019intervalles de confiance bootstrap ne modifie pas les r\u00e9sultats. En effet, les r\u00e9sultats pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s sugg\u00e8rent que l\u2019effet m\u00e9diateur de l\u2019\u00e9ducation est important, puisqu\u2019il repr\u00e9sente environ 35 % de l\u2019effet total des services publics en ligne sur le contr\u00f4le de la corruption. Le tableau 7 montre \u00e9galement des preuves soutenant l\u2019effet m\u00e9diateur de la participation citoyenne (RIT \u00e9gal \u00e0 24 %). Ces r\u00e9sultats de l\u2019analyse des canaux de transmission confirment notre analyse pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente sur l\u2019effet positif de la participation \u00e9lectronique et du gouvernement \u00e9lectronique pour r\u00e9duire les opportunit\u00e9s de corruption. Cela confirme \u00e9galement la th\u00e9orie de l\u2019agence qui stipule que les comp\u00e9tences num\u00e9riques des citoyens sont les conditions n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 des transactions transparentes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18b9b57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"18b9b57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Analyse suppl\u00e9mentaire de Robustesse<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-251c278 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"251c278\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que les r\u00e9sultats pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents montrent un effet positif et significatif de la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique sur le contr\u00f4le de la corruption, la distribution irr\u00e9guli\u00e8re des donn\u00e9es de notre \u00e9chantillon conduit \u00e0 l\u2019adoption d\u2019une nouvelle m\u00e9thode d\u2019estimation non param\u00e9trique et appropri\u00e9e, qui pourrait r\u00e9soudre le probl\u00e8me de la distribution anormale des donn\u00e9es. En ce sens, nous utilisons la m\u00e9thode de r\u00e9gression quantile des moments (MMQR) pour analyser la relation h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8ne entre la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique et la corruption. Dans le quantile, cinq quantiles de 0,10, 0,25, 0,50, 0,75 et 0,90 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 choisis pour estimer les coefficients de la variable d\u00e9pendante. Les r\u00e9sultats sont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s dans le tableau 8. L\u2019ISL pr\u00e9sente un coefficient positif significatif uniquement pour les deux quantiles les plus bas et la m\u00e9diane. Cela signifie que, pour les pays qui d\u00e9marrent avec un niveau de corruption \u00e9lev\u00e9, la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique est associ\u00e9e \u00e0 un meilleur contr\u00f4le de la corruption en r\u00e9duisant les interactions humaines. Les r\u00e9sultats sugg\u00e8rent \u00e9galement que l\u2019effet de la transformation num\u00e9rique du secteur public est le plus important dans 10 % des pays pr\u00e9sentant les niveaux de corruption les plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s, comme la Somalie, et tend \u00e0 diminuer dans les pays o\u00f9 les niveaux de corruption sont faibles, comme le Botswana.<\/p><h5>Tableau 8 : R\u00e9sultats de la r\u00e9gression quantile de panel \u00e0 effets fixes (MMQR)<\/h5><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-3294 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_e62516db27d0466d869150b4452bab55mv2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1046\" height=\"280\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_e62516db27d0466d869150b4452bab55mv2.png 1046w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_e62516db27d0466d869150b4452bab55mv2-300x80.png 300w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_e62516db27d0466d869150b4452bab55mv2-1024x274.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_e62516db27d0466d869150b4452bab55mv2-768x206.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1046px) 100vw, 1046px\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-116a6e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"116a6e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Note:<\/strong> ***, **, *; repr\u00e9sentent la signification statistique au niveau de 1 %, 5 % et 10 %, respectivement.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7e8189 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f7e8189\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7316f6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7316f6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00c0 l\u2019aide d\u2019un panel de 51 pays africains de 2003 \u00e0 2020, ce travail examine empiriquement l\u2019effet de la num\u00e9risation des services publics sur la corruption. \u00c0 travers cette \u00e9tude, nous contribuons \u00e0 la litt\u00e9rature \u00e9conomique sur le changement institutionnel, en mettant en avant la num\u00e9risation comme un d\u00e9terminant d\u2019un cadre institutionnel efficace pour la fonction publique en Afrique. Les r\u00e9sultats lin\u00e9aires pr\u00e9liminaires utilisant la m\u00e9thode MMG en syst\u00e8me ont montr\u00e9 que la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique a un effet positif direct sur la lutte contre les pratiques de corruption en Afrique. Enfin, l\u2019analyse des canaux de transmission a montr\u00e9 que l\u2019\u00e9ducation et la participation citoyenne sont des canaux importants par lesquels la num\u00e9risation du service public affecte le contr\u00f4le de la corruption. En identifiant ces canaux, notre \u00e9tude permet un traitement sp\u00e9cifique de la corruption en Afrique \u00e0 travers la digitalisation. En accentuant les d\u00e9couvertes pertinentes et r\u00e9centes, les r\u00e9sultats de cette \u00e9tude peuvent \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s pour une meilleure conceptualisation de strat\u00e9gies de d\u00e9veloppement nationales ou r\u00e9gionales bas\u00e9es sur le lien entre la corruption et les progr\u00e8s de la gouvernance \u00e9lectronique dans les pays africains. Les investissements dans les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications pour accro\u00eetre l\u2019utilisation d\u2019Internet et la p\u00e9n\u00e9tration technologique, ainsi que dans l\u2019\u00e9ducation, la pratique institutionnelle de la d\u00e9mocratie, pourraient permettre aux \u00c9tats africains de stimuler la lutte contre la corruption.      \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d9184d e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2d9184d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7fd8c3 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a7fd8c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'auteur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38b0172 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-link-in-bio\" data-id=\"38b0172\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"link-in-bio.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio e-link-in-bio\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image e-link-in-bio__identity-image-profile has-style-circle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Charly-Tsala-Ondobo--225x300.png\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image-element\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Charly-Tsala-Ondobo--225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Charly-Tsala-Ondobo-.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"e-link-in-bio__heading\">Charly Tsala Ondobo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"e-link-in-bio__title\">Chercheur \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Ngaound\u00e9r\u00e9, Cameroun<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icons has-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon is-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a aria-label=\"Email\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-link\" href=\"mailto:charlytsalaondobo@gmail.com?subject=Contact%20from%20GA%20Bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-svg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__ctas has-type-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/charly-tsala-ondobo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener \" class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta is-type-button has-corners-rounded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVoir le profil complet\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca44f9b ignoretoc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ca44f9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9galement dans ce num\u00e9ro<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08ab0bf elementor-grid-1 elementor-grid-tablet-1 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-posts--show-avatar elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"08ab0bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:27,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_tablet_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_mobile_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.posts_cards_pp_authors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-posts_cards_pp_authors elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15271 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-revue author-global-africa\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1200\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Issue-10-\u2013-Global-AfricaProtective-Knowledges-The-Wisdom-to-Protect-.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-15268\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tNum\u00e9ro 10 \u2013 Global Africa\u00ab Savoirs protecteurs, savoir prot\u00e9ger \u00bb\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Num\u00e9ro 10 \u2013 Global Africa\u00ab Savoirs protecteurs, savoir prot\u00e9ger \u00bb\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tGlobal Africa\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15509 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-analyses-critiques author-karine-collette-fr author-ibrahima-ba-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14990\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41.png 527w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41-210x300.png 210w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 527px) 100vw, 527px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tTerre-M\u00e8re : trace discursive d\u2019une \u00e9mancipation \u00e9cologique au Nord et au Sud ?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Terre-M\u00e8re : trace discursive d\u2019une \u00e9mancipation \u00e9cologique au Nord et au Sud ?\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tKarine Collette, Ibrahima Ba\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15517 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-champ author-cheikh-sadibou-sakho-fr author-masengesho-kamuzinzi-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.18.04.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14982\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\t\u00ab We Heal Together \u00bb, un savoir protecteur par excellence qui s\u2019inspire de l\u2019h\u00e9ritage africain, o\u00f9 les responsabilit\u00e9s envers soi et envers autrui sont indissociables\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur \u00ab We Heal Together \u00bb, un savoir protecteur par excellence qui s\u2019inspire de l\u2019h\u00e9ritage africain, o\u00f9 les responsabilit\u00e9s envers soi et envers autrui sont indissociables\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tCheikh Sadibou Sakho, Masengesho Kamuzinzi\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15523 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-analyses-critiques author-cheikh-sadibou-sakho-fr author-ndeye-laity-ndiaye-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.17.22.