{"id":10580,"date":"2025-03-12T23:34:26","date_gmt":"2025-03-12T23:34:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/actualites\/commerce-numerique-et-zlecaf-le-cadre-juridique-a-lepreuve-du-marche-numerique-continental\/"},"modified":"2025-05-15T11:45:47","modified_gmt":"2025-05-15T11:45:47","slug":"commerce-numerique-et-zlecaf-le-cadre-juridique-a-lepreuve-du-marche-numerique-continental","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/commerce-numerique-et-zlecaf-le-cadre-juridique-a-lepreuve-du-marche-numerique-continental\/","title":{"rendered":"Commerce num\u00e9rique et ZLECAf Le cadre juridique \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9preuve du march\u00e9 num\u00e9rique continental"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10580\" class=\"elementor elementor-10580\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-036a802 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"036a802\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1d7910 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d1d7910\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c21c9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c21c9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Num\u00e9ro 08 - Analyses critiques<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62d8bc1 elementor-author-box--link-yes ignoretoc elementor-author-box--avatar-yes elementor-author-box--name-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"62d8bc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/author\/assane-diankha-fr\/\" class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Assane-Diankha-.webp\" alt=\"Image de Assane Diankha\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/author\/assane-diankha-fr\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 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fa-file-pdf\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER EN PDF<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2724b9e e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2724b9e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f03e25c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f03e25c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"\/?issues=Digital%20Economy%20in%20Africa%20\">08.2024<br>\u00c9conomie num\u00e9rique en Afrique<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b07a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b07a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Publi\u00e9 le : 20 d\u00e9cembre 2024<br><\/strong><strong>ISSN: 3020-0458<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38d84bf elementor-align-center elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"38d84bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Global-Africa-Issue-08-Digital-Economy-in-Africa.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER LE NUM\u00c9RO PDF<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5db791 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b5db791\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2481\" height=\"3508\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Global-Africa-Issue-08-Digital-Economy-in-Africa.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-9934\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae2d51c e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ae2d51c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c8215e e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3c8215e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa2f8e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-adv-tabs\" data-id=\"fa2f8e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-adv-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div data-scroll-on-click=\"no\" data-scroll-speed=\"300\" id=\"eael-advance-tabs-fa2f8e7\" class=\"eael-advance-tabs eael-tabs-horizontal eael-tab-auto-active  responsive-vertical-layout\" data-tabid=\"fa2f8e7\">\n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-nav \">\n                <ul class=\"eael-tab-inline-icon\" role=\"tablist\">\n                                            <li id=\"abstract\" class=\"active-default eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"abstract-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Abstract<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"rsum\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"rsum-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_France.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"muhtasari\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"muhtasari-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_Kenya.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Muhtasari<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                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22.066 0.8064 6.0585 7.6533 10.374 15.307 9.6263 7.6459-0.7472 13.195-6.2637 12.396-12.33l-0.3079-2.3223h40.004c0.7037 3.9048 4.6037 6.9011 9.354 6.9011s8.6502-2.9963 9.3613-6.9011h40.693v-0.095c8.4963 6.0294 19.294 9.4946 30.716 9.4946 10.747 0 19.456-7.4652 19.456-16.681v-4.8205c0-16.842-15.922-30.506-35.569-30.506\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                    \n                                  <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-content\">\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"abstract-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item active-default\" data-title-link=\"abstract-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) represents a large-scale free trade agreement designed to create a unified market facilitating the free movement of goods, services, capital, and data across the African continent. This agreement covers a range of legal domains, including trade in goods and services, investments, competition policy, intellectual property rights, as well as digital trade and the inclusion of women and youth in commerce. By establishing a harmonized legal framework, the AfCFTA seeks to address the continent\u2019s main legal challenge, often described as a \u00ab\u00a0legal patchwork\u00a0\u00bb. The coexistence of multiple legal regimes\u2014including community and regional regulations, national laws, and international treaties\u2014has led to significant legal complexity. By facilitating the free flow of services and providers in strategic sectors such as professional services, information technologies, telecommunications, media, tourism, transport, and financial services, member states create favorable conditions for promoting inclusive e-commerce. Through the integration of crucial areas such as cross-border data transfer, digital financial transactions, taxation of digital products, and customs duties applicable to digital trade, the AfCFTA offers substantial prospects for digital ecosystem stakeholders as well as regulatory authorities responsible for enforcing these standards. However, achieving a truly digital AfCFTA requires bridging technological, infrastructural, legal, and economic gaps.      <\/p>\n<h5>Keywords<\/h5>\n<p>Legal framework, digital trade, regulatory cooperation, regional integration, AfCFTA<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"rsum-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"rsum-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>La zone de libre-\u00e9change continentale africaine (ZLECAf) repr\u00e9sente un accord de libre-\u00e9change d\u2019envergure pour l\u2019instauration d\u2019un march\u00e9 unifi\u00e9 facilitant la libre circulation des marchandises, des services, des capitaux et des donn\u00e9es sur l\u2019ensemble du continent africain. Cet accord concerne divers domaines juridiques incluant le commerce des biens et des services, les investissements, la politique de la concurrence, les droits de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle, ainsi que le commerce num\u00e9rique et l\u2019inclusion des femmes et des jeunes dans le commerce. En \u00e9tablissant un cadre juridique harmonis\u00e9, la ZLECAf aspire \u00e0 r\u00e9soudre le principal d\u00e9fi juridique du continent, souvent d\u00e9crit comme un \u00ab patchwork juridique \u00bb. La coexistence de multiples r\u00e9gimes juridiques \u2013 comprenant les r\u00e8glements communautaires et r\u00e9gionaux, les r\u00e9glementations nationales, ainsi que les lois internationales \u2013 a engendr\u00e9 une complexit\u00e9 juridique consid\u00e9rable. En facilitant la libre circulation des services et des fournisseurs dans des secteurs strat\u00e9giques tels que les services professionnels, les technologies de l\u2019information, les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, les m\u00e9dias, le tourisme, les transports et les services financiers, les \u00c9tats membres instaurent les conditions propices \u00e0 la promotion d\u2019un commerce \u00e9lectronique inclusif. Par l\u2019int\u00e9gration de domaines cruciaux comme le transfert transfrontalier des donn\u00e9es, les transactions financi\u00e8res num\u00e9riques, la fiscalit\u00e9 des produits num\u00e9riques et les droits de douane applicables au commerce num\u00e9rique, la ZLECAf offre des perspectives substantielles pour les acteurs de l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me num\u00e9rique ainsi que pour les autorit\u00e9s charg\u00e9es de la r\u00e9gulation et de l\u2019application de ces normes. Toutefois, pour parvenir \u00e0 une v\u00e9ritable ZLECAf num\u00e9rique, il faut combler le gap technologique, infrastructurel, juridique et \u00e9conomique.      <\/p>\n<h5>Mots-cl\u00e9s<\/h5>\n<p>Cadre juridique, commerce num\u00e9rique, coop\u00e9ration r\u00e9glementaire, int\u00e9gration r\u00e9gionale, ZLECAf<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"muhtasari-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"muhtasari-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>Eneo la Biashara Huria la Bara la Afrika (AfCFTA) linawakilisha makubaliano makubwa ya biashara huria kwa ajili ya kuanzishwa kwa soko la pamoja kuwezesha usafirishaji huru wa bidhaa, huduma, mitaji na data katika bara zima la Afrika. Mkataba huu unahusu maeneo mbalimbali ya kisheria ikiwa ni pamoja na biashara ya bidhaa na huduma, uwekezaji, sera ya ushindani, haki miliki, pamoja na biashara ya kidijitali na ushirikishwaji wa wanawake na vijana katika biashara. Kwa kuanzisha mfumo wa kisheria uliooanishwa, AfCFTA inatamani kutatua changamoto kuu ya kisheria ya bara hili, ambayo mara nyingi hufafanuliwa kama \u00ab\u00a0viraka vya kisheria\u00a0\u00bb. Kuwepo kwa tawala nyingi za kisheria &#8211; ikiwa ni pamoja na kanuni za jumuiya na kikanda, kanuni za kitaifa, pamoja na sheria za kimataifa &#8211; zilileta utata mkubwa wa kisheria. Kwa kuwezesha usafirishaji bila malipo wa huduma na watoa huduma katika sekta za kimkakati kama vile huduma za kitaalamu, teknolojia ya habari, mawasiliano ya simu, vyombo vya habari, utalii, usafiri na huduma za kifedha, Nchi Wanachama zinaunda hali wezeshi zinazokuza biashara ya mtandaoni inayojumuisha. Kwa kuunganisha maeneo muhimu kama vile uhamisho wa data wa mipakani, miamala ya kifedha ya kidijitali, ushuru wa bidhaa za kidijitali na ushuru wa forodha unaotumika kwa biashara ya kidijitali, AfCFTA inatoa matarajio makubwa kwa wachezaji katika mfumo ikolojia wa kidijitali na pia kwa mamlaka zinazohusika na kudhibiti na kutumia viwango hivi. Hata hivyo, ili kufikia AfCFTA ya kweli ya kidijitali, pengo la kiteknolojia, miundombinu, kisheria na kiuchumi lazima lizibiwe.      <\/p>\n<h5>Maneno muhimu<\/h5>\n<p>Mfumo wa kisheria, biashara ya kidijitali, ushirikiano wa udhibiti, ushirikiano wa kikanda, AfCFTA <\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u00a0\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u00a0\u00bb (ZLECAF) \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 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\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629.. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c\u00a0\u00bb \u0632\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u00a0\u00bb (ZLECAF)<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t                    <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff89d56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff89d56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Introduction<\/h2><p>L\u2019av\u00e8nement de la zone de libre-\u00e9change continentale africaine (ZLECAf) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme un pas majeur vers l\u2019int\u00e9gration \u00e9conomique africaine, avec le potentiel de transformer les \u00e9conomies africaines par l\u2019augmentation du commerce intracontinental, la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019opportunit\u00e9s pour les entreprises africaines, la croissance \u00e9conomique et la r\u00e9duction de la d\u00e9pendance vis-\u00e0-vis des march\u00e9s ext\u00e9rieurs. Consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme une des \u00e9tapes fondamentales vers la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019une Communaut\u00e9 \u00e9conomique pour l\u2019Afrique1 , elle a pour ambition de cr\u00e9er un march\u00e9 commun continental, facilitant \u00ab la libre circulation des personnes, des capitaux, des marchandises, des services [et des donn\u00e9es], qui sont essentiels pour le renforcement de l\u2019int\u00e9gration \u00e9conomique, la promotion du d\u00e9veloppement agricole, la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire, l\u2019industrialisation et la transformation structurelle \u00e9conomique \u00bb (Union africaine, 2018, pr\u00e9ambule). L\u2019objectif, \u00e0 terme, est de faire du continent, \u00ab un espace prosp\u00e8re, int\u00e8gre et pacifique \u00bb, conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l\u2019agenda 2063 de l\u2019Union africaine (UA), \u00ab l\u2019Afrique que nous voulons2 \u00bb. Sa phase op\u00e9rationnelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 lanc\u00e9e le 7 juillet 2019 lors de la 12e session extraordinaire de l\u2019assembl\u00e9e de l\u2019UA sur la ZLECAf \u00e0 Niamey (au Niger), une ann\u00e9e apr\u00e8s son entr\u00e9e en vigueur3 . Les n\u00e9gociations qui se sont d\u00e9roul\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re progressive ont permis d\u2019\u00e9tablir \u00ab des r\u00e8gles claires, transparentes, pr\u00e9visibles et mutuellement avantageuses pour r\u00e9gir le commerce \u00bb en accord avec les objectifs de la ZLECAf dans les diff\u00e9rents domaines couverts, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la mise en coh\u00e9rence de la multiplicit\u00e9 et du chevauchement des r\u00e9gimes commerciaux applicables sur le continent. Elles ont couvert, dans une premi\u00e8re phase, le commerce des marchandises, celui des services et le r\u00e8glement des diff\u00e9rends. La deuxi\u00e8me phase, combin\u00e9e \u00e0 la troisi\u00e8me, couvre la politique de la concurrence, les droits de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle, les investissements, le commerce num\u00e9rique, les femmes et les jeunes dans le commerce (secr\u00e9tariat de la ZLECAf). La ZLECAf intervient \u00e0 un moment o\u00f9 le continent conna\u00eet une transformation \u00e9conomique majeure sous l\u2019impulsion du num\u00e9rique.        <\/p><p>En effet, l\u2019\u00e9conomie num\u00e9rique \u00e9merge comme un moteur essentiel de croissance et d\u2019int\u00e9gration r\u00e9gionale, offrant des possibilit\u00e9s en termes d\u2019industrialisation (BEI, 2021), de cr\u00e9ation d\u2019emplois, d\u2019innovation et de prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 pour les \u00e9conomies africaines. Avec ses nouveaux mod\u00e8les d\u2019affaires bas\u00e9s sur les effets de r\u00e9seau et l\u2019exploitation massive des donn\u00e9es, elle bouleverse les r\u00e9glementations et le mod\u00e8le social existant. Elle tend \u00e0 concentrer les march\u00e9s, bien que l\u2019innovation puisse d\u00e9fier les positions dominantes (Colin et al., 2015).   <\/p><p>Toutefois, l\u2019\u00e9volution rapide de l\u2019\u00e9conomie num\u00e9rique en Afrique soul\u00e8ve \u00e9galement des questions juridiques complexes et des d\u00e9fis r\u00e9glementaires qui n\u00e9cessitent une attention particuli\u00e8re (OCDE, 2022). Les disparit\u00e9s de d\u00e9veloppement num\u00e9rique entre les pays et les r\u00e9gions (FMI, 2018), la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de favoriser l\u2019innovation tout en prot\u00e9geant les droits de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle, l\u2019intelligence artificielle (Google, 2024), tout comme la gouvernance des donn\u00e9es, la taxation num\u00e9rique, la protection des consommateurs sont autant de sujets cruciaux qui n\u00e9cessitent une analyse juridique approfondie.  <\/p><p>\u00c0 l\u2019\u00e8re de la ZLECAf, le commerce num\u00e9rique conna\u00eet une transformation radicale, marqu\u00e9e par une r\u00e9volution dans les \u00e9changes \u00e9lectroniques \u00e0 travers le continent. Cette r\u00e9flexion met en lumi\u00e8re non seulement les changements fondamentaux qui red\u00e9finissent les transactions num\u00e9riques en Afrique, mais aussi l\u2019\u00e9volution du cadre juridique (comme pour combler le gap juridique) n\u00e9cessaire pour encadrer ces nouvelles dynamiques (Tavengerwei et al., 2022). L\u2019accent est mis sur la mani\u00e8re dont les r\u00e9gulations doivent \u00e9voluer pour s\u2019adapter \u00e0 cette r\u00e9volution num\u00e9rique, afin de garantir une croissance \u00e9quitable et s\u00e9curis\u00e9e du commerce \u00e9lectronique (Mpabe Bodjongo &amp; Abenelang, 2022).   <\/p><p>Si l\u2019\u00e9conomie num\u00e9rique est d\u00e9finie comme \u00ab toute activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique qui d\u00e9pend de l\u2019utilisation d\u2019intrants num\u00e9riques ou qui est consid\u00e9rablement am\u00e9lior\u00e9e par cette utilisation, y compris les technologies num\u00e9riques, l\u2019infrastructure num\u00e9rique, les services et les donn\u00e9es num\u00e9riques \u00bb (OCDE, 2021), sa gouvernance repose sur l\u2019adoption d\u2019instruments capables \u00ab non seulement d\u2019am\u00e9liorer les services administratifs et la satisfaction des usagers, mais aussi de promouvoir des formes approfondies de la d\u00e9mocratie \u00bb (Misuraca, 2012). C\u2019est tout le sens des l\u00e9gislations sur le commerce \u00e9lectronique ou commerce num\u00e9rique. En effet, l\u2019\u00e9volution technologique a entra\u00een\u00e9 un glissement terminologique, poussant les l\u00e9gislateurs \u00e0 adopter de plus en plus le concept de \u00ab commerce num\u00e9rique \u00bb pour refl\u00e9ter la port\u00e9e \u00e9tendue et l\u2019impact moderne des transactions \u00e9lectroniques. Le protocole de la ZLECAf sur le commerce num\u00e9rique d\u00e9finit le commerce num\u00e9rique comme \u00ab les transactions de commerce des marchandises et des services qui peuvent \u00eatre livr\u00e9es soit num\u00e9riquement soit physiquement, et qui impliquent des personnes physiques et morales \u00bb (Union africaine, 2024, art. 1).    <\/p><p>M\u00eame s\u2019ils peuvent avoir des significations l\u00e9g\u00e8rement diff\u00e9rentes en fonction des utilisations, les termes \u00ab commerce \u00e9lectronique \u00bb et \u00ab commerce num\u00e9rique \u00bb peuvent parfois \u00eatre employ\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re interchangeable. Traditionnellement, le commerce \u00e9lectronique se r\u00e9f\u00e8re aux transactions commerciales r\u00e9alis\u00e9es via le web. En revanche, le commerce num\u00e9rique englobe l\u2019ensemble du processus automatis\u00e9 d\u2019achat, ind\u00e9pendamment de l\u2019appareil utilis\u00e9 par l\u2019utilisateur, qu\u2019il s\u2019agisse de sites web, de magasins d\u2019applications, de r\u00e9alit\u00e9 virtuelle, de \u00ab cloud computing \u00bb, d\u2019intelligence artificielle ou de plateformes de r\u00e9unions en ligne (Burri &amp; Chander, 2023). Ainsi, la v\u00e9ritable valeur ajout\u00e9e du commerce num\u00e9rique r\u00e9side dans la quantit\u00e9 de donn\u00e9es g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9es tout au long de ce processus (Casalini &amp; Gonz\u00e1lez, 2019). Dans un monde de plus en plus connect\u00e9, ce secteur soul\u00e8ve d\u2019\u00e9normes d\u00e9fis pour les pouvoirs publics, en particulier dans les pays moins d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s, souvent \u00e0 la tra\u00eene en mati\u00e8re de technologies nouvelles. Il est crucial pour ces pays de mettre en place un cadre r\u00e9glementaire adapt\u00e9 pour encadrer un secteur en constante mutation et garantir qu\u2019il soit \u00e0 la fois inclusif et s\u00e9curis\u00e9.      <\/p><p>L\u2019accord de la ZLECAf appara\u00eet sous ce rapport comme un cadre juridique et institutionnel cr\u00e9ant un march\u00e9 unique continental, favorisant la libre circulation des biens, des services, des personnes, des capitaux et des donn\u00e9es. Mais la probl\u00e9matique du num\u00e9rique dans la ZLECAf est complexe et multidimensionnelle. Malgr\u00e9 les progr\u00e8s significatifs en mati\u00e8re de transformation digitale, l\u2019essentiel des pays connaissent toujours des d\u00e9fis structurels socio\u00e9conomiques et peinent \u00e0 profiter de l\u2019impact de la technologie. Outre la fragmentation des march\u00e9s li\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019infrastructure num\u00e9rique et \u00e0 la logistique, ainsi que la concentration des transactions sur quelques acteurs, s\u2019ajoute le probl\u00e8me de la fracture num\u00e9rique sous ses diverses formes. Trois pays (l\u2019Afrique du Sud, le Kenya et le Nigeria) regroupaient \u00e0 eux seuls la moiti\u00e9 des acheteurs en ligne en Afrique (UNCTAD, 2018) et 60 % du trafic des transactions se concentrent sur seulement 1 % des plateformes pr\u00e9sentes sur le continent (ITC, 2020). Par ailleurs, cette fracture num\u00e9rique s\u2019exprime sous diff\u00e9rentes dimensions : technologique, \u00e9conomique, commerciale, juridique et sociale.      <\/p><p>Dans ce document, nous examinerons l\u2019\u00e9volution de la l\u00e9gislation sur le commerce num\u00e9rique avant de proposer des pistes de solutions pour permettre aux pays de la ZLECAf de tirer profit de la transformation num\u00e9rique. Ainsi, la premi\u00e8re partie abordera la disparit\u00e9 des lois nationales en vigueur, mettant en lumi\u00e8re les d\u00e9fis cr\u00e9\u00e9s par cette diversit\u00e9 r\u00e9glementaire. Cette section d\u00e9voilera comment les diff\u00e9rences dans la gouvernance des donn\u00e9es personnelles et les approches fiscales appliqu\u00e9es aux transactions num\u00e9riques affectent le commerce num\u00e9rique, tant au niveau domestique que transfrontalier. La deuxi\u00e8me partie se concentrera sur les efforts d\u2019harmonisation entrepris au sein de la ZLECAf pour cr\u00e9er un cadre juridique coh\u00e9rent et adapt\u00e9 aux nouvelles r\u00e9alit\u00e9s du commerce num\u00e9rique. L\u2019harmonisation s\u2019op\u00e8re par l\u2019adoption de cadres de coop\u00e9ration r\u00e9glementaire adapt\u00e9s aux sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9s du commerce num\u00e9rique. En effet, plusieurs secteurs de services cruciaux pour le d\u00e9veloppement du commerce num\u00e9rique ont \u00e9t\u00e9 lib\u00e9ralis\u00e9s, et de nombreux domaines du num\u00e9rique sont d\u00e9sormais inclus dans le protocole sur le commerce num\u00e9rique. Enfin, la derni\u00e8re partie sera r\u00e9serv\u00e9e aux solutions pr\u00e9conis\u00e9es aussi bien \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard du continent que des \u00c9tats membres.       <\/p><h2>Le commerce num\u00e9rique en Afrique ou la disparit\u00e9 des l\u00e9gislations nationales applicables <\/h2><p>La gouvernance du num\u00e9rique consiste \u00e0 mobiliser des leviers politiques, juridiques et institutionnels pour \u00e9tablir des r\u00e8gles et des normes encadrant les usages. Concr\u00e8tement, il s\u2019agit de d\u00e9finir les droits et obligations des divers acteurs de l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me num\u00e9rique et renforcer par ailleurs les institutions d\u00e9mocratiques (OCDE, 2022) pour une gouvernance ad\u00e9quate (Berg &amp; Hofmann, 2021).  <\/p><p>Cependant, en Afrique, la gouvernance num\u00e9rique se heurte \u00e0 plusieurs d\u00e9fis, notamment la fragmentation du cadre r\u00e9glementaire. Les initiatives \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle continentale sont souvent compl\u00e9t\u00e9es, voire parfois contredites, par les politiques en vigueur au sein des communaut\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques r\u00e9gionales (CER) et par les r\u00e9glementations nationales. Cette superposition de cadres l\u00e9gislatifs et r\u00e9glementaires complexifie la mise en \u0153uvre d\u2019une l\u00e9gislation coh\u00e9rente et harmonis\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle du continent, rendant la t\u00e2che d\u2019autant plus ardue pour atteindre les objectifs de souverainet\u00e9, d\u2019inclusion et de protection qui sont au c\u0153ur de cette gouvernance.   <\/p><p>La crise sanitaire et \u00e9conomique provoqu\u00e9e par la pand\u00e9mie de Covid-19 a fortement contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 booster les transactions num\u00e9riques et la croissance du commerce \u00e9lectronique (OMC, 2023). Sur le continent toutefois, cette expansion s\u2019accompagne de cadres juridiques tr\u00e8s vari\u00e9s d\u2019un pays \u00e0 l\u2019autre (Tavengerwei et al., 2022), cr\u00e9ant un patchwork r\u00e9glementaire qui impacte le d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique et l\u2019innovation. Les l\u00e9gislations nationales sur le commerce num\u00e9rique jouent un r\u00f4le crucial dans le fa\u00e7onnement de cet \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me en pleine \u00e9volution, d\u00e9terminant ainsi les r\u00e8gles du jeu pour les entreprises, les plateformes et les consommateurs.   <\/p><p>La fragmentation des r\u00e9glementations applicables dans le secteur du num\u00e9rique peut limiter les progr\u00e8s technologiques, r\u00e9duire la concurrence et restreindre les opportunit\u00e9s commerciales (CNUCED, 2021). Il serait difficile \u00e9galement d\u2019envisager une collaboration entre les diff\u00e9rentes juridictions si les r\u00e9glementations ne sont pas interop\u00e9rables (Feijoo et al., 2020).  <\/p><p>Ces cas de figure sont not\u00e9s dans les l\u00e9gislations nationales relatives au transfert des donn\u00e9es ou \u00e0 la taxation num\u00e9rique. Ces deux probl\u00e9matiques sont incontournables pour asseoir un march\u00e9 ouvert et concurrentiel, et promouvoir le d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019un commerce num\u00e9rique durable et inclusif.  <\/p><h3><i>La gouvernance des donn\u00e9es en Afrique, naviguer dans un labyrinthe juridique <\/i><\/h3><p>Pour aborder la probl\u00e9matique de la gouvernance des donn\u00e9es dans le contexte africain, on se concentre g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement sur trois aspects : la circulation (transfert transfrontalier), la localisation (stockage) et la protection (mise en place de normes et standards) des donn\u00e9es. Seul le premier nous int\u00e9resse ici.  <\/p><p>Concernant le transfert transfrontalier, il est essentiel de noter que la libre circulation des donn\u00e9es est vitale pour la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un march\u00e9 commun (Boshe et al., 2022). Toute restriction \u00e0 cette libre circulation limite in\u00e9vitablement les \u00e9changes entre les partenaires commerciaux. Or, on note plusieurs disparit\u00e9s au niveau des l\u00e9gislations nationales. En Alg\u00e9rie, la loi n\u00b0 18-07 du 10 juin 20184 relative \u00e0 la protection des personnes physiques dans le traitement des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel impose un r\u00e9gime d\u2019autorisation (art. 44) pour tout transfert de donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel, alors que l\u2019autorisation n\u2019est pas forc\u00e9ment le principe dans la l\u00e9gislation s\u00e9n\u00e9galaise5 , si les donn\u00e9es personnelles transf\u00e9r\u00e9es ne sont pas consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme sensibles. La d\u00e9claration6 pourrait suffire \u00e0 elle seule si le pays destinataire offre des garanties de \u00ab protection suffisante de la vie priv\u00e9e, des libert\u00e9s et droits fondamentaux des personnes \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard du traitement7 \u00bb des donn\u00e9es personnelles (niveau de protection suffisant).     <\/p><p>La fluidit\u00e9 des donn\u00e9es n\u2019est pas uniquement utile pour les transactions commerciales puisque celles-ci constituent aussi un sujet d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat pour les chercheurs. Cependant, il arrive souvent que la r\u00e9alisation des activit\u00e9s de recherche entre en conflit avec certains principes fondamentaux du droit \u00e0 la protection des donn\u00e9es personnelles (M\u00e9tille, 2024).  <\/p><p>La diversit\u00e9 des l\u00e9gislations nationales sur la protection des donn\u00e9es personnelles a incit\u00e9 les chefs d\u2019\u00c9tat de l\u2019UA \u00e0 adopter en 2014 de la Convention sur la cybers\u00e9curit\u00e9 et la protection des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel, appel\u00e9e \u00ab convention de Malabo \u00bb (Union africaine, 2014). Ce texte, bien que principalement d\u00e9claratif, engage les \u00c9tats \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper des l\u00e9gislations nationales conformes aux normes et principes qu\u2019il \u00e9tablit. La convention de Malabo a pour objectif de renforcer la confiance des utilisateurs dans le num\u00e9rique en assurant la protection de leurs donn\u00e9es personnelles et en combattant les activit\u00e9s criminelles en ligne (Babalola, 2023). Mais elle n\u2019entrera en vigueur qu\u2019en 20238 .    <\/p><p>En Afrique, les dispositifs qui obligent \u00e0 la protection des donn\u00e9es personnelles au niveau r\u00e9gional ne sont pas nombreux. On a toutefois l\u2019acte additionnel de la CEDEAO9 A\/SA.1\/01\/10 relatif \u00e0 la protection des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel du 16 f\u00e9vrier 2010 (CEDEAO, 2010). Il existe d\u2019autres r\u00e8gles internationales sur la protection des donn\u00e9es, mais elles ne sont pas assez convaincantes pour r\u00e9gir enti\u00e8rement la gestion des donn\u00e9es en Afrique.   <\/p><p>D\u2019apr\u00e8s les donn\u00e9es de l\u2019Organisation des Nations unies pour le commerce et le d\u00e9veloppement (CNUCED), 61 % des pays africains (33 sur 54) disposent d\u2019une l\u00e9gislation sur la protection des donn\u00e9es personnelles et la protection de la vie priv\u00e9e10. Parvenir \u00e0 une interop\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 entre ces diff\u00e9rentes l\u00e9gislations constitue un d\u00e9fi majeur pour le continent. La divergence des cadres juridiques est souvent le reflet de la diversit\u00e9 culturelle, des priorit\u00e9s et des int\u00e9r\u00eats publics concurrents en fonction des pays (UIT &amp; Banque mondiale, 2020). C\u2019est ce qui explique \u00e9galement les approches distinctes dans la gouvernance des donn\u00e9es au plan international. Cette gouvernance \u00e9pouse les valeurs soci\u00e9tales, selon qu\u2019on soit en Chine, aux \u00c9tats-Unis ou dans l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne (CNUCED, 2021).     <\/p><p>Aux \u00c9tats-Unis, la gouvernance des donn\u00e9es repose sur un march\u00e9 ouvert, s\u2019opposant \u00e0 tout protectionnisme num\u00e9rique (Clinton, 2010). La gestion et le traitement des donn\u00e9es (consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme un avantage concurrentiel) sont du ressort \u2013 de mani\u00e8re quasi exclusive \u2013 des entreprises. Des \u00c9tats comme la Californie et la Virginie font figure d\u2019exception en adoptant des lois sur la protection de la vie priv\u00e9e, \u00e0 l\u2019image du r\u00e8glement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral sur la protection des donn\u00e9es (RGPD) de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne (Christakis, 2020). \u00c0 l\u2019oppos\u00e9 du march\u00e9 libre des USA, la gouvernance des donn\u00e9es en Chine repose sur une forte intervention de l\u2019appareil \u00e9tatique et un contr\u00f4le strict et souverain des flux transfrontaliers de donn\u00e9es (Lee, 2018 ; Hoffman et al., 2020). En adoptant le r\u00e8glement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de protection des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel (2016), l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne a souhait\u00e9 mettre l\u2019accent sur la protection s\u00e9curis\u00e9e de la vie priv\u00e9e (Denis, 2020). Ce r\u00e8glement exige que les donn\u00e9es des Europ\u00e9ens ne puissent \u00eatre trait\u00e9es hors du territoire europ\u00e9en que si le respect de la vie priv\u00e9e est garanti. Ce qui lui conf\u00e8re un effet extraterritorial parfois difficilement applicable (Greze, 2019).       <\/p><p>Ces diff\u00e9rentes approches soulignent l\u2019influence du contexte culturel et politique sur la gouvernance des donn\u00e9es, mais elles soul\u00e8vent \u00e9galement des pr\u00e9occupations concernant la fragmentation de la gouvernance mondiale. L\u2019h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 des r\u00e9glementations affecte les flux de donn\u00e9es transfrontaliers et complique les op\u00e9rations en ligne.  <\/p><p>Des initiatives internationales ont \u00e9t\u00e9 lanc\u00e9es afin de parvenir \u00e0 une harmonisation du secteur du num\u00e9rique de mani\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, et du commerce \u00e9lectronique en particulier : <\/p><p>\u2022 la Commission des Nations unies pour le droit commercial international (CNUDCI11), principal organe juridique des Nations unies pour le droit commercial international, visant \u00e0 harmoniser et moderniser ce domaine, a \u00e9labor\u00e9 trois lois types sur le commerce \u00e9lectronique : la loi type sur le commerce \u00e9lectronique (1996), la loi type sur les signatures \u00e9lectroniques (2001) et la loi type sur les documents transf\u00e9rables \u00e9lectroniques (2017) ; <\/p><p>\u2022 l\u2019Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC), au sein de laquelle participent l\u2019essentiel des pays du continent12, a adopt\u00e9 depuis 1998 un programme de travail sur le commerce \u00e9lectronique (consistant \u00e0 mener des travaux exploratoires sur le commerce \u00e9lectronique) et un moratoire suspendant les droits de douane sur les transactions \u00e9lectroniques. Malgr\u00e9 la prorogation syst\u00e9matique du moratoire depuis cette date, les travaux men\u00e9s jusqu\u2019ici n\u2019ont jamais abouti \u00e0 l\u2019ouverture de n\u00e9gociations formelles au sein des organes d\u00e9di\u00e9s de l\u2019OMC ;  <\/p><p>\u2022 en 2017, lors de la conf\u00e9rence minist\u00e9rielle de l\u2019OMC en Argentine, certains pays membres13 (OMC, 2017) ont lanc\u00e9 une initiative \u2013 la d\u00e9claration conjointe sur le commerce \u00e9lectronique14 \u2013 pour avancer les discussions sur le commerce \u00e9lectronique. En 2019, ils ont confirm\u00e9 leur intention d\u2019entamer des n\u00e9gociations plurilat\u00e9rales. Le 26 juillet 2024, les coorganisateurs de l\u2019initiative (Australie, Japon et Singapour) ont annonc\u00e9, au nom des participants, qu\u2019apr\u00e8s cinq ans de n\u00e9gociations, un texte stabilis\u00e915 avait \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9dig\u00e9.   <\/p><p>En d\u00e9finitive, malgr\u00e9 les efforts continus pour harmoniser et moderniser le secteur du num\u00e9rique et du commerce \u00e9lectronique \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle internationale, les progr\u00e8s ont \u00e9t\u00e9 lents et souvent fragment\u00e9s. Cela indique toutefois un mouvement vers une meilleure coordination internationale, mais aussi la persistance des d\u00e9fis \u00e0 surmonter pour atteindre une v\u00e9ritable harmonisation globale dans le domaine du commerce \u00e9lectronique. <\/p><h3><em>La taxation num\u00e9rique, une surcharge fiscale<\/em><\/h3><p>L\u2019imposition des droits de douane sur le commerce num\u00e9rique est une question cl\u00e9 dans les march\u00e9s communs. Actuellement, un accord entre les membres de l\u2019OMC, en vigueur depuis 1998 (moratoire sur le commerce \u00e9lectronique \u00e9voqu\u00e9 dans le paragraphe pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent), suspend les droits de douane (Barbet, 2003) sur les transmissions num\u00e9riques et est automatiquement prorog\u00e9. Lors de la derni\u00e8re conf\u00e9rence minist\u00e9rielle de l\u2019OMC, certains pays africains ont exprim\u00e9 leurs pr\u00e9occupations quant au maintien de ce moratoire en raison des pertes de recettes qu\u2019il entra\u00eene.  <\/p><p>Par exemple, les importations de services li\u00e9s aux technologies de l\u2019information et de la communication (TIC) par les \u00c9tats membres de l\u2019UA ont consid\u00e9rablement augment\u00e9, passant de 19 milliards de dollars en 2007 \u00e0 37 milliards de dollars en 2017 (donn\u00e9es TISMOS16). La suppression des droits de douane sur les produits num\u00e9riques dans la ZLECAf rendrait plus abordables les co\u00fbts de la technologie (Cruz et al., 2024). Les pays peuvent toutefois mettre en place des m\u00e9canismes pour la mobilisation d\u2019autres recettes fiscales.  <\/p><p>Certains \u00c9tats ont d\u2019ailleurs commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 appliquer des taxes sur les services num\u00e9riques. Au Kenya17, les entreprises sont assujetties au paiement d\u2019une taxe de 1,5 % sur les revenus op\u00e9r\u00e9s par toutes entreprises offrant un service num\u00e9rique aux nationaux. Une taxe de 5 % est pr\u00e9lev\u00e9e sur le chiffre d\u2019affaires annuel r\u00e9alis\u00e9 par les plateformes num\u00e9riques au Zimbabwe18. Le S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, pour sa part, a introduit une TVA de 18 %19 sur les prestations de services num\u00e9riques provenant de l\u2019\u00e9tranger.   <\/p><p>Ces taxations constituent des politiques d\u2019optimisation fiscale (Collet, 2021) semblables au plan d\u2019action concernant l\u2019\u00e9rosion de la base d\u2019imposition et le transfert de b\u00e9n\u00e9fices d\u00e9fendu par l\u2019OCDE20.