{"id":10793,"date":"2024-12-01T16:02:11","date_gmt":"2024-12-01T16:02:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/actualites\/les-defis-securitaires-a-lepreuve-de-linjustice-climatique-au-sahel-une-breve-revue-des-connaissances\/"},"modified":"2025-05-15T12:59:05","modified_gmt":"2025-05-15T12:59:05","slug":"les-defis-securitaires-a-lepreuve-de-linjustice-climatique-au-sahel-une-breve-revue-des-connaissances","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/les-defis-securitaires-a-lepreuve-de-linjustice-climatique-au-sahel-une-breve-revue-des-connaissances\/","title":{"rendered":"Les d\u00e9fis s\u00e9curitaires \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9preuve de l\u2019injustice climatique au Sahel : Une br\u00e8ve revue des connaissances"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10793\" class=\"elementor elementor-10793\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" 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elementor-size-default\">Num\u00e9ro 05 - Analyses critiques<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62d8bc1 elementor-author-box--link-yes ignoretoc elementor-author-box--avatar-yes elementor-author-box--name-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"62d8bc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/author\/cheikh-cisse-fr\/\" class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Cheikh-Cisse-.png\" alt=\"Image de Cheikh Ciss\u00e9\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a 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class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"\/?issues=Miscellaneous%20\">05.2024<br>Varia<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b07a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b07a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Publi\u00e9 le : 20 mars 2024<br><\/strong><strong>ISSN: 3020-0458<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38d84bf elementor-align-center elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"38d84bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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Conversation on Senegal\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae2d51c e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ae2d51c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c8215e e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3c8215e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa2f8e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-adv-tabs\" data-id=\"fa2f8e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-adv-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div data-scroll-on-click=\"no\" data-scroll-speed=\"300\" id=\"eael-advance-tabs-fa2f8e7\" class=\"eael-advance-tabs eael-tabs-horizontal eael-tab-auto-active  responsive-vertical-layout\" data-tabid=\"fa2f8e7\">\n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-nav \">\n                <ul class=\"eael-tab-inline-icon\" role=\"tablist\">\n                                            <li id=\"abstract\" class=\"active-default eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"abstract-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Abstract<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"rsum\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"rsum-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_France.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"muhtasari\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"muhtasari-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_Kenya.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Muhtasari<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                        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22.066 0.8064 6.0585 7.6533 10.374 15.307 9.6263 7.6459-0.7472 13.195-6.2637 12.396-12.33l-0.3079-2.3223h40.004c0.7037 3.9048 4.6037 6.9011 9.354 6.9011s8.6502-2.9963 9.3613-6.9011h40.693v-0.095c8.4963 6.0294 19.294 9.4946 30.716 9.4946 10.747 0 19.456-7.4652 19.456-16.681v-4.8205c0-16.842-15.922-30.506-35.569-30.506\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                    \n                                  <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-content\">\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"abstract-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item active-default\" data-title-link=\"abstract-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>The Sahel, a geographical region of Africa located between the Sahara and sub-Saharan Africa, is strongly affected by climate change issues. Although many challenges have been identified, few scientific studies clearly establish the links between the impacts of that change and security issues in that area. Based on a comparison of empirical data and scientific studies collected from specialized sources from different countries in the region, this article sets out to demonstrate the climate injustice experienced by developing countries, including the Sahelian countries, due to their economic lag behind developed countries. The article then makes a detailed analysis focusing on the correlation between the consequences of this change, both regional and specific to each Sahel country, and the many security challenges &#8211; particularly human security &#8211; that they face.   <\/p>\n<h5>Keywords<\/h5>\n<p>Sahel, climate change, climate injustice, security challenges, developing countries<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"rsum-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"rsum-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>Le Sahel, r\u00e9gion g\u00e9ographique d\u2019Afrique situ\u00e9e entre le Sahara et l\u2019Afrique subsaharienne, est fortement touch\u00e9 par les probl\u00e9matiques li\u00e9es au changement climatique. Bien que de nombreux d\u00e9fis soient identifi\u00e9s, peu d\u2019\u00e9tudes scientifiques \u00e9tablissent clairement les liens entre les impacts de ce changement et les enjeux s\u00e9curitaires dans cette zone. En s\u2019appuyant sur une confrontation de donn\u00e9es empiriques et d\u2019\u00e9tudes scientifiques collect\u00e9es de sources sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es des diff\u00e9rents pays de la r\u00e9gion, cet article se propose de d\u00e9montrer l\u2019injustice climatique v\u00e9cue par les pays en d\u00e9veloppement, dont les pays sah\u00e9liens, en raison de leur retard \u00e9conomique par rapport aux pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s\u2009; ensuite, de faire des analyses fines centr\u00e9es sur la corr\u00e9lation entre les cons\u00e9quences de ce changement \u00e0 la fois r\u00e9gionales et sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e0 chaque pays du Sahel et les nombreux d\u00e9fis s\u00e9curitaires \u2013 notamment la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 humaine \u2013 qu\u2019ils am\u00e8nent \u00e0 relever.  <\/p>\n<h5>Mots-cl\u00e9s<\/h5>\n<p>Sahel, changement climatique, injustice climatique, d\u00e9fis s\u00e9curitaires, pays en d\u00e9veloppement<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"muhtasari-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"muhtasari-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>Sahel, eneo la kijiografia la Afrika lililo kati ya Sahara na Afrika Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara, limeathiriwa pakubwa na masuala yanayohusiana na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa. Ingawa changamoto nyingi zimetambuliwa, tafiti chache za kisayansi zinaweka wazi uhusiano kati ya athari za mabadiliko haya na masuala ya usalama katika eneo hili. Kwa kuzingatia ulinganisho wa data za kimajaribio na tafiti za kisayansi zilizokusanywa kutoka kwa vyanzo maalum kutoka nchi mbalimbali za kanda, makala haya yanalenga kuonyesha dhuluma ya hali ya hewa inayokumba nchi zinazoendelea, zikiwemo nchi za Saheli, kutokana na kuchelewa kwao kiuchumi ikilinganishwa na nchi zilizoendelea; kisha, kufanya uchambuzi wa kina unaozingatia uwiano kati ya matokeo ya mabadiliko haya, ya kikanda na maalum kwa kila nchi katika Sahel, na changamoto nyingi za usalama &#8211; hasa usalama wa binadamu &#8211; ambazo huleta.  <\/p>\n<h5>Maneno muhimu<\/h5>\n<p>Sahel, mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa, ukosefu wa haki ya hali ya hewa, changamoto za usalama, nchi zinazoendelea <\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629- \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627.\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a- \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a- \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629- \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629- \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0651<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t                    <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab18e8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ab18e8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff89d56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff89d56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le changement climatique, avec ses effets disproportionn\u00e9s sur les pays du Sud, est une pr\u00e9occupation mondiale, notamment pour les pays du Sahel, o\u00f9 les temp\u00e9ratures extr\u00eames, la mont\u00e9e du niveau de la mer, la raret\u00e9 des ressources et les crises alimentaires sont r\u00e9elles (GIEC, 2021). Cette vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 est accentu\u00e9e par le faible niveau de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique des pays sah\u00e9liens (De Bandt et al., 2021). Parall\u00e8lement, en plus de ses implications s\u00e9curitaires, il pousse les pays vers les \u00ab\u2009limites plan\u00e9taires\u2009\u00bb, mena\u00e7ant l\u2019existence et la qualit\u00e9 de vie, tandis que les richesses sont de plus en plus financiaris\u00e9es et polaris\u00e9es (Steffen et al., 2015\u2009; Carrou\u00e9, 2015).  <\/p><p>Pour analyser les cons\u00e9quences du r\u00e9chauffement plan\u00e9taire et les d\u00e9fis s\u00e9curitaires, notamment humains, \u00e0 travers le prisme de l\u2019injustice, la r\u00e9gion sah\u00e9lienne est choisie comme cas d\u2019\u00e9tude en raison de ses nombreux d\u00e9fis \u00e9conomiques, environnementaux, tels que la pauvret\u00e9, la malnutrition, les s\u00e9cheresses et les inondations r\u00e9currentes (Oxfam, 2022), ainsi que des d\u00e9fis de d\u00e9veloppement durable aggrav\u00e9s par ce changement selon le GIEC (IPCC, 2022). Selon un rapport du Groupe de la Banque mondiale (World Bank, 2022) pour cinq pays du Sahel (Burkina Faso, Tchad, Mali, Mauritanie et Niger), jusqu\u2019\u00e0 13,5 millions de personnes risquent de basculer dans la pauvret\u00e9 \u00e0 cause des chocs climatiques, n\u00e9cessitant des mesures d\u2019adaptation urgentes. Ces d\u00e9fis n\u00e9cessitent la mise en place de strat\u00e9gies de r\u00e9silience, particuli\u00e8rement en mati\u00e8re de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 humaine, dans la plupart des pays de la r\u00e9gion. De plus, des initiatives mondiales telles que les protocoles de Kyoto1 , l\u2019Accord de Paris \u2013 la COP 212 , et plus r\u00e9cemment la COP 27 en \u00c9gypte et la COP 28 \u00e0 Duba\u00ef \u2013, soulignent d\u00e9sormais l\u2019urgence d\u2019une action de solidarit\u00e9 internationale pour faire face aux diff\u00e9rents effets du r\u00e9chauffement climatique, notamment dans les pays du Sud.   <\/p><p>Le principal objectif de cet article est de d\u00e9montrer que les disparit\u00e9s de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique exacerbent l\u2019injustice climatique entre les pays et g\u00e9n\u00e8rent des d\u00e9fis, notamment s\u00e9curitaires, mettant en lumi\u00e8re la question de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 humaine dans la r\u00e9gion sah\u00e9lienne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6445f6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6445f6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00e9thodologie et plan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1cc35c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f1cc35c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La m\u00e9thodologie adopt\u00e9e repose sur une approche holistique, d\u00e9butant par une revue de la litt\u00e9rature scientifique disponible concernant le changement climatique, l\u2019injustice climatique et les d\u00e9fis s\u00e9curitaires, surtout humains, dans la r\u00e9gion sah\u00e9lienne. Cette revue comprend une analyse minutieuse des donn\u00e9es statistiques disponibles, des rapports institutionnels pertinents \u00e9mis par des organisations internationales et r\u00e9gionales, ainsi que des \u00e9tudes ant\u00e9rieures r\u00e9alis\u00e9es dans la r\u00e9gion. De plus, la m\u00e9thodologie englobe une \u00e9tude approfondie des travaux de recherche acad\u00e9mique publi\u00e9s dans des revues sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es, permettant une compr\u00e9hension approfondie des dynamiques en jeu. Cette approche pluridisciplinaire vise \u00e0 comprendre les diff\u00e9rents aspects et implications de l\u2019injustice climatique et des d\u00e9fis s\u00e9curitaires dans la r\u00e9gion sah\u00e9lienne, en tenant en compte des diverses perspectives et contributions de la communaut\u00e9 scientifique.   <\/p><p>Dans un premier temps, l\u2019article expose la probl\u00e9matique de l\u2019injustice climatique entre le Nord et le Sud r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9e par les effets disproportionn\u00e9s du r\u00e9chauffement ; ensuite il d\u00e9montre comment les disparit\u00e9s de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique l\u2019exacerbent et g\u00e9n\u00e8rent des d\u00e9fis s\u00e9curitaires, mettant particuli\u00e8rement l\u2019accent sur la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 humaine dans la r\u00e9gion sah\u00e9lienne, avant de finir par proposer des pistes de r\u00e9flexions et d\u2019actions pour la r\u00e9silience face aux cons\u00e9quences dans le Sahel. <\/p><h2>Le changement climatique ou manifeste d\u2019une injustice entre le Nord et le Sud<\/h2><p>Les impacts du changement climatique au Sahel peuvent \u00eatre appr\u00e9hend\u00e9s \u00e0 travers le prisme des <i>injustices<\/i> socio\u00e9conomiques entre les pays, fournissant des informations sur les d\u00e9fis qu\u2019elles pr\u00e9sentent. Les \u00e9nergies fossiles, principales \u00e9mettrices des \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre3 (GES), telles que le dioxyde de carbone (CO2 ), le m\u00e9thane (CH4 ), le protoxyde d\u2019azote (N2 O), ainsi que les d\u00e9riv\u00e9s fluor\u00e9s (HFC, PFC, SFC), ont des r\u00e9percussions n\u00e9fastes sur l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re, induisant des cons\u00e9quences directes sur le climat. La combustion de combustibles fossiles, dont le charbon, le p\u00e9trole et le gaz, \u00e9met du dioxyde de carbone, principal contributeur au r\u00e9chauffement plan\u00e9taire (Nunez, 2023). Le GIEC (2018) a constat\u00e9 que, en 2018, 89 % des rejets mondiaux de CO2 provenaient des combustibles fossiles et de l\u2019industrie. De plus, l\u2019utilisation d\u2019\u00e9nergie ne contribue au changement climatique que par la combustion d\u2019\u00e9nergies fossiles, repr\u00e9sentant environ 80 % des \u00e9missions mondiales de GES. Cette combustion engendre des \u00e9missions nocives telles que le dioxyde de soufre, l\u2019oxyde d\u2019azote et des particules fines, ayant des cons\u00e9quences d\u00e9l\u00e9t\u00e8res sur l\u2019environnement et le climat (Denchak, 2022).     <\/p><p>Les \u00e9missions de CO2 par habitant en Afrique, notamment dans la r\u00e9gion sah\u00e9lienne, sont faibles compar\u00e9es au reste du monde, repr\u00e9sentant environ 3 % des rejets mondiaux (Jeune Afrique, 2023). Malgr\u00e9 une croissance \u00e9conomique et d\u00e9mographique qui les a multipli\u00e9es par huit entre 1960 et 2020, atteignant 1 326 millions de tonnes de CO2 , en 2019 elles se situaient autour de 0,7 tonne de carbone, trois fois plus qu\u2019en 1950. La Banque mondiale (2020) souligne que ces \u00e9missions africaines restent inf\u00e9rieures \u00e0 celles de la Chine (7,6 tonnes par habitant), du Japon (8,5 tonnes par habitant) et des \u00c9tats-Unis (14,7 tonnes par habitant).  <\/p><p>Par ailleurs, en raison des effets pr\u00e9judiciables des \u00e9missions de GES sur l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re, la menace devient plan\u00e9taire, touchant non seulement l\u2019\u00e9conomie, le social et la politique, mais aussi les aspects s\u00e9curitaires. Le rapport Solana Madariaga (2008) le qualifie de catalyseur de menaces diverses, renfor\u00e7ant les tendances, tensions et instabilit\u00e9s d\u00e9j\u00e0 existantes. L\u2019Afrique est identifi\u00e9e dans ce rapport comme \u00ab l\u2019un des continents les plus expos\u00e9s au changement climatique, en raison de multiples contraintes et d\u2019une capacit\u00e9 d\u2019adaptation limit\u00e9e\u2009\u00bb. Malgr\u00e9 leur faible contribution globale aux \u00e9missions mondiales, les pays africains subissent des effets plus marqu\u00e9s. Cette situation, illustr\u00e9e par les exemples suivants sur quelques pays sah\u00e9liens, prouve la disproportionnalit\u00e9 des impacts et de l\u2019injustice climatique.    <\/p><p>Les travaux de Keilar et al. (2023) autour du lac Fitri, au Tchad, a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 des cons\u00e9quences \u00e0 travers des variations spatio-temporelles pluviom\u00e9triques, une diminution du nombre de jours de pluie, une hausse des temp\u00e9ratures et du vent, causant la diminution du niveau d\u2019eau ainsi que la d\u00e9gradation du couvert v\u00e9g\u00e9tal et des sols.<\/p><p>Au Burkina Faso, on assiste \u00e0 d\u2019importantes variations de la pluviom\u00e9trie depuis les \u00e9pisodes de s\u00e9cheresse des ann\u00e9es 1970, qui ont des cons\u00e9quences sur la production agricole et la disponibilit\u00e9 en eau dans diff\u00e9rentes zones du pays (Karambiri &amp; Gansaonre, 2023). De m\u00eame, dans le sud-ouest du pays, des facteurs naturels et anthropiques, tels que la r\u00e9partition temporelle des pr\u00e9cipitations dans le temps, touchent n\u00e9gativement la production de riz. Ces d\u00e9fis, en plus d\u2019autres effets du changement climatique, n\u00e9cessitent, selon Sanou et Hien (2022), le d\u00e9veloppement de nouvelles vari\u00e9t\u00e9s de riz et de pratiques agricoles adapt\u00e9es pour am\u00e9liorer la production agricole de la r\u00e9gion.  <\/p><p>Le r\u00e9chauffement plan\u00e9taire touche \u00e9galement la production agricole dans la zone soudanosah\u00e9lienne. Au Mali, par exemple, le faible rendement du sorgho est imput\u00e9 \u00e0 ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de la faible fertilit\u00e9 des sols. De m\u00eame, Togo et al. (2023), dans leurs travaux, montrent que la fertilisation organo-min\u00e9rale peut am\u00e9liorer le rendement du sorgho dans cette r\u00e9gion.  <\/p><p>En outre, la carte 1 \u00e9tablit l\u2019injustice climatique \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale en indiquant que les principaux \u00e9metteurs de CO2 en 2016 \u2013 donc principaux contributeurs au d\u00e9r\u00e8glement \u2013 se trouvent dans les pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s de l\u2019h\u00e9misph\u00e8re Nord, en Australie, en Nouvelle-Z\u00e9lande, et dans les pays du golfe Persique.<\/p><p><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-Serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); background-color: var(--nv-site-bg); font-size: var(--bodyfontsize); letter-spacing: var(--bodyletterspacing); text-transform: var(--bodytexttransform);\">Les pays du Sud contribuent marginalement, \u00e9tant moins d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s industriellement.<\/span><\/p><figure id=\"attachment_3252\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3252\" style=\"width: 1921px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3251 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_535f81de82fa49e298ba9f5b2f50822emv2.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"1921\" height=\"1459\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_535f81de82fa49e298ba9f5b2f50822emv2.webp 1921w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_535f81de82fa49e298ba9f5b2f50822emv2-300x228.