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14992\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tIt Takes a Village! (R\u00e9)inventer la mise \u00e0 l\u2019abri des survivantes de violences sexuelles au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal<br>Pistes \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience du centre Kullimaaroo de Ziguinchor\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur It Takes a Village! (R\u00e9)inventer la mise \u00e0 l\u2019abri des survivantes de violences sexuelles au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal&lt;br&gt;Pistes \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience du centre Kullimaaroo de Ziguinchor\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tCheikh Sadibou Sakho, Nd\u00e8ye La\u00efty Ndiaye\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e590199 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e590199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dd1381 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-adv-tabs\" data-id=\"3dd1381\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-adv-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div data-scroll-on-click=\"no\" data-scroll-speed=\"300\" id=\"eael-advance-tabs-3dd1381\" class=\"eael-advance-tabs eael-tabs-horizontal eael-tab-auto-active  responsive-vertical-layout\" data-tabid=\"3dd1381\">\n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-nav \">\n                <ul class=\"eael-tab-inline-icon\" role=\"tablist\">\n                                            <li id=\"pour-citer-larticle-\" class=\"active-default eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-quote-left\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Pour citer l&rsquo;article :<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"notes\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"notes-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-notes-medical\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Notes<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"bibliographie\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"bibliographie-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-book\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Bibliographie<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                    \n                                  <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-content\">\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item active-default\" data-title-link=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <h5 class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">APA<\/h5>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Ondobo, C. T. (2024). Stimuler la lutte contre les pratiques de corruption \u00e0 travers la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique en Afrique. Global Africa, (6), pp. 52-76.<a class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/57wg-c486\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">. <\/a><a class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/fe3h-hn14\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/fe3h-hn14<\/u><\/a>  <a class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/57wg-c486\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">MLA<\/h5>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Ondobo, C. T. \u00ab Stimuler la lutte contre les pratiques de corruption \u00e0 travers la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique en Afrique \u00bb. Global Africa, no. 6, 2024, p. 52-76<a class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/57wg-c486\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">. <\/a><a class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/fe3h-hn14\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/fe3h-hn14<\/u><\/a> <a class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/57wg-c486\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <\/a><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">DOI<a class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/57wg-c486\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <\/a><\/h5>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\"><a class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/fe3h-hn14\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/fe3h-hn14<br \/>\n <\/u><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">\u00a9 2024 by author(s). This work is openly licensed via CC BY-NC 4.0 <\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"notes-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"notes-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t                            <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"bibliographie-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"bibliographie-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p id=\"viewer-1oz55149517\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Adam, I., &amp; Fazekas, M. (2018). Are emerging technologies helping win the fight against corruption in developing countries. <em>Pathways for Prosperity Commission Background Paper Series<\/em>, <em>21<\/em>, 1\u201334. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-e0e5437012\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Adam, I., &amp; Fazekas, M. (2020). <em>Are emerging technologies helping win the fight against corruption?<\/em> A Review of the State of Evidence, Working Paper series: GTI-WP\/2020.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-9ofpp37016\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Adomako, S., Amankwah-Amoah, J., Tarba, S. Y., &amp; Khan, Z. (2021). Perceived corruption, business process digitization, and SMEs\u2019 degree of internationalization in sub-Saharan Africa. <em>Journal of Business Research<\/em>, <em>123<\/em>, 196\u2013207. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-n107c37022\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Aidt, T., Dutta, J., &amp; Sena, V. (2008). Governance regimes, corruption and growth: Theory and evidence. <em>Journal of Comparative Economics<\/em>, <em>36<\/em>(2), 195\u2013220. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-m6dn837028\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Aldieri, L., Kotsemir, M., &amp; Vinci, C. P. (2020). The role of environmental innovation through the technological proximity in the implementation of the sustainable development. <em>Business Strategy and the Environment<\/em>, <em>29<\/em>(2), 493\u2013502. <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bse.2382\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bse.2382<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-swuuv37035\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Alesina, A., Devleeschauwer, A., Easterly, W., Kurlat, S., &amp; Wacziarg, R. (2003). Fractionalization. <em>Journal of Economic Growth<\/em>, <em>8<\/em>, 155\u2013194. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-qbifa37041\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Andersen, T. B. (2009). E-Government as an anti-corruption strategy. <em>Information Economics and Policy<\/em>, <em>21<\/em>(3), 201\u2013210. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-5uei137047\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Androniceanu, A., Georgescu, I., &amp; Kinnunen, J. (2022). Public administration digitalization and corruption in the EU member states. A comparative and correlative research analysis. <em>Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences<\/em>, <em>18<\/em>(65), 5\u201322.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-88z0j37053\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Androniceanu, A., Kinnunen, J., &amp; Georgescu, I. (2020). E-Government clusters in the EU based on the Gaussian Mixture Models. <em>Administratie Si Management Public<\/em>, <em>35<\/em>, 6\u201320. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-fdh4137059\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Ang, J. B. (2013). Are modern financial systems shaped by state antiquity? <em>Journal of Banking &amp; Finance<\/em>, <em>37<\/em>(11), 4038\u20134058. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-sjn9937065\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Apergis, N., Dincer, O. C., &amp; Payne, J. E. (2010). The relationship between corruption and income inequality in US states: Evidence from a panel cointegration and error correction model. <em>Public Choice<\/em>, <em>145<\/em>, 125\u2013135. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-hqctj37071\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Arellano, M., &amp; Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. <em>The Review of Economic Studies<\/em>, <em>58<\/em>(2), 277\u2013297. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-u2gqu37077\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Arellano, M., &amp; Bover, O. (1995). Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models. <em>Journal of Econometrics<\/em>, <em>68<\/em>(1), 29\u201351. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-5z6gc37083\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Arregle, J.-L., Miller, T. L., Hitt, M. A., &amp; Beamish, P. W. (2013). Do regions matter? An integrated institutional and semiglobalization perspective on the internationalization of MNEs. <em>Strategic Management Journal<\/em>, <em>34<\/em>(8), 910\u2013934.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-taa7v37089\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Bahoo, S., Alon, I., &amp; Paltrinieri, A. (2020). Corruption in international business: A review and research agenda. <em>International Business Review<\/em>, <em>29<\/em>(4), 101660. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-8rg4s37095\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Beekman, G., Bulte, E., &amp; Nillesen, E. (2014). Corruption, investments and contributions to public goods: Experimental evidence from rural Liberia. <em>Journal of Public Economics<\/em>, <em>115<\/em>, 37\u201347. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-dtnsq37101\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Bennett, W. L., &amp; Segerberg, A. (2012). The logic of connective action: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics. <em>Information, Communication &amp; Society<\/em>, <em>15<\/em>(5), 739\u2013768. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-7u9fk37107\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Brada, J. C., Drabek, Z., Mendez, J. A., &amp; Perez, M. F. (2019). National levels of corruption and foreign direct investment. <em>Journal of Comparative Economics<\/em>, <em>47<\/em>(1), 31\u201349. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-vg2vy37113\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">\u00c7era, G., Me\u00e7o, M., \u00c7era, E., &amp; Maloku, S. (2019). The Effect of Institutional Constraints and Business Network on Trust in Government: An Institutional Perspective. <em>Administra\u021bie \u0218i Management Public<\/em>, <em>33<\/em>, 6\u201319. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-n1l5a37119\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Charoensukmongkol, P., &amp; Moqbel, M. (2014). Does investment in ICT curb or create more corruption? A cross-country analysis. <em>Public Organization Review<\/em>, <em>14<\/em>, 51\u201363.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-hx6xg37125\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Driscoll, J. C., &amp; Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. <em>Review of Economics and Statistics<\/em>, <em>80<\/em>(4), 549\u2013560. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-xl1ao37131\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Effah, J., &amp; Nuhu, H. (2017). Institutional barriers to digitalization of government budgeting in developing countries: A case study of Ghana. <em>The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries<\/em>, <em>82<\/em>(1), 1\u201317. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-9xryo37137\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Erkut, B. (2020). From digital government to digital governance: Are we there yet? <em>Sustainability<\/em>, <em>12<\/em>(3), 860. <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/3\/860\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/3\/860<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-mog2e37144\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Falk, S., R\u00f6mmele, A., &amp; Silverman, M. (2017). The promise of digital government. <em>Digital Government: Leveraging Innovation to Improve Public Sector Performance and Outcomes for Citizens<\/em>, 3\u201323. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-is24437148\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Fichman, R. G., Dos Santos, B. L., &amp; Zheng, Z. (2014). Digital innovation as a fundamental and powerful concept in the information systems curriculum. <em>MIS Quarterly<\/em>, <em>38<\/em>(2), 329-A15. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-hih2c37154\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Garcia-Murillo, M. (2013). Does a government web presence reduce perceptions of corruption? <em>Information Technology for Development<\/em>, <em>19<\/em>(2), 151\u2013175. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-7yxn737160\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Gavurova, B., Kovac, V., &amp; Khouri, S. (2020). 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Industrial artificial intelligence, sustainable product lifecycle management, and internet of things sensing networks in cyber-physical smart manufacturing systems. <em>Journal of Self-Governance and Management Economics<\/em>, <em>8<\/em>(4), 19&#8211;28. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-fk5m837184\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Grayson, J. (2020). Big data analytics and sustainable urbanism in Internet of Things-enabled smart governance. <em>Geopolitics, History, and International Relations<\/em>, <em>12<\/em>(2), 23\u201329. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-p1jhc37190\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Hoechle, D. (2007). Robust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence. <em>The Stata Journal<\/em>, <em>7<\/em>(3), 281-312. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-fzky037196\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Ionescu, L. (2020). 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Knowledge management in non-governmental organizations (NGOs). <em>Administratie Si Management Public<\/em>, <em>35<\/em>, 90-108. <\/span><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t                    <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aff930 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5aff930\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc34b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-off-canvas\" data-id=\"fc34b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"off-canvas.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"off-canvas-fc34b86\" class=\"e-off-canvas\" role=\"dialog\" 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class=\"eael-creative-button-wrapper\">\n\n            <a class=\"eael-creative-button eael-creative-button--default eael-cb-icon-position-\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Doff_canvas%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6ImZjMzRiODYiLCJkaXNwbGF5TW9kZSI6Im9wZW4ifQ%3D%3D\" data-text=\"Allez-y !\">\n            \t    \n                <div class=\"creative-button-inner\">\n\n                    \n                    <span class=\"cretive-button-text\">Table des mati\u00e8res<\/span>\n\n                                    <\/div>\n\t                        <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Num\u00e9ro 06 &#8211; Analyses critiques This post is also available in: English Fran\u00e7ais (French) T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER EN PDF 06.2024Les administrations africaines : d\u00e9colonialit\u00e9, endog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 et innovation Publi\u00e9 le : 20 juin 2024 ISSN: 3020-0458 T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER LE NUM\u00c9RO PDF Abstract R\u00e9sum\u00e9 Muhtasari \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 This paper provides new empirical evidences that show that the digitalization of public administration can be a great anti-corruption measure in developing countries. Using a cross-section analysis based on 51 African countries from 2003 to 2020 and a System Generalized Method of Moment\u2019s estimation, we find that the digitalization of public administration spurs the fight against corrupt practices in Africa. These results are strong to a battery of robustness checks. Moreover, the results of the mediation analysis show that the effect of the digitalization of public administration on corruption is mediated by education and citizen participation. From a pure policy perspective, we suggest that automation of tasks, combined with investments in telecommunications to increase internet use and technological penetration, as well as in education, and institutional practice of democracy, could enable African states to spur the fight against corruption through the digitalization of their public administration. \u00a0 Keywords The digitalization of public administration, corruption control, education, citizen participation Cet article fournit de nouvelles preuves empiriques d\u00e9montrant que la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique est une mesure anti-corruption pour les pays en d\u00e9veloppement. L&#8217;analyse est bas\u00e9e sur un panel de 51 pays africains sur la p\u00e9riode 2003-2020. Les r\u00e9sultats d&#8217;estimation obtenus \u00e0 partir de la M\u00e9thode des Moments G\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9s nous a permis de constater que la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique favorise la lutte contre les pratiques de corruption en Afrique. Ces r\u00e9sultats r\u00e9sistent \u00e0 une batterie d\u2019analyses de robustesse. De plus, les r\u00e9sultats de l\u2019analyse de la m\u00e9diation montrent que l\u2019effet de la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique sur la corruption est conditionn\u00e9 par l\u2019\u00e9ducation et la participation citoyenne. D\u2019un point de vue politique, nous sugg\u00e9rons que l\u2019automatisation des t\u00e2ches, conjugu\u00e9e aux investissements dans les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications pour accro\u00eetre l\u2019utilisation d\u2019Internet et la p\u00e9n\u00e9tration technologique, les investissements dans l&#8217;\u00e9ducation ainsi que la pratique institutionnelle de la d\u00e9mocratie, pourrait permettre aux \u00c9tats africains de stimuler la lutte contre la corruption \u00e0 travers la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique. Mots-cl\u00e9s Num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique, lutte contre la corruption, \u00e9ducation, participation citoyenne Points forts \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u2022 L\u2019effet de la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique sur la corruption est positive. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u2022 L\u2019\u00e9ducation et la participation citoyenne constituent des canaux de transmission dans la relation num\u00e9risation de l&#8217;administration publique et la corruption. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u2022 Les r\u00e9gressions effectu\u00e9es sur un panel de 51 pays africains sur la p\u00e9riode 2003-2020 confortent notre hypoth\u00e8se. Makala haya yanatoa ushahidi mpya wa kitaalamu unaoonyesha kuwa uwekaji digitali wa utawala wa umma ni hatua ya kupambana na rushwa kwa nchi zinazoendelea. Matumizi ya uchanganuzi wa sehemu mbalimbali kulingana na nchi 51 za Kiafrika kuanzia 2003 hadi 2020 na mbinu ya jumla ya kukadiria matukio yalituruhusu kutambua kwamba uwekaji wa digitali wa utawala wa umma unakuza vita dhidi ya vitendo vya rushwa barani Afrika. Matokeo haya huhifadhi hadi betri ya ukaguzi wa uimara. Zaidi ya hayo, matokeo ya uchanganuzi wa upatanishi yanaonyesha kuwa athari za mfumo wa kidijitali wa utawala wa umma kwenye ufisadi hupatanishwa na elimu na ushiriki wa wananchi. Kwa mtazamo wa kisera, tunapendekeza kwamba uwekaji kazi otomatiki, pamoja na uwekezaji katika mawasiliano ya simu ili kuongeza matumizi ya mtandao na kupenya kiteknolojia na vile vile katika elimu na utendaji wa kitaasisi wa demokrasia, kunaweza kuwezesha mataifa ya Afrika kuchochea vita dhidi ya ufisadi kupitia mfumo wa kidijitali wa utawala wa umma. 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\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0631\u0642\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629- \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f- \u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629- \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 Introduction La lutte contre la corruption est promue par tous les gouvernements des pays en voie de d\u00e9veloppement comme un objectif prioritaire de politique \u00e9conomique. Pour les pays africains, cet engagement conditionne parfois le soutien et l\u2019appui financier des partenaires au d\u00e9veloppement. Cependant, malgr\u00e9 les efforts d\u00e9ploy\u00e9s, le niveau de corruption reste tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9 et h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8ne dans les pays africains. Les indicateurs de gouvernance de la Banque mondiale indiquent que le contr\u00f4le de la corruption reste encore \u00e0 des niveaux faibles, atteignant en moyenne &#8211; 0,670 en 2020 sur le continent. Les pratiques de corruption sont universellement per\u00e7ues comme n\u00e9gatives (Gorsira et al., 2020). Elles sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme un facteur freinant les investissements nationaux et \u00e9trangers (Beekman et al., 2014 ; Brada et al., 2019 ; M\u00e9on &amp; Sekkat, 2005), d\u00e9primant la croissance \u00e9conomique (Aidt et al., 2008 ; M\u00e9on &amp; Sekkat, 2005), aggravant les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s et la pauvret\u00e9 et r\u00e9duisant la confiance dans l\u2019\u00c9tat (Apergis et al., 2010 ; \u00c7era et al., 2019 ; Glaeser &amp; Saks, 2006). Elles d\u00e9couragent les contribuables de payer leurs imp\u00f4ts (Osipov et al., 2018) et ont des effets n\u00e9gatifs sur la protection sociale et les services publics, car elles entra\u00eenent des coupes budg\u00e9taires et perturbent l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e9quitable aux services publics (Mazzanti et al., 2020). Dans des<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":6266,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[200],"tags":[],"issues3":[],"post_folder":[],"ppma_author":[468],"class_list":["post-10892","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analyses-critiques","author-charly-tsala-ondobo-fr"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Stimuler la lutte contre les pratiques de corruption \u00e0 travers la num\u00e9risation de l\u2019administration publique en Afrique | Global Africa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u00ab Lutter contre la corruption en Afrique gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la num\u00e9risation de l&#039;administration publique, en am\u00e9liorant la transparence et l&#039;efficacit\u00e9\" \/>\n<meta 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