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_535f81de82fa49e298ba9f5b2f50822emv2-1024x778.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_535f81de82fa49e298ba9f5b2f50822emv2-768x583.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_535f81de82fa49e298ba9f5b2f50822emv2-1536x1167.webp 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1921px) 100vw, 1921px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3252\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carte 1 : \u00c9missions de CO2 par pays en 2016 Source : Global Carbon Project, Carbon Budget 2017, www.globalcarbonproject.org, r\u00e9adaptation de Cheikh Ciss\u00e9.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e204700 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e204700\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cette situation invite \u00e0 consid\u00e9rer le changement climatique sous l\u2019angle d\u2019une injustice. Les pays les plus vuln\u00e9rables sont ceux ayant le moins contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 son origine. Ainsi, les initiatives de r\u00e9silience deviennent une urgence internationale, en particulier pour les pays pauvres et \u00e9mergents, n\u00e9cessitant un soutien pour s\u2019adapter (Georgieva et al., 2022). L\u2019inaction en cours pourrait s\u2019av\u00e9rer plus co\u00fbteuse que la prise de mesures fortes, et les dommages \u00e9conomiques pourraient atteindre 1 700 milliards de dollars par an si le rythme actuel du r\u00e9chauffement se poursuit4 . Ce constat est \u00e9galement confirm\u00e9 par une \u00e9tude r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par le Postdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (2023) qui conclut que \u00ab\u2009ne rien faire contre le changement climatique serait plus co\u00fbteux que d\u2019agir\u2009\u00bb. Dans les pays sah\u00e9liens, le manque de moyens et l\u2019absence de r\u00e9ponses imm\u00e9diates pour des services essentiels constituent en partie des obstacles \u00e0 la mise en place de strat\u00e9gies pour consommer moins d\u2019\u00e9nergies fossiles dans un avenir incertain.     <\/p><p>En revanche, il est important de noter que ces pays sah\u00e9liens, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 leurs savoirs vernaculaires, autochtones, peuvent aussi se positionner comme des pionniers en mati\u00e8re d\u2019adaptation, de transition agro\u00e9cologique et \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique. Des initiatives, telles que le Mouvement agro\u00e9cologique international pour l\u2019Afrique, visent \u00e0 r\u00e9volutionner l\u2019agriculture africaine sur une base durable et \u00e0 encourager la transition vers des pratiques respectueuses de l\u2019environnement5 , favorable \u00e0 la r\u00e9silience climatique. De plus, des recherches men\u00e9es sur les syst\u00e8mes productifs et la transition agro\u00e9cologique dans les agricultures familiales d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest mettent en \u00e9vidence le r\u00f4le essentiel des savoirs locaux et des pratiques agro\u00e9cologiques (le za\u00ef6 , l\u2019agroforesterie7 , etc.) dans la promotion d\u2019une agriculture durable et plus r\u00e9siliente face aux effets du r\u00e9chauffement global (AFSA, 2016). Par exemple, au Mali, dans la commune rurale de Mafoun\u00e9, la baisse des pr\u00e9cipitations et l\u2019augmentation des temp\u00e9ratures ont provoqu\u00e9 une baisse des rendements agricoles, la perte de la fertilit\u00e9 des sols, le tarissement pr\u00e9coce des sources d\u2019eau de surface, l\u2019endettement des agriculteurs et l\u2019intensification de l\u2019exode rural. Pour faire face \u00e0 ces effets n\u00e9fastes du changement climatique, les agriculteurs ont mis en place des strat\u00e9gies d\u2019adaptation telles que l\u2019utilisation de vari\u00e9t\u00e9s \u00e0 cycle court, l\u2019adoption de technique anti-\u00e9rosion, le reboisement et la diversification des activit\u00e9s (Ouattara et al., 2019). Dans une d\u00e9marche similaire, au Niger, les travaux de Abdou et al. (2021) ont examin\u00e9 les impacts techniques de restauration des terres d\u00e9grad\u00e9es sur la survie et la croissance des plantes. Les r\u00e9sultats ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que ces techniques am\u00e9liorent les conditions hydriques du sol et favorisant la survie ainsi que la croissance des esp\u00e8ces v\u00e9g\u00e9tales (Abdou et al., 2021). Dans la zone pastorale de ce m\u00eame pays, Garba et al. (2023) ont cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer l\u2019estimation de la biomasse fourrag\u00e8re en utilisant la m\u00e9thode de r\u00e9gression lin\u00e9aire multiple, soulignant ainsi l\u2019importance de telles approches pour une meilleure compr\u00e9hension des ressources naturelles dans la r\u00e9gion.       <\/p><p>Par ailleurs, la justice climatique est un principe int\u00e9gr\u00e9 dans divers accords internationaux. La Convention-cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) a fix\u00e9 \u00e0 100 milliards de dollars l\u2019objectif annuel des fonds en provenance des pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s du Nord pour aider les pays du Sud \u00e0 s\u2019adapter. L\u2019Accord de Paris (2015) promeut les \u00ab\u2009responsabilit\u00e9s communes, mais diff\u00e9renci\u00e9es\u2009\u00bb, soulignant la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 pour les pays du Nord de r\u00e9duire leurs \u00e9missions et d\u2019aider les pays du Sud. Cette recommandation s\u2019aligne avec la th\u00e9orie de Rawls (1971) pr\u00f4nant la \u00ab\u2009maximisation du sort des plus d\u00e9favoris\u00e9s\u2009\u00bb. Cependant, cette initiative de solidarit\u00e9 Nord-Sud en faveur d\u2019une justice climatique demeure peu effective. La COP 27 \u00e0 Charm el-Cheikh a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 des revendications non satisfaites, soulignant des d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibres de n\u00e9gociation, notamment en ce qui concerne les financements promis aux pays pauvres.      <\/p><p>Certains grands pollueurs, tels que les \u00c9tatsUnis et la Chine, refusent d\u2019admettre leur impact significatif, exacerbant l\u2019injustice climatique. La plupart des pays africains manquent d\u2019influence pour imposer des d\u00e9cisions et se retrouvent, en quelque sorte, \u00e0 devoir rembourser des sommes pour r\u00e9soudre un probl\u00e8me largement cr\u00e9\u00e9 par les pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s pr\u00eateurs. Face \u00e0 ces enjeux \u00e9conomiques, environnementaux et \u00e9thiques, des activistes et d\u00e9fenseurs du climat, aussi bien dans les pays industrialis\u00e9s du Nord que dans les pays du Sud, ont de plus en plus recours \u00e0 la notion de \u00ab\u2009justice climatique\u2009\u00bb pour d\u00e9fendre les droits des pays en d\u00e9veloppement lors des n\u00e9gociations internationales. <\/p><h2>Les impacts du changement climatique et des d\u00e9fis s\u00e9curitaires au Sahel<\/h2><p>Les interactions complexes entre les effets du r\u00e9chauffement et les d\u00e9fis s\u00e9curitaires au Sahel, bien que parfois non directement corr\u00e9l\u00e9es, exigent une analyse approfondie ax\u00e9e sur la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 humaine. La conception m\u00eame du terme \u00ab\u2009s\u00e9curit\u00e9\u2009\u00bb varie selon les contextes. Au Sahel, elle s\u2019inscrit dans une approche holistique, englobant le bien-\u00eatre des individus et des communaut\u00e9s allant audel\u00e0 des menaces g\u00e9opolitiques majeures. Elle concerne la protection contre diverses menaces, notamment la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire, l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019eau, \u00e0 la sant\u00e9, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9ducation, et la r\u00e9silience. Les liens entre l\u2019injustice climatique et ses cons\u00e9quences sur la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 humaine sont ainsi des d\u00e9fis majeurs dans la r\u00e9gion sah\u00e9lienne (Doumbia, 2013). Les d\u00e9fis auxquels les communaut\u00e9s locales font face, entra\u00eenant des r\u00e9percussions directes sur les moyens de subsistance, l\u2019\u00e9conomie et la stabilit\u00e9, souvent associ\u00e9es \u00e0 des conflits dont le changement climatique est le principal d\u00e9clencheur. La r\u00e9gion a subi des cons\u00e9quences significatives, telles que la p\u00e9nurie alimentaire et la militarisation de l\u2019eau, agissant comme des facteurs aggravants des tensions existantes (Werrell &amp; Femia, 2018). Les impacts du r\u00e9chauffement sont souvent per\u00e7us comme des stress suppl\u00e9mentaires dans les zones de conflit prolong\u00e9, susceptibles de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de nouveaux conflits ou d\u2019intensifier ceux d\u00e9j\u00e0 pr\u00e9sents (Denton, 2016).       <\/p><p>Encadr\u00e9 : Le Sahel, une r\u00e9gion fortement expos\u00e9e au changement climatique<\/p><p>Le Sahel, s\u2019\u00e9tendant du littoral atlantique s\u00e9n\u00e9galais \u00e0 la mer Rouge \u00e9rythr\u00e9o-djiboutienne, est constitu\u00e9 de dix pays : Burkina Faso, Cameroun, Gambie, Guin\u00e9e, Mali, Mauritanie, Niger, Nigeria, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal et Tchad. Ces pays, positionn\u00e9s dans des zones sous l\u2019influence de la mousson du golfe de Guin\u00e9e et des vents d\u2019harmattan en provenance du Sahara, pr\u00e9sentent des caract\u00e9ristiques physiques et naturelles sp\u00e9cifiques (Toupet, 1992 ; Raynaut, 1997). Ils se caract\u00e9risent par une bande sableuse couvrant plus de 7 millions de km2, avec une densit\u00e9 d\u00e9mographique importante, comptant 135 millions d\u2019habitants (Haub &amp; Kaneda, 2014). Certains pays plus vastes, tels que le Mali et le Niger, comprennent une grande partie de d\u00e9sert et ont donc des densit\u00e9s de population faibles, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement inf\u00e9rieures \u00e0 20 personnes par km2. En revanche, ceux plus petits, comme le S\u00e9n\u00e9gal avec un acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la mer, ont des densit\u00e9s de population plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es, d\u00e9passant souvent les 50 personnes par km2. Le Burkina Faso, enclav\u00e9, affiche une densit\u00e9 de 65 personnes par km2, tandis que la Gambie d\u00e9passe les 150 personnes par km2 (Haub &amp; Kaneda, 2014).    <\/p><p>Le produit int\u00e9rieur brut (PIB) de la r\u00e9gion, calcul\u00e9 en parit\u00e9 de pouvoir d\u2019achat, reste relativement faible, variant d\u2019environ 900 \u00e0 moins de 3\u2009000 dollars par habitant, avec les principales sources de revenus provenant des ressources naturelles telles que le p\u00e9trole et les minerais (World-Bank, 2014). Selon le rapport 2015 \u00ab\u2009Doing Business\u2009\u00bb (World-Bank, 2015), ces pays sont class\u00e9s parmi les moins attrayants pour les affaires, en grande partie en raison de leur histoire d\u2019instabilit\u00e9 politique (World-Bank, 2015). De plus, la Banque mondiale identifie la moiti\u00e9 des pays du Sahel comme des \u00ab\u2009\u00c9tats fragiles \u00bb8 , caract\u00e9ris\u00e9s par un faible revenu, des situations d\u2019ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 r\u00e9currentes et de multiples al\u00e9as climatiques.  <\/p><p>Les terribles \u00e9pisodes de s\u00e9cheresse des ann\u00e9es 1970-1980 ont occasionn\u00e9 d\u2019importantes pertes humaines et mat\u00e9rielles, notamment des r\u00e9coltes al\u00e9atoires dans des pays tels que le Mali, la Mauritanie, le Niger, le S\u00e9n\u00e9gal et le Burkina Faso. Ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements ont entra\u00een\u00e9 la destruction de quartiers entiers, t\u00e9moignant de l\u2019ampleur des d\u00e9g\u00e2ts subis. L\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat des climatologues pour le Sahel se justifie par des p\u00e9riodes de d\u00e9ficit pluviom\u00e9trique les plus s\u00e9v\u00e8res jamais enregistr\u00e9es au 20e si\u00e8cle selon Jones et Hulme (1996), et Dai et al. (1998). Cela survient alors m\u00eame que la r\u00e9gion a toujours connu des cycles altern\u00e9s de saisons s\u00e8ches et humides, comme le souligne Nicholson (2005, 2013, 2014).   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c148c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0c148c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"359\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_d0fcdd04a2924ba8a4585cc19a9be6b1mv2-1024x459.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2245\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_d0fcdd04a2924ba8a4585cc19a9be6b1mv2-1024x459.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_d0fcdd04a2924ba8a4585cc19a9be6b1mv2-300x134.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_d0fcdd04a2924ba8a4585cc19a9be6b1mv2-768x344.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_d0fcdd04a2924ba8a4585cc19a9be6b1mv2-1536x688.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_d0fcdd04a2924ba8a4585cc19a9be6b1mv2.jpeg 1859w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed8b9f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ed8b9f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Carte 2 : La r\u00e9gion sah\u00e9lienne\nSource : Population Reference Bureau (PRB) : https:\/\/www.prb.org\/resources\/defis-demographiques-du-sahel\/, r\u00e9adaptation de Cheikh Ciss\u00e9, 2024.<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be6ada5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"be6ada5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fortement vuln\u00e9rable au r\u00e9chauffement climatique en raison de son \u00e9quilibre socio\u00e9conomique pr\u00e9caire, le Sahel conna\u00eet, depuis 1990, une recrudescence de fortes pr\u00e9cipitations, entra\u00eenant des inondations et des changements dans l\u2019usage des terres arables (Heinrigs, 2010). Par exemple, la variation pluviom\u00e9trique dans les \u00ab\u2009Terres neuves\u2009\u00bb du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal oriental a eu des impacts significatifs sur les activit\u00e9s agricoles, en particulier la culture de c\u00e9r\u00e9ales telles que le mil, le ma\u00efs et l\u2019arachide. Depuis les ann\u00e9es 1970, des perturbations telles que des pr\u00e9cipitations abondantes, des averses, des interruptions r\u00e9guli\u00e8res dans les pr\u00e9cipitations, un d\u00e9but tardif et une fin pr\u00e9coce de la saison des pluies ont \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9s, affectant ainsi la productivit\u00e9 des cultures (Faye et al., 2018).  <\/p><p>Cette situation est exacerb\u00e9e par une croissance d\u00e9mographique exponentielle et une urbanisation acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e, avec des projections estimant que la population des pays sah\u00e9liens sera multipli\u00e9e par six d\u2019ici 2100 (Heinrigs, 2010). L\u2019urbanisation croissante et l\u2019augmentation des populations urbaines \u00e0 faibles revenus intensifient le stress thermique, particuli\u00e8rement pr\u00e9judiciable aux jeunes, aux personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, et \u00e0 celles souffrant de probl\u00e8mes de sant\u00e9. Cela affecte \u00e9galement la capacit\u00e9 d\u2019infiltration de l\u2019eau dans les sols. Ces conditions ont entra\u00een\u00e9 des inondations for\u00e7ant de nombreuses personnes \u00e0 quitter leur domicile, touchant plus de 700\u2009000 personnes du Niger au Tchad en 2020 (ONU-INFO, 2020).   <\/p><p>Dans l\u2019ensemble du Sahel, environ 70 % de la population active est employ\u00e9e dans le secteur agricole, et celui-ci contribue \u00e0 hauteur de 30 % au PIB. Au Mali, l\u2019agriculture emploie 80 % de la main-d\u2019\u0153uvre et repr\u00e9sente 40 % du PIB. Bien que principalement orient\u00e9e vers les cultures vivri\u00e8res telles que le mil et le sorgho, comme dans d\u2019autres pays sah\u00e9liens (S\u00e9n\u00e9gal et Niger), l\u2019agriculture dans la r\u00e9gion inclut \u00e9galement des activit\u00e9s d\u2019exportation, notamment le coton et l\u2019arachide (S\u00e9nat fran\u00e7ais, 2016). Cette d\u00e9pendance aux activit\u00e9s agricoles, sans alternatives viables, accro\u00eet sa vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 aux changements climatiques, avec d\u2019importantes r\u00e9percussions sur la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire et les risques de conflits potentiels (Heinrigs, 2010). De plus, la r\u00e9gion, confront\u00e9e \u00e0 la d\u00e9gradation environnementale, \u00e0 la pauvret\u00e9, \u00e0 l\u2019ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire, \u00e0 la croissance d\u00e9mographique rapide, \u00e0 l\u2019in\u00e9galit\u00e9 de genre, \u00e0 l\u2019instabilit\u00e9 politique, et \u00e0 des conflits pr\u00e9existants (Alliance Sahel, 2019), figure parmi les plus vuln\u00e9rables aux impacts du r\u00e9chauffement plan\u00e9taire. Ceci pourrait entra\u00eener des niveaux accrus de privation et de conflits collectifs (Tesfaye, 2022).     <\/p><p>Ensuite, les pays sah\u00e9liens sont confront\u00e9s \u00e0 des \u00e9pisodes de chaleur extr\u00eame. Des experts en climatologie pr\u00e9voient une augmentation de la temp\u00e9rature du Sahel de 3 \u00e0 5 \u00b0C d\u2019ici 2050, et potentiellement jusqu\u2019\u00e0 8 \u00b0C d\u2019ici 2100 (Potts et al., 2013). Concr\u00e8tement, l\u2019augmentation des temp\u00e9ratures moyennes entre 1980-1999 et 2080-2099, confirm\u00e9e par le GIEC (2007), tourne autour de + 3 \u00b0Cdans les espaces littoraux (S\u00e9n\u00e9gal), + 4 \u00b0C dans la partie continentale du Sahel (Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso), soit 1,5 fois plus qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale. Un r\u00e9chauffement de la temp\u00e9rature de 2 \u00b0C pourrait conduire \u00e0 une \u00e9l\u00e9vation du niveau des mers d\u2019environ 60 \u00e0 80 cm d\u2019ici 2080, avec des variations r\u00e9gionales. Dans le sc\u00e9nario de r\u00e9chauffement \u00e0 4 \u00b0C, cette augmentation pourrait atteindre 100 cm d\u2019ici les ann\u00e9es 2090 (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 2013). Cette \u00e9l\u00e9vation du niveau de la mer et l\u2019\u00e9rosion c\u00f4ti\u00e8re pourraient atteindre jusqu\u2019\u00e0 \u00ab\u2009un \u00e0 deux m\u00e8tres par an au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal\u2026\u2009\u00bb (G\u00c9O, 2019). Ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements climatiques ont des cons\u00e9quences multiples, telles que l\u2019appauvrissement des populations d\u00e9pendant de la p\u00eache artisanale, de l\u2019agriculture et du pastoralisme en raison de la s\u00e9cheresse. De m\u00eame, ils affectent la disponibilit\u00e9 des ressources en eau, des p\u00e2turages et des terres cultivables, intensifiant les tensions et les rivalit\u00e9s entre les communaut\u00e9s. Ces situations entra\u00eenent des d\u00e9placements massifs vers des r\u00e9gions plus cl\u00e9mentes, d\u00e9peintes par le terme de \u00ab\u2009r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s environnementaux\u2009\u00bb (El Hinnawi, 1985) instaur\u00e9 par le PNUE, ainsi qu\u2019une recrudescence des probl\u00e8mes de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 humaine dans chaque pays de la r\u00e9gion.         <\/p><p>En somme, le d\u00e9r\u00e8glement climatique cr\u00e9e un cercle vicieux compromettant la r\u00e9silience des communaut\u00e9s face aux changements environnementaux et aux probl\u00e8mes de s\u00e9curit\u00e9, notamment humaine, dans le Sahel (UNHCR, 2022). La hausse des temp\u00e9ratures, les conditions m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques extr\u00eames, la d\u00e9sertification, la d\u00e9gradation des terres et les inondations perturbent les moyens de subsistance, la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire et provoquent des d\u00e9placements massifs, mettant \u00e0 mal la r\u00e9silience des populations locales. Une analyse approfondie de l\u2019histoire des conflits et des d\u00e9placements dans le Sahel r\u00e9v\u00e8le le r\u00f4le essentiel des impacts du changement climatique comme d\u00e9clencheur de ces ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 humaine (De Satg\u00e9, 2023), n\u00e9cessitant ainsi des mesures et des actions efficientes pour la r\u00e9silience des communaut\u00e9s.  <\/p><h2>Quelques pistes de r\u00e9flexions et d\u2019actions<\/h2><p>Le changement climatique, \u00e0 travers le prisme des cons\u00e9quences in\u00e9gales subies par les pays sah\u00e9liens au d\u00e9triment des pays du Nord, comme d\u00e9montr\u00e9 dans les points pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents, est intrins\u00e8quement li\u00e9 aux enjeux de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 humaine cr\u00e9ant un contexte complexe qui requiert une analyse plus d\u00e9taill\u00e9e. Dans cette perspective, plusieurs pistes de r\u00e9flexion et d\u2019action peuvent \u00e9merger pour aborder ces d\u00e9fis multidimensionnels. <\/p><p>Tout d\u2019abord, la promotion d\u2019une adaptation locale \u00e0 travers une approche que nous qualifions de \u00ab\u2009glocale\u2009\u00bb. Cette d\u00e9marche insiste sur l\u2019enracinement des r\u00e9ponses aux cons\u00e9quences du changement climatique dans les contextes socioculturels sp\u00e9cifiques de la r\u00e9gion sah\u00e9lienne. En adoptant des mesures locales adapt\u00e9es aux r\u00e9alit\u00e9s et aux sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9s de chaque pays sah\u00e9lien en fonction des effets auxquels ils sont confront\u00e9s, tout en ayant des implications \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale, une telle approche pourrait se r\u00e9v\u00e9ler plus efficace que des solutions internationales standardis\u00e9es.  <\/p><p>En parall\u00e8le, il est imp\u00e9ratif de relever les d\u00e9fis politiques internationaux qui \u00e9mergent in\u00e9vitablement. Les implications \u00e9conomiques, environnementales et \u00e9thiques du r\u00e9chauffement accentuent les difficult\u00e9s politiques \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale, en particulier en mati\u00e8re de distribution \u00e9quitable du pouvoir de n\u00e9gociation et de d\u00e9cision lors des conf\u00e9rences climatiques. Une consid\u00e9ration \u00e9quitable des pr\u00e9occupations de tous les pays en mati\u00e8re de r\u00e9silience face au changement climatique est n\u00e9cessaire pour r\u00e9soudre ses multiples impacts, notamment les probl\u00e8mes de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 humaine dans la r\u00e9gion du Sahel.  <\/p><p>En outre, une r\u00e9flexion approfondie sur la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 humaine \u00e9merge comme une composante fondamentale. L\u2019approche de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 dans la r\u00e9gion sah\u00e9lienne ne devrait pas se limiter \u00e0 sa dimension physique, li\u00e9e aux diverses formes de conflits, mais devrait \u00eatre envisag\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re plus \u00e9tendue. Cela implique l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019eau, \u00e0 l\u2019alimentation et \u00e0 d\u2019autres services fondamentaux. La compr\u00e9hension et la gestion des questions s\u00e9curitaires sont des pr\u00e9requis essentiels pour une r\u00e9solution efficace dans la r\u00e9gion sah\u00e9lienne.   <\/p><p>Ces pistes de r\u00e9flexion, en mettant en lumi\u00e8re la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019une approche globalisante, soulignent l\u2019importance de consid\u00e9rer les dimensions locales, internationales et humaines de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 face aux impacts du changement climatique dans la r\u00e9gion sah\u00e9lienne. Une telle d\u00e9marche appara\u00eet comme une forte incitation pour faire face aux d\u00e9fis complexes et interconnect\u00e9s qui d\u00e9coulent de cette dynamique environnementale en constante \u00e9volution. <\/p><h2>Conclusion<\/h2><p>En d\u00e9finitive, les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique s\u2019alignent \u00e9troitement avec l\u2019injustice climatique subie par les pays du Sud, en particulier ceux du Sahel. Ces pays, bien qu\u2019\u00e9mettant moins de GES que les pays du Nord, subissent de mani\u00e8re disproportionn\u00e9e les r\u00e9percussions n\u00e9gatives du r\u00e9chauffement. Cette injustice engendre une myriade de cons\u00e9quences, transformant la r\u00e9gion sah\u00e9lienne en un th\u00e9\u00e2tre de d\u00e9fis s\u00e9curitaires prot\u00e9iformes, notamment la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 humaine.  <\/p><p>Face \u00e0 cette r\u00e9alit\u00e9, il appara\u00eet opportun pour les pays sah\u00e9liens de s\u2019\u00e9loigner partiellement des recommandations des conf\u00e9rences internationales sur le climat, lesquelles ont jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent d\u00e9montr\u00e9 leurs limites. Il devient imp\u00e9ratif de rechercher des solutions ancr\u00e9es dans leurs contextes socioculturels sp\u00e9cifiques, adoptant une approche \u00ab\u2009glocale\u2009\u00bb qui combine des mesures locales adapt\u00e9es avec des implications \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale. Ce changement d\u2019approche pourrait offrir des r\u00e9ponses plus efficaces et mieux adapt\u00e9es aux enjeux r\u00e9els de la r\u00e9gion, d\u00e9passant ainsi les barri\u00e8res rencontr\u00e9es jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent dans les approches internationales standardis\u00e9es. En adoptant cette approche globale, les pays sah\u00e9liens peuvent envisager des strat\u00e9gies de r\u00e9silience plus viables face aux impacts du changement climatique, tout en tenant compte de leurs r\u00e9alit\u00e9s sp\u00e9cifiques et en contribuant dans une d\u00e9marche globale \u00e0 la justice climatique.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d9184d e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2d9184d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7fd8c3 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a7fd8c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'auteur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38b0172 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-link-in-bio\" data-id=\"38b0172\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"link-in-bio.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio e-link-in-bio\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image e-link-in-bio__identity-image-profile has-style-circle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Cheikh-Cisse--225x300.png\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image-element\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Cheikh-Cisse--225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Cheikh-Cisse-.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"e-link-in-bio__heading\">Cheikh Ciss\u00e9<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"e-link-in-bio__title\">Urbaniste Consultant et charg\u00e9 d\u2019enseignement<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-link-in-bio__description\">Chercheur affili\u00e9 au African Studies Centre Leiden<\/p>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icons has-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon is-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a aria-label=\"Email\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-link\" href=\"mailto:cisse27@yahoo.fr?subject=Contact%20from%20GA%20Bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-svg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__ctas has-type-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/cheikh-cisse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener \" class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta is-type-button has-corners-rounded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVoir le profil complet\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca44f9b ignoretoc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ca44f9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9galement dans ce num\u00e9ro<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08ab0bf elementor-grid-1 elementor-grid-tablet-1 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-posts--show-avatar elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"08ab0bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:27,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_tablet_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_mobile_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.posts_cards_pp_authors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-posts_cards_pp_authors elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15271 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-revue author-global-africa\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1200\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Issue-10-\u2013-Global-AfricaProtective-Knowledges-The-Wisdom-to-Protect-.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-15268\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tNum\u00e9ro 10 \u2013 Global Africa\u00ab Savoirs protecteurs, savoir prot\u00e9ger \u00bb\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Num\u00e9ro 10 \u2013 Global Africa\u00ab Savoirs protecteurs, savoir prot\u00e9ger \u00bb\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tGlobal Africa\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15509 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-analyses-critiques author-karine-collette-fr author-ibrahima-ba-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14990\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41.png 527w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41-210x300.png 210w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 527px) 100vw, 527px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tTerre-M\u00e8re : trace discursive d\u2019une \u00e9mancipation \u00e9cologique au Nord et au Sud ?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Terre-M\u00e8re : trace discursive d\u2019une \u00e9mancipation \u00e9cologique au Nord et au Sud ?\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tKarine Collette, Ibrahima Ba\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15517 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-champ author-cheikh-sadibou-sakho-fr author-masengesho-kamuzinzi-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.18.04.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14982\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\t\u00ab We Heal Together \u00bb, un savoir protecteur par excellence qui s\u2019inspire de l\u2019h\u00e9ritage africain, o\u00f9 les responsabilit\u00e9s envers soi et envers autrui sont indissociables\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur \u00ab We Heal Together \u00bb, un savoir protecteur par excellence qui s\u2019inspire de l\u2019h\u00e9ritage africain, o\u00f9 les responsabilit\u00e9s envers soi et envers autrui sont indissociables\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tCheikh Sadibou Sakho, Masengesho Kamuzinzi\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15523 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-analyses-critiques author-cheikh-sadibou-sakho-fr author-ndeye-laity-ndiaye-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.17.22.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14992\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tIt Takes a Village! (R\u00e9)inventer la mise \u00e0 l\u2019abri des survivantes de violences sexuelles au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal<br>Pistes \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience du centre Kullimaaroo de Ziguinchor\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur It Takes a Village! (R\u00e9)inventer la mise \u00e0 l\u2019abri des survivantes de violences sexuelles au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal&lt;br&gt;Pistes \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience du centre Kullimaaroo de Ziguinchor\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tCheikh Sadibou Sakho, Nd\u00e8ye La\u00efty Ndiaye\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e590199 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e590199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dd1381 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-adv-tabs\" data-id=\"3dd1381\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-adv-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div data-scroll-on-click=\"no\" data-scroll-speed=\"300\" id=\"eael-advance-tabs-3dd1381\" class=\"eael-advance-tabs eael-tabs-horizontal eael-tab-auto-active  responsive-vertical-layout\" data-tabid=\"3dd1381\">\n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-nav \">\n                <ul class=\"eael-tab-inline-icon\" role=\"tablist\">\n                                            <li id=\"pour-citer-larticle-\" class=\"active-default eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-quote-left\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Pour citer l&rsquo;article :<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"notes\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"notes-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-notes-medical\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Notes<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"bibliographie\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"bibliographie-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-book\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Bibliographie<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                    \n                                  <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-content\">\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item active-default\" data-title-link=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <h5>APA<\/h5>\n<p>Ciss\u00e9, C. (2024). Les d\u00e9fis s\u00e9curitaires \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9preuve de l\u2019injustice climatique au Sahel : une br\u00e8ve revue des connaissances. Global Africa, (5), pp. 230-240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/7mxb-gd26   <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/sxhj-9938\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/sxhj-9938<\/a><\/p>\n<h5>MLA<\/h5>\n<p>Ciss\u00e9, C. \u00ab Les d\u00e9fis s\u00e9curitaires \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9preuve de l\u2019injustice climatique au Sahel : une br\u00e8ve revue des connaissances \u00bb. Global Africa, no. 5, 2024, p. 230-240. doi.org\/10.57832\/7mxb-gd26  <\/p>\n<h5>DOI<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/sxhj-9938\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/sxhj-9938<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00a9 2024 by author(s). This work is openly licensed via CC BY-NC 4.0 <\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"notes-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"notes-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <ol>\n<li>[1] Conclusion d\u2019un accord en 1997 qui pr\u00e9conisait des quotas d\u2019\u00e9missions par pays, pour parvenir a\u0300 une baisse globale des \u00e9missions de gaz a\u0300 effet de serre de 5 % sur la p\u00e9riode 2008-2012. Beaucoup de pays du Nord ont ratifie\u0301 le protocole de Kyoto, particuli\u00e8rement l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne, mais les \u00c9tats-Unis, parmi les plus grands pollueurs du monde avec plus 36 % du total mondial de gaz a\u0300 effet de serre \u00e9mis, ont refus\u00e9\u0301 de le signer. <\/li>\n<li>[2] L\u2019objectif de l\u2019Accord de Paris est de limiter le r\u00e9chauffement climatique \u00e0 un niveau bien inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 2 \u00b0C, de pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence 1,5 \u00b0C, par rapport au niveau pr\u00e9industriel. Pour ce faire, il est n\u00e9cessaire de diminuer drastiquement les rejets de carbone en amor\u00e7ant une transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, en passant des \u00e9nergies fossiles aux \u00e9nergies renouvelables. <\/li>\n<li>[3] Carbone 4, un cabinet de conseil sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, indique que 80 % des \u00e9missions mondiales de GES associ\u00e9es \u00e0 l&rsquo;utilisation de l\u2019\u00e9nergie proviennent du CO2 d\u00e9gag\u00e9 dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re par la combustion d\u2019\u00e9nergies fossiles (Joly et al., 2023).<\/li>\n<li>\nhttps:\/\/www.letemps.ch\/economie\/linaction-climatique-coute-plus-cher-prise-mesures-fortes<\/li>\n<li>\nhttps:\/\/www.afrik21.africa\/en\/africa-a-charter-on-agroecology-is-born\/<\/li>\n<li>[6] Le za\u00ef est une m\u00e9thode traditionnelle consistant \u00e0 r\u00e9aliser des petites excavations (appel\u00e9es za\u00ef) dans le sol pour retenir l\u2019eau de pluie et favoriser la croissance des cultures, particuli\u00e8rement b\u00e9n\u00e9fique pendant les p\u00e9riodes de s\u00e9cheresse (ASFA, 2016).<\/li>\n<li>[7] Au Niger, l\u2019agroforesterie est largement adopt\u00e9e. Les agriculteurs plantent des arbres fruitiers et des esp\u00e8ces ligneuses dans leurs champs afin d\u2019am\u00e9liorer la fertilit\u00e9 du sol, pr\u00e9venir l\u2019\u00e9rosion et g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des revenus suppl\u00e9mentaires gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la commercialisation de produits forestiers non ligneux. (AFSA, 2016).  <\/li>\n<li>World Bank, \u201cHarmonized List of Fragile Situations FY14\u201d. http:\/\/siteresources.worldbank.org\/EXTLICUS\/Resources\/5117771269623894864\/HarmonizedlistoffragilestatesFY14.pdf<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"bibliographie-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"bibliographie-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>Abdou, A., Saley, K., Ali, M., &amp; Aboubacar, I. (2021). Impacts d\u2019une technique de restauration de terre d\u00e9grad\u00e9e sur la survie et la croissance des plants de quatre esp\u00e8ces de combretaceae en zone sah\u00e9lienne du Niger. European Scientific Journal, 17(43), 134.   https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19044\/esj.2021.v17n43p134<\/p>\n<p>AFSA (2016). Agroecology: The Bold Future of Farming in Africa. AFSA &amp; TOAM.   https:\/\/www.alimenterre.org\/system\/files\/ressources\/pdf\/1070-agroecology-the-bold-future-of-farming-in-africa.pdf<\/p>\n<p>Alliance Sahel (2019). Results report 3 years of Sahel Alliance.  https:\/\/www.alliance-sahel.org\/en\/results-report-3-years\/climate-change\/<\/p>\n<p>Carrou\u00e9, L. (2015). La plan\u00e8te financi\u00e8re. Capital, pouvoirs, espaces et territoires. Armand Colin.    https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/la-planete-financiere&#8211;9782200601294-page-147.htm\n <\/p>\n<p>Dai, A., Trenberth, K. E., &amp; Karl, T. R (1998). Global variations in droughts and wet spells: 1900-1995. Geophysical Research Letters, 25, 3367-3370.   https:\/\/www2.cgd.ucar.edu\/staff\/trenbert\/trenberth.papers\/PDSI-GRL-98-Paper.pdf\n <\/p>\n<p>De Bandt, O., Jacolin, L., &amp; Lemaire, T. (2021). Changement climatique dans les pays en d\u00e9veloppement : effets du r\u00e9chauffement climatique, m\u00e9canismes de transmission et politiques d\u2019adaptation. Banque de France.   https:\/\/publications.banque-france.fr\/changement-climatique-dans-les-pays-en-developpement-effets-du-rechauffement-climatique-mecanismes<\/p>\n<p>De Satg\u00e9, R. (2023). Climate change, conflict and displacement across the Sahel. storymaps.arcgis.com.   https:\/\/storymaps.arcgis.com\/stories\/f7b65d87903d4169a719d0ea2f386a5f<\/p>\n<p>Denchak, M. (2022). Fossil Fuels: The Dirty Facts. NRDC.   https:\/\/www.nrdc.org\/stories\/fossil-fuels-dirty-facts<\/p>\n<p>Denton, F. (2016). Changements climatiques et conflits : inversement des r\u00f4les ou nouvelles tensions et in\u00e9galit\u00e9s ? Chronique ONU, 52(4).   https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18356\/01820204-fr<\/p>\n<p>Doumbia, M. K. (2013). Genre, changement climatique et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 humaine dans le Sahel. Le hub rural.   https:\/\/www.hubrural.org\/Genre-changement-climatique-et.html?lang=fr.<\/p>\n<p>El Hinnawi E. (1985). Environmental refugees. PNUE, 41 p.   https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/121267\n <\/p>\n<p>Faye, M., Fall, A., Faye, G., &amp; Van Hecke, E., (2018). La variabilit\u00e9 pluviom\u00e9trique et ses incidences sur les rendements agricoles dans la r\u00e9gion des Terres neuves du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal oriental. Belgeo [En ligne], 1, mis en ligne le 20 juin 2018, consult\u00e9 le 24 f\u00e9vrier 2024.   https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/belgeo\/22083\n <\/p>\n<p>Garba, I., Abdourahamane, Z. S., Sanoussi, A. A., &amp; Salifou, I. (2023). Optimisation de l\u2019\u00e9valuation de la biomasse fourrag\u00e8re en zone sah\u00e9lienne gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019utilisation de la m\u00e9thode de r\u00e9gression lin\u00e9aire multiple en conjonction avec la stratification. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 19(33), 52.   https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19044\/esj.2023.v19n33p52\n <\/p>\n<p>G\u00c9O (2019). Le Sahel au c\u0153ur des enjeux du changement climatique. G\u00e9o [en ligne].   https:\/\/www.geo.fr\/environnement\/le-sahel-au-coeur-des-enjeux-du-changement-climatique-198917<\/p>\n<p>Georgieva, K., Gaspar, V., &amp; Pazarbasioglu, C. (2022). Les pays pauvres et vuln\u00e9rables ont besoin de soutien pour s\u2019adapter au changement climatique. FMI.   https:\/\/www.imf.org\/fr\/Blogs\/Articles\/2022\/03\/23\/blog032322-poor-and-vulnerable-countris-need-support-to-adapt-to-climate-change<\/p>\n<p>GIEC (2007). R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019intention des d\u00e9cideurs. In S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor, &amp; H. L. Miller (\u00e9d.), Changements climatiques 2007 : Les \u00e9l\u00e9ments scientifiques. Contribution du Groupe de travail I au quatri\u00e8me rapport d\u2019\u00e9valuation du Groupe d\u2019experts intergouvernemental sur l\u2019\u00e9volution du climat.    Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n<p>GIEC (2018). Matthews, J.B.R. (\u00e9d.). Annexe I: Glossaire. In V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H. O. P\u00f6rtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. P\u00e9an, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor et T. Waterfield (dirs.), R\u00e9chauffement plan\u00e9taire de 1,5 \u00b0C. GIEC, sous presse.     https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/site\/assets\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/09\/SR15_Summary_Volume_french.pdf<\/p>\n<p>GIEC (2021). R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019intention des d\u00e9cideurs. In: Changement climatique 2021: les bases scientifiques physiques. Contribution du Groupe de travail I au sixi\u00e8me Rapport d\u2019\u00e9valuation du Groupe d\u2019experts intergouvernemental sur l\u2019\u00e9volution du climat [publi\u00e9 sous la direction de Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. P\u00e9an, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelek\u00e7i, R. Yu, et B. Zhou]. Cambridge University Press: https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/wg1\/downloads\/report\/IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM_French.pdf     <\/p>\n<p>Haub, C., &amp; Kaneda, T. (2014). 2014 World Population Data Sheet. Population Reference Bureau.   https:\/\/www.prb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/2014-world-population-data-sheet_french.pdf<\/p>\n<p>Heinrigs, P. (2010). Security Implications of Climate Change in the Sahel Region: Policy considerations. OECD.   https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/swac\/publications\/47234320.pdf<\/p>\n<p>IPCC Report (2022). Impacts, adaptation et vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9.  https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/wg2\/\n <\/p>\n<p>IPCC Report (2023). Climate Change.  https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/syr\/<\/p>\n<p>Jeune Afrique (2023). L\u2019Afrique face aux enjeux climatiques : tout comprendre en infographies. Jeune Afrique [en ligne].   https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1503662\/societe\/lafrique-face-aux-enjeux-climatiques-tout-comprendre-en-infographies\/\n <\/p>\n<p>Joly, A., Rouault, B., De Montmarin, S., margo, M., Grillet, C., &amp; Arduin, I. (2023). Les id\u00e9es re\u00e7ues sur l\u2019\u00e9nergie et le climat. Carbone 4.   https:\/\/www.carbone4.com\/analyse-faq-energie-climat<\/p>\n<p>Jones, P-D., &amp; Hulme, M. (1996). Calculating regional climatic time series for temperature and precipitation: Methods and illustrations. International Journal of Climatology, 16, 361-377: https:\/\/research-portal.uea.ac.uk\/en\/publications\/calculating-regional-climatic-time-series-for-temperature-and-pre <\/p>\n<p>Karambiri, B. L. C. N., &amp; Gansaonre, R. N. (2023). Variabilit\u00e9 spatio-temporelle de la pluviom\u00e9trie dans les zones soudaniennes, soudano-sah\u00e9lienne et sah\u00e9lienne du Burkina Faso. European Scientific Journal, 15(1).   https:\/\/eujournal.org\/index.php\/esj\/article\/view\/16506\n <\/p>\n<p>Keilar, A.T., Djeko, M.D., Yameogo, V. B. (2023). Changements climatiques et \u00e9volution des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes autour du lac Fitri en zone sah\u00e9lienne du Tchad. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci.      17(5), 2037-2047. 10.4314\/ijbcs.v17i5.21 <\/p>\n<p>La Banque Mondiale (2020). Emissions de CO2 (tonnes m\u00e9triques par habitant) en Afrique entre 1990 et 2000 &#8211; Centre d&rsquo;analyse des informations relatives au dioxyde de carbone, division des sciences de l&rsquo;environnement, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, \u00c9tats-Unis : https:\/\/donnees.banquemondiale.org\/indicateur\/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC?locations=A9 <\/p>\n<p>Nicholson, S.-E. (2005). On the question of the \u201crecovery\u201d of the rains in the West African Sahel. Journal of arid environments, 63(3), 615-641. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0140196305000509?via%3Dihub <\/p>\n<p>Nicholson, S.-E. (2013). The West African Sahel: A review of recent studies on the rainfall regime and its interannual variability. ISRN Meteorology. https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/isrn\/2013\/453521\/ <\/p>\n<p>Nicholson, S.-E. (2014). Climate change and the politics of causal reasoning: the case of climate change and migration. The Geographical Journal, 180(2), 151-160. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S001671852200241X <\/p>\n<p>Nunez, C. (2023). Tout comprendre sur les \u00e9nergies fossiles. www.nationalgeographic.fr.   https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.fr\/environnement\/tout-comprendre-sur-les-energies-fossiles<\/p>\n<p>ONU-INFO (2020). Inondations au Sahel : au moins 112 morts et plus de 700 000 personnes affect\u00e9es (HCR). ONU.   https:\/\/news.un.org\/fr\/story\/2020\/09\/1078132<\/p>\n<p>Ouattara, I., Diarra, Y., &amp; Mariko, S. (2019). \u00c9tude des impacts des changements climatiques sur les activit\u00e9s agricoles dans la commune rurale de Mafoun\u00e9, cercle de Tominian, r\u00e9gion de S\u00e9gou au Mali. European Scientific Journal, 15, 1857-7881.   http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.19044\/esj.2019.v15n11p121\n <\/p>\n<p>Oxfam (2022). \u00c0 la d\u00e9couverte du Sahel, la porte entre deux Afriques. www.oxfam.org.   https:\/\/www.oxfamfrance.org\/financement-du-developpement\/qu-est-ce-que-le-sahel\/<\/p>\n<p>Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) (2013). 4\u00b0, baissons la chaleur : ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes climatiques extr\u00eames, impacts r\u00e9gionaux et plaidoyer en faveur de l\u2019adaptation.  Banque mondiale. https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/content\/dam\/Worldbank\/document\/4degrees%20regional%20summary%20FRE%20complete.pdf<\/p>\n<p>Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) (2023, November, 23). A fifth higher: Tropical cyclones substantially raise the Social Cost of Carbon. ScienceDaily.   https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2023\/11\/231123164734.htm\n <\/p>\n<p>Potts, M., Zulu, E., Wehner, M., Castillo, F., Henderson, C. (2013). Crisis in the sahel. Possible Solutions and the Consequences of Inaction. The OASIS Initiative.   <\/p>\n<p>Rawls, J. (1971). A Theory of justice.  Harvard University Press. https:\/\/philarchive.org\/archive\/DAVJRA\n <\/p>\n<p>Raynaut, C. (1997). Sahels : diversit\u00e9 et dynamiques des relations soci\u00e9t\u00e9s-nature.  Karthala. https:\/\/www.documentation.ird.fr\/hor\/fdi:010025407\n <\/p>\n<p>Sanou, B. C., &amp; Hien, E. (2022). Contraintes de la production rizicole en zone soudano-sah\u00e9lienne : cas du basfond de Lofing, sud-ouest du Burkina Faso. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci., 16(6), 2573-2584. 10.4314\/ijbcs.v16i6.9 <\/p>\n<p>S\u00e9nat fran\u00e7ais (2016). Sahel : repenser l\u2019aide publique au d\u00e9veloppement. Rapport d\u2019information n\u00b0 728, d\u00e9pos\u00e9 le 29 juin 2016.   https:\/\/www.senat.fr\/rap\/r15-728\/r15-7281.html<\/p>\n<p>Solana Madariaga, J. (2008). Changements climatiques et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 internationale. Commission europ\u00e9enne.   https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/media\/30861\/fr_clim_change_low.pdf\n <\/p>\n<p>Steffen, W. Wendy, B., Lisa, D., Owen, G., &amp; Cornelia, L. (2015). The trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great Acceleration. The Anthropocene Review, 1(2), 1-18.   https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2053019614564785\n <\/p>\n<p>Tesfaye, B. (2022). Climate Change and Conflict in the Sahel. Discussion Paper Series on Managing Global Disorder, no 11. www.cfr.org.    https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/report\/climate-change-and-conflict-sahel\n <\/p>\n<p>Togo, S., Sogodogo, D., Dembele, J. S. B., &amp; Dembele, S. G. (2023). Effet de la fertilisation organo-min\u00e9rale sur le rendement du sorgho dans la zone soudano-sah\u00e9lienne du Mali. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci., 17(5), 1841-1855. 10.4314\/ijbcs.v17i5.6 <\/p>\n<p>Toupet, C. (1992). Le Sahel. Nathan.   https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/geoca_0035-113x_1993_num_68_2_5968\n <\/p>\n<p>UNHCR (2022). L\u2019ONU met en garde contre l\u2019aggravation des conflits et des d\u00e9placements au Sahel en l\u2019absence de mesures climatiques imm\u00e9diates. www.unhcr.org.   https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/fr\/actualites\/news-releases\/lonu-met-en-garde-contre-laggravation-des-conflits-et-des-deplacements-au\n <\/p>\n<p>Werrell, C. E., &amp; Femia, F. (2018). Avec le changement climatique, la menace de nouveaux conflits.  Unesco. courier.unesco.org. https:\/\/courier.unesco.org\/fr\/articles\/avec-le-changement-climatique-la-menace-de-nouveaux-conflits<\/p>\n<p>World Bank, Doing Business (2015). Going Beyond Efficiency, 12e edit. www.doingbusiness.org\/reports\/globalreports\/doing-business-2015   <\/p>\n<p>World DataBank, World Development Indicators. (2014). https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/reports.aspx?source=World-Development-Indicators\n <\/p>\n<p>World-Bank (2019). Sahelian countries must accelerate growth and prioritize climate adaptation to alleviate poverty and address food insecurity &#8211; new World Bank Group report. Press release n\u00b02023\/006\/AFW: https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2022\/09\/19\/sahelian-countries-can-boost-and-diversify-their-economies-to-take-on-the-climate-crisis-and-food-insecurity   <\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t                    <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aff930 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5aff930\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc34b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-off-canvas\" data-id=\"fc34b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"off-canvas.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"eael-creative-button-wrapper\">\n\n            <a class=\"eael-creative-button eael-creative-button--default eael-cb-icon-position-\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Doff_canvas%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6ImZjMzRiODYiLCJkaXNwbGF5TW9kZSI6Im9wZW4ifQ%3D%3D\" data-text=\"Allez-y !\">\n            \t    \n                <div class=\"creative-button-inner\">\n\n                    \n                    <span class=\"cretive-button-text\">Table des mati\u00e8res<\/span>\n\n                                    <\/div>\n\t                        <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Num\u00e9ro 05 &#8211; Analyses critiques This post is also available in: English Fran\u00e7ais (French) T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER EN PDF 05.2024Varia Publi\u00e9 le : 20 mars 2024ISSN: 3020-0458 T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER LE NUM\u00c9RO PDF Abstract R\u00e9sum\u00e9 Muhtasari \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 The Sahel, a geographical region of Africa located between the Sahara and sub-Saharan Africa, is strongly affected by climate change issues. Although many challenges have been identified, few scientific studies clearly establish the links between the impacts of that change and security issues in that area. Based on a comparison of empirical data and scientific studies collected from specialized sources from different countries in the region, this article sets out to demonstrate the climate injustice experienced by developing countries, including the Sahelian countries, due to their economic lag behind developed countries. The article then makes a detailed analysis focusing on the correlation between the consequences of this change, both regional and specific to each Sahel country, and the many security challenges &#8211; particularly human security &#8211; that they face. Keywords Sahel, climate change, climate injustice, security challenges, developing countries Le Sahel, r\u00e9gion g\u00e9ographique d\u2019Afrique situ\u00e9e entre le Sahara et l\u2019Afrique subsaharienne, est fortement touch\u00e9 par les probl\u00e9matiques li\u00e9es au changement climatique. Bien que de nombreux d\u00e9fis soient identifi\u00e9s, peu d\u2019\u00e9tudes scientifiques \u00e9tablissent clairement les liens entre les impacts de ce changement et les enjeux s\u00e9curitaires dans cette zone. En s\u2019appuyant sur une confrontation de donn\u00e9es empiriques et d\u2019\u00e9tudes scientifiques collect\u00e9es de sources sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es des diff\u00e9rents pays de la r\u00e9gion, cet article se propose de d\u00e9montrer l\u2019injustice climatique v\u00e9cue par les pays en d\u00e9veloppement, dont les pays sah\u00e9liens, en raison de leur retard \u00e9conomique par rapport aux pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s\u2009; ensuite, de faire des analyses fines centr\u00e9es sur la corr\u00e9lation entre les cons\u00e9quences de ce changement \u00e0 la fois r\u00e9gionales et sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e0 chaque pays du Sahel et les nombreux d\u00e9fis s\u00e9curitaires \u2013 notamment la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 humaine \u2013 qu\u2019ils am\u00e8nent \u00e0 relever. Mots-cl\u00e9s Sahel, changement climatique, injustice climatique, d\u00e9fis s\u00e9curitaires, pays en d\u00e9veloppement Sahel, eneo la kijiografia la Afrika lililo kati ya Sahara na Afrika Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara, limeathiriwa pakubwa na masuala yanayohusiana na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa. Ingawa changamoto nyingi zimetambuliwa, tafiti chache za kisayansi zinaweka wazi uhusiano kati ya athari za mabadiliko haya na masuala ya usalama katika eneo hili. Kwa kuzingatia ulinganisho wa data za kimajaribio na tafiti za kisayansi zilizokusanywa kutoka kwa vyanzo maalum kutoka nchi mbalimbali za kanda, makala haya yanalenga kuonyesha dhuluma ya hali ya hewa inayokumba nchi zinazoendelea, zikiwemo nchi za Saheli, kutokana na kuchelewa kwao kiuchumi ikilinganishwa na nchi zilizoendelea; kisha, kufanya uchambuzi wa kina unaozingatia uwiano kati ya matokeo ya mabadiliko haya, ya kikanda na maalum kwa kila nchi katika Sahel, na changamoto nyingi za usalama &#8211; hasa usalama wa binadamu &#8211; ambazo huleta. Maneno muhimu Sahel, mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa, ukosefu wa haki ya hali ya hewa, changamoto za usalama, nchi zinazoendelea \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629- \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627.\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a- \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a- \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629- \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629- \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0651 Introduction Le changement climatique, avec ses effets disproportionn\u00e9s sur les pays du Sud, est une pr\u00e9occupation mondiale, notamment pour les pays du Sahel, o\u00f9 les temp\u00e9ratures extr\u00eames, la mont\u00e9e du niveau de la mer, la raret\u00e9 des ressources et les crises alimentaires sont r\u00e9elles (GIEC, 2021). Cette vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 est accentu\u00e9e par le faible niveau de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique des pays sah\u00e9liens (De Bandt et al., 2021). Parall\u00e8lement, en plus de ses implications s\u00e9curitaires, il pousse les pays vers les \u00ab\u2009limites plan\u00e9taires\u2009\u00bb, mena\u00e7ant l\u2019existence et la qualit\u00e9 de vie, tandis que les richesses sont de plus en plus financiaris\u00e9es et polaris\u00e9es (Steffen et al., 2015\u2009; Carrou\u00e9, 2015). Pour analyser les cons\u00e9quences du r\u00e9chauffement plan\u00e9taire et les d\u00e9fis s\u00e9curitaires, notamment humains, \u00e0 travers le prisme de l\u2019injustice, la r\u00e9gion sah\u00e9lienne est choisie comme cas d\u2019\u00e9tude en raison de ses nombreux d\u00e9fis \u00e9conomiques, environnementaux, tels que la pauvret\u00e9, la malnutrition, les s\u00e9cheresses et les inondations r\u00e9currentes (Oxfam, 2022), ainsi que des d\u00e9fis de d\u00e9veloppement durable aggrav\u00e9s par ce changement selon le GIEC (IPCC, 2022). Selon un rapport du Groupe de la Banque mondiale (World Bank, 2022) pour cinq pays du Sahel (Burkina Faso, Tchad, Mali, Mauritanie et Niger), jusqu\u2019\u00e0 13,5 millions de personnes risquent de basculer dans la pauvret\u00e9 \u00e0 cause des chocs climatiques, n\u00e9cessitant des mesures d\u2019adaptation urgentes. Ces d\u00e9fis n\u00e9cessitent la mise en place de strat\u00e9gies de r\u00e9silience, particuli\u00e8rement en mati\u00e8re de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 humaine, dans la plupart des pays de la r\u00e9gion. De plus, des initiatives mondiales telles que les protocoles de Kyoto1 , l\u2019Accord de Paris \u2013 la COP 212 , et plus r\u00e9cemment la COP 27 en \u00c9gypte et la COP 28 \u00e0 Duba\u00ef \u2013, soulignent d\u00e9sormais l\u2019urgence d\u2019une action de solidarit\u00e9 internationale pour faire face aux diff\u00e9rents effets du r\u00e9chauffement climatique, notamment dans les pays du Sud. Le principal objectif de cet article est de d\u00e9montrer que les disparit\u00e9s de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique exacerbent l\u2019injustice climatique entre les pays et g\u00e9n\u00e8rent des d\u00e9fis, notamment s\u00e9curitaires, mettant en lumi\u00e8re la question de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 humaine dans la r\u00e9gion sah\u00e9lienne. M\u00e9thodologie et plan La m\u00e9thodologie adopt\u00e9e repose sur une approche holistique, d\u00e9butant par une revue de la litt\u00e9rature scientifique disponible concernant le changement climatique, l\u2019injustice climatique et les d\u00e9fis<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":6692,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[200],"tags":[],"issues3":[],"post_folder":[],"ppma_author":[470],"class_list":["post-10793","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analyses-critiques","author-cheikh-cisse-fr"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Les d\u00e9fis s\u00e9curitaires \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9preuve de l\u2019injustice climatique au Sahel : Une br\u00e8ve revue des connaissances | Global 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