<\/p><p>Mais l\u2019imposition de telles taxes pourrait ne pas \u00eatre sans incidence pour le continent car cela pourrait g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des effets distorsifs sur le march\u00e9 r\u00e9gional (Charri\u00e9 &amp; Janin, 2015). Certaines \u00e9tudes montrent que la taxation peut impacter aussi bien les consommateurs locaux que les plateformes num\u00e9riques fournissant des services ou offrant des biens (Pellefigue, 2019). En effet, pour un continent o\u00f9 la majorit\u00e9 des entreprises d\u00e9pendent de services num\u00e9riques import\u00e9s pour leur fonctionnement, la taxe num\u00e9rique pourrait augmenter les besoins en investissements, en particulier pour les PME. De plus, si ces taxes varient d\u2019un pays \u00e0 l\u2019autre, cela pourrait davantage alourdir la charge fiscale de ces entreprises, rendant le paysage fiscal plus complexe et contraignant.   <\/p><p>L\u2019harmonisation r\u00e9glementaire au niveau continental peut n\u00e9anmoins permettre d\u2019an\u00e9antir les effets n\u00e9gatifs de la taxation num\u00e9rique en Afrique. C\u2019est dans ce sens que la ZLECAf appara\u00eet comme un palliatif gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019harmonisation juridique et la coop\u00e9ration r\u00e9glementaire. <\/p><h2>La ZLECAf ou l\u2019harmonisation du cadre juridique du num\u00e9rique au niveau continental<\/h2><p>Les disruptions rapides et vastes induites par les technologies num\u00e9riques offrent des perspectives prometteuses pour l\u2019innovation, la croissance et l\u2019emploi pour la population africaine. Cependant, elles posent des d\u00e9fis politiques et juridiques complexes qui n\u00e9cessitent une action coordonn\u00e9e au niveau continental. Les pays africains, pris individuellement, ne peuvent pleinement profiter des opportunit\u00e9s ou relever les d\u00e9fis associ\u00e9s \u00e0 ces changements. C\u2019est pourquoi les chefs d\u2019\u00c9tat et de gouvernement ont eu pour ambition, \u00e0 travers la ZLECAf, de cr\u00e9er un march\u00e9 commun du \u00ab num\u00e9rique \u00bb entre les \u00c9tats parties (Union africaine, 2024, art. 2), garantissant la libre circulation des biens, des services, des capitaux, des personnes et des donn\u00e9es, dans un cadre de concurrence \u00e9quitable et de protection des consommateurs.   <\/p><p>Ainsi, les dispositions de la ZLECAf, tout en cherchant \u00e0 \u00e9liminer la fragmentation r\u00e9glementaire, favorisent aussi un acc\u00e8s plus fluide aux biens et services num\u00e9riques pour les entreprises et les consommateurs \u00e0 travers le continent. Cet effort d\u2019harmonisation est perceptible dans l\u2019ensemble des textes constitutifs de la ZLECAf. N\u00e9anmoins, notre analyse se concentrera principalement sur deux protocoles sp\u00e9cifiques : le protocole sur le commerce des services et celui sur le commerce num\u00e9rique, qui jouent un r\u00f4le central dans la facilitation des \u00e9changes et l\u2019int\u00e9gration num\u00e9rique au sein de la zone.  <\/p><h2>La lib\u00e9ralisation des secteurs de services prioritaires au d\u00e9veloppement du commerce num\u00e9rique <\/h2><p>Le protocole sur le commerce des services21 de la ZLECAf repose en grande partie sur les principes \u00e9tablis par l\u2019accord g\u00e9n\u00e9ral sur le commerce des services (AGCS22) de l\u2019Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC, 1994). Ce protocole vise \u00e0 d\u00e9finir des objectifs et des obligations claires pour encadrer la fourniture de services sur l\u2019ensemble du continent africain, cr\u00e9ant ainsi un cadre coh\u00e9rent et int\u00e9gr\u00e9 pour les \u00e9changes de services. En s\u2019appuyant sur les bases de l\u2019AGCS, le protocole cherche \u00e0 faciliter la lib\u00e9ralisation progressive du commerce des services tout en garantissant la protection des int\u00e9r\u00eats \u00e9conomiques des \u00c9tats membres.   <\/p><p>Pourtant, l\u2019OMC avait not\u00e9 en 2019 (OMC, 2019) que malgr\u00e9 les r\u00e9formes men\u00e9es par de nombreux pays membres durant les derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, le commerce des services reste entrav\u00e9 par des obstacles plus importants que celui des marchandises, et l\u2019introduction de nouvelles r\u00e9formes par le biais d\u2019accords commerciaux s\u2019av\u00e8re particuli\u00e8rement complexe. En effet, l\u2019ouverture des march\u00e9s au commerce des services n\u2019est pas chose facile car elle exige des r\u00e9formes int\u00e9rieures ou r\u00e9gionales (ITC, 2013).  <\/p><p>De fait, pendant longtemps, la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019un accord sur le commerce des services a \u00e9t\u00e9 remise en question, car de nombreux secteurs, comme l\u2019h\u00f4tellerie, les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications ou la sant\u00e9, \u00e9taient consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme relevant du contr\u00f4le ou de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00c9tat en raison de leur nature domestique ou de monopole. Cependant, des secteurs comme la finance internationale et le transport maritime sont ouverts depuis des si\u00e8cles. Avec les \u00e9volutions techniques, comme l\u2019Internet, et les r\u00e9formes r\u00e9glementaires r\u00e9centes, de nombreux services auparavant prot\u00e9g\u00e9s sont d\u00e9sormais expos\u00e9s \u00e0 la concurrence, facilitant l\u2019acc\u00e8s aux march\u00e9s internationaux et r\u00e9duisant les obstacles li\u00e9s \u00e0 la distance.   <\/p><p>Dans ce contexte, les modalit\u00e9s de n\u00e9gociation pour la lib\u00e9ralisation du commerce des services de la ZLECAf avaient \u00e9tabli un processus pr\u00e9cis pour l\u2019\u00e9laboration de listes d\u2019engagements sp\u00e9cifiques23 par secteur (Union africaine, 2017, art. 22) pour chaque pays, et qui feront partie int\u00e9grante du protocole (Union africaine, 2017, art. 28). Ces engagements permettent aux \u00c9tats membres de d\u00e9finir les services qu\u2019ils lib\u00e9raliseront et les conditions sous lesquelles ces services seront fournis. Ces modalit\u00e9s ont conduit \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ralisation prioritaire de cinq secteurs de services cl\u00e9s : les services fournis aux entreprises, les services de communication, les services financiers, les services de tourisme et de voyage, ainsi que les services de transport24. Cette d\u00e9marche vise \u00e0 stimuler l\u2019innovation et la comp\u00e9titivit\u00e9 dans ces domaines, en facilitant leur ouverture et leur acc\u00e8s sur le march\u00e9. Chacun de ces secteurs joue un r\u00f4le crucial dans le d\u00e9veloppement du commerce \u00e9lectronique et de l\u2019\u00e9conomie num\u00e9rique, en am\u00e9liorant l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 des transactions en ligne, en favorisant l\u2019int\u00e9gration des entreprises dans l\u2019\u00e9conomie num\u00e9rique, et en renfor\u00e7ant les infrastructures n\u00e9cessaires pour soutenir la croissance du secteur du num\u00e9rique.    <\/p><p>Les mutations technologiques et les innovations r\u00e9centes ne permettent plus de d\u00e9finir les contours des diff\u00e9rents secteurs de services sur la base des classifications d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9tablies aussi bien par l\u2019OMC (W12025) que les Nations unies (CPC-UN26). Toutefois, on peut identifier quatre cat\u00e9gories de secteurs de services selon les travaux de Bachetta et al. (1998). La premi\u00e8re regroupe les secteurs de services qui soutiennent les infrastructures du commerce \u00e9lectronique, comme les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications et les services informatiques. Les services aux entreprises et les services financiers pouvant \u00eatre fournis en ligne sont la deuxi\u00e8me cat\u00e9gorie. On retrouve dans la troisi\u00e8me cat\u00e9gorie les services logistiques comme les services de transports, les services postaux et les services de courrier. La derni\u00e8re cat\u00e9gorie concerne les secteurs b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiant des flux d\u2019informations \u00e9lectroniques, permettant de r\u00e9duire les co\u00fbts et d\u2019am\u00e9liorer l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 des transmissions des donn\u00e9es.     <\/p><p>Ces diff\u00e9rents secteurs de services class\u00e9s par les auteurs comme couvrant l\u2019activit\u00e9 de commerce num\u00e9rique ou commerce \u00e9lectronique correspondent justement aux cinq secteurs de services identifi\u00e9s comme \u00e9tant prioritaires dans la ZLECAf. Il s\u2019agit 1) des services fournis aux entreprises : les services professionnels (juridiques, comptables), les services informatiques (services de gestion, de traitement des donn\u00e9es), les services R\/D, etc. ; 2) des services de communication : les services de t\u00e9l\u00e9communication (internet), les services audiovisuels (cin\u00e9matographie, Over-The-Top \u2013 OTT, publicit\u00e9), les services postaux et de courrier (logistique, livraison de colis) ; 3) des services financiers : les services bancaires (les paiements num\u00e9riques, Fintechs), les assurances ; 4) des services de tourisme et voyage : r\u00e9servation de billets, h\u00e9bergements et services h\u00f4teliers ; et 5) des services de transport (terrestre, ferroviaire, maritime, a\u00e9rien, spatial, multimodal).  <\/p><p>Afin d\u2019avoir un march\u00e9 de services dynamique, il est impos\u00e9 aux \u00c9tats membres de la ZLECAf de prendre obligatoirement des engagements pour lib\u00e9raliser consid\u00e9rablement ces secteurs de services. Pourtant, les engagements en mati\u00e8re d\u2019acc\u00e8s aux march\u00e9s et de traitement national (pour faciliter la mobilit\u00e9 des services et des fournisseurs de services d\u2019une part ; et r\u00e9duire d\u2019autre part les mesures discriminatoires visant ces services et fournisseurs de services d\u2019autres pays membres), souvent codifi\u00e9s dans les listes d\u2019engagements sp\u00e9cifiques, ne suffisent pas toujours \u00e0 garantir la libre circulation des services et des fournisseurs de services sur le march\u00e9 continental (OMC, 2019). En effet, l\u2019approche d\u2019\u00e9laboration de listes offre une s\u00e9curit\u00e9 juridique aux \u00c9tats qui peuvent ainsi ma\u00eetriser l\u2019ouverture de leurs secteurs de services respectifs (Fabri &amp; Crontiras, 2003). La mise en place de cadres harmonis\u00e9s ou de m\u00e9canismes de coop\u00e9ration r\u00e9glementaire est indispensable pour surmonter ces obstacles et permettre aux entreprises de naviguer plus facilement entre les r\u00e9gulations nationales. Les \u00c9tats doivent tenir compte \u00ab de l\u2019urgente n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de s\u2019appuyer et de consolider les r\u00e9alisations obtenues en mati\u00e8re de lib\u00e9ralisation des services et d\u2019harmonisation r\u00e9glementaire au niveau des communaut\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques r\u00e9gionales (CER) et \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle continentale \u00bb (Union africaine, 2017, pr\u00e9ambule).     <\/p><p>Afin d\u2019accro\u00eetre les \u00e9changes africains, \u00ab le processus de lib\u00e9ralisation privil\u00e9gie l\u2019\u00e9limination progressive des effets n\u00e9fastes des mesures affectant le commerce des services en tant que moyen de fournir un acc\u00e8s effectif aux march\u00e9s \u00bb (Union africaine, 2017, art. 18). C\u2019est sur la base de ce principe g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de progressivit\u00e9 que d\u2019autres domaines tout aussi importants pour la promotion d\u2019un commerce \u00e9lectronique inclusif seront pris en compte dans la deuxi\u00e8me phase des n\u00e9gociations de la ZLECAf. <\/p><h2>L\u2019inclusion des domaines essentiels \u00e0 la promotion du commerce num\u00e9rique <\/h2><p>La croissance rapide du commerce num\u00e9rique et son impact significatif sur les \u00e9changes de biens et de services expliquent l\u2019int\u00e9gration de dispositions sp\u00e9cifiques dans les r\u00e9cents accords de libre\u00e9change. D\u2019ailleurs, des pays comme les \u00c9tats-Unis voient souvent dans ces accords commerciaux le moyen le plus efficace de garantir la libre circulation des biens et des services num\u00e9riques entre les \u00c9tats signataires, tout en r\u00e9gulant les flux de donn\u00e9es qui permettent ces transactions commerciales27 (Haji &amp; Leblond, 2022). <\/p><p>L\u2019\u00e9laboration de disciplines pour encadrer le commerce num\u00e9rique sur le march\u00e9 africain avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9but\u00e9 lors de l\u2019ouverture de la premi\u00e8re phase des n\u00e9gociations. En effet, certaines dispositions des protocoles sur le commerce des marchandises et sur le commerce des services s\u2019appliquent aux \u00e9changes commerciaux par voie num\u00e9rique. Le commerce num\u00e9rique couvre \u00ab les transactions de commerce des marchandises et des services \u00bb (Union africaine, 2024, art. 1) livrables entre personnes physiques ou morales. Toutefois, de mani\u00e8re officielle, ce n\u2019est qu\u2019avec l\u2019ouverture des \u00ab n\u00e9gociations de la phase II et au-del\u00e0 \u00bb que des n\u00e9gociations formelles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9es sur cette question. C\u2019est la d\u00e9cision de l\u2019assembl\u00e9e AU\/4(XXXII), prise pendant la conf\u00e9rence des chefs d\u2019\u00c9tat et de gouvernement de l\u2019Union africaine lors de la 33e session ordinaire, tenue \u00e0 Addis-Abeba, en \u00c9thiopie, du 9 au 10 f\u00e9vrier 2020, qui a clairement d\u00e9fini la direction \u00e0 suivre. Au point 22 de cette d\u00e9cision, il est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9 que :      <\/p><blockquote><p>les n\u00e9gociations de la phase III se concentrent sur un protocole de la ZLECAf sur le commerce \u00e9lectronique imm\u00e9diatement apr\u00e8s la conclusion des n\u00e9gociations de la phase II et charge la Commission de l\u2019Union africaine d\u2019amorcer les pr\u00e9paratifs des n\u00e9gociations \u00e0 venir et de mobiliser des ressources en 2020 pour le renforcement des capacit\u00e9s des n\u00e9gociateurs commerciaux africains participant \u00e0 la n\u00e9gociation des instruments juridiques du commerce \u00e9lectronique au niveau de la zone de libre-\u00e9change continentale africaine. (Union africaine, 2020a) <\/p><\/blockquote><p>Lors de la 37e session ordinaire de la conf\u00e9rence des chefs d\u2019\u00c9tats et de gouvernement de l\u2019Union africaine tenue les 17 et 18 f\u00e9vrier 2024 \u00e0 Addis-Abeba en \u00c9thiopie, le protocole de la ZLECAf sur le commerce num\u00e9rique a \u00e9t\u00e9 adopt\u00e9 par la d\u00e9cision de l\u2019assembl\u00e9e AU\/Dec.885 XXXVII. En adoptant un protocole sur le commerce num\u00e9rique, les \u00c9tats membres de la ZLECAf ont eu pour objectif g\u00e9n\u00e9ral :  <\/p><blockquote><p>de soutenir la r\u00e9alisation des objectifs de la ZLECAf, stipul\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019article 328 de l\u2019accord, en \u00e9tablissant des r\u00e8gles harmonis\u00e9es et des principes et normes communs qui permettent et soutiennent le commerce num\u00e9rique en vue d\u2019un d\u00e9veloppement socio\u00e9conomique durable et inclusif et de la transformation num\u00e9rique du continent. (Union africaine, 2024, art. 2)  <\/p><\/blockquote><p>Son champ d\u2019application s\u2019\u00e9tend \u00e0 : <\/p><blockquote><p>toutes les mesures adopt\u00e9es ou maintenues par les \u00c9tats parties qui affectent le commerce num\u00e9rique, [\u00e0 l\u2019exception] des march\u00e9s publics [et] des informations tenues ou trait\u00e9es par un \u00c9tat partie ou pour son compte, ou les mesures relatives \u00e0 ces informations, y compris les mesures relatives \u00e0 leur collecte. (Union africaine, 2024, art. 3)  <\/p><\/blockquote><p>M\u00eame si le protocole exclut de son domaine de comp\u00e9tence les donn\u00e9es publiques (\u00ab informations tenues ou trait\u00e9es par un \u00c9tat \u00bb) pour des raisons de souverainet\u00e9 des \u00c9tats, \u00ab les informations gouvernementales ouvertes \u00bb (Union africaine, 2024, art. 39) sont en revanche couvertes par les dispositions du protocole. Ces derni\u00e8res renvoient aux \u00ab informations et donn\u00e9es non propri\u00e9taires tenues par ou pour le compte d\u2019une administration centrale, r\u00e9gionale ou locale \u00bb (Union africaine, 2024, art. 1). La question est de savoir alors quelles sont les donn\u00e9es publiques (propri\u00e9taires) exclues. Si le rapport Lasserre et al. (2000) parle de \u00ab donn\u00e9es collect\u00e9es ou produites par un service public sur fonds publics dans le cadre de sa mission et ayant vocation \u00e0 \u00eatre diffus\u00e9es \u00bb, il est n\u00e9cessaire de consid\u00e9rer le p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre et le r\u00e9gime juridique des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 diffuser (Guglielmi, 2013). Peuvent \u00eatre exclues par exemple, les donn\u00e9es relatives \u00e0 la politique s\u00e9curitaire, celles d\u00e9tenues par les autorit\u00e9s judiciaires \u00e0 des fins de pr\u00e9vention, de d\u00e9tection, d\u2019enqu\u00eates ou de poursuites p\u00e9nales (Union europ\u00e9enne, 2016, art. 2).     <\/p><p>Le protocole couvre divers domaines qu\u2019on retrouve dans bien des accords de libre-\u00e9change, notamment les droits de douane sur les transmissions \u00e9lectroniques (art. 6), la circulation transfrontali\u00e8re des donn\u00e9es (art. 20), la protection des donn\u00e9es (art. 21) et de la vie priv\u00e9e, la cybers\u00e9curit\u00e9 et la protection des consommateurs en ligne (art. 27), les syst\u00e8mes de paiement num\u00e9rique transfrontaliers (art. 15), les signatures (art. 8), les factures (art. 13) et l\u2019authentification \u00e9lectroniques (art. 9), les technologies num\u00e9riques \u00e9mergentes (art. 34), et le cadre institutionnel pour la mise en \u0153uvre et la gestion du protocole (art. 37).<\/p><p>\u00c0 titre de comparaison, le texte stabilis\u00e9 dans le cadre de l\u2019initiative conjointe sur le commerce \u00e9lectronique couvre les m\u00eames questions : signature et authentification \u00e9lectroniques (art. 5), contrat (art. 12) et facturation \u00e9lectronique (art. 7), paiements \u00e9lectroniques (art. 10), droits de douane sur les transmissions \u00e9lectroniques (art. 11), protection des consommateurs en ligne (art. 14), protection des donn\u00e9es personnelles (art. 16), cybers\u00e9curit\u00e9 (art. 17), arrangements institutionnels (art. 28). <\/p><p>En sus de ces dispositions, il est pr\u00e9vu d\u2019annexer \u00e0 ce protocole d\u2019autres textes, afin de pr\u00e9ciser le contenu des engagements conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l\u2019article 46. Ces annexes vont couvrir respectivement : les r\u00e8gles d\u2019origine, les identit\u00e9s num\u00e9riques, les paiements num\u00e9riques transfrontaliers, les transferts transfrontaliers de donn\u00e9es, les crit\u00e8res permettant de d\u00e9terminer les raisons l\u00e9gitimes et l\u00e9gales d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat public justifiant la divulgation du code source, la s\u00fbret\u00e9 et la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en ligne, les technologies \u00e9mergentes et avanc\u00e9es et les technologies financi\u00e8res.  <\/p><p>La ZLECAf, accompagn\u00e9e de ses diverses annexes, a pour ambition de favoriser un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me de commerce \u00e9lectronique \u00e0 la fois accessible et fiable sur le continent africain. Cette r\u00e9forme majeure au niveau r\u00e9glementaire permettra, avec l\u2019am\u00e9lioration de la connectivit\u00e9, de r\u00e9duire jusqu\u2019\u00e0 25 % (Note d\u2019orientation conjointe OMC-Banque mondiale, 2023) les co\u00fbts de transactions commerciales sur le continent. La zone de libre-\u00e9change favorise la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un march\u00e9 num\u00e9rique et concurrentiel et facilite aux entreprises locales l\u2019acc\u00e8s aux technologies tout en renfor\u00e7ant leur comp\u00e9titivit\u00e9 (Banque mondiale, 2019).  <\/p><h2>B\u00e2tir une \u00ab ZLECAf num\u00e9rique \u00bb : solutions pour propulser le commerce intra-africain<\/h2><p>L\u2019harmonisation du cadre juridique du num\u00e9rique, impuls\u00e9e par le cadre r\u00e9glementaire \u00e9tabli par la ZLECAf, montre que les \u00c9tats membres s\u2019inscrivent dans une d\u00e9marche constructive et dynamique pour optimiser les gains de la transformation num\u00e9rique des \u00e9conomies locales. Cette r\u00e9forme est surtout guid\u00e9e par l\u2019\u00e9volution croissante du nombre d\u2019utilisateurs du e-commerce en Afrique, projet\u00e9 \u00e0 plus de 520 millions d\u2019ici 2025, alors qu\u2019il est pass\u00e9 de 135 millions \u00e0 plus de 437 millions entre 2017 et 2023. B\u00e2tir une ZLECAf num\u00e9rique devient d\u00e8s lors non seulement une n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 mais aussi une opportunit\u00e9 pour propulser le commerce intra-africain et transformer la dynamique \u00e9conomique du continent. Pour y parvenir d\u00e9finitivement, certaines initiatives doivent en \u00eatre les piliers fondamentaux :    <\/p><p><i>\u2022 renforcement des comp\u00e9tences num\u00e9riques :<\/i> en reconnaissant le d\u00e9ficit des comp\u00e9tences num\u00e9riques en Afrique, l\u2019Union africaine (2020b) rappelle que les investissements dans l\u2019apprentissage des technologies sont la strat\u00e9gie la plus solide pour l\u2019avenir du continent, et un moyen pour progresser vers la r\u00e9alisation de l\u2019indicateur th\u00e9matique 4.4.2 de l\u2019objectif de d\u00e9veloppement durable (ODD) (Nations unies, 2015) ; <\/p><p><i>\u2022 densification de l\u2019infrastructure num\u00e9rique :<\/i> l\u2019infrastructure est essentielle au d\u00e9veloppement du commerce num\u00e9rique en Afrique. Le programme pour le d\u00e9veloppement des infrastructures en Afrique (PIDA) (Union africaine, 2012), lanc\u00e9 par la Commission de l\u2019Union africaine, souligne que r\u00e9soudre la p\u00e9nurie d\u2019infrastructures est crucial pour la prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique et le d\u00e9veloppement durable du continent. Cette probl\u00e9matique exige des solutions \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle r\u00e9gionale et continentale. La fracture num\u00e9rique \u00e9tant essentiellement g\u00e9ographique, l\u2019int\u00e9gration \u00e9conomique du continent ne peut se r\u00e9aliser qu\u2019\u00e0 travers l\u2019interconnexion des march\u00e9s. Le d\u00e9fi infrastructurel couvrant des projets dans les secteurs de l\u2019\u00e9nergie, des transports, des TIC et des ressources hydrauliques est estim\u00e9 \u00e0 360 milliards de dollars am\u00e9ricain d\u2019ici 2040 (Union africaine, 2012) ;     <\/p><p><i>\u2022 renforcer les investissements dans le domaine de l\u2019innovation<\/i> : l\u2019impact du Covid-19 soul\u00e8ve la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 pour les \u00c9tats d\u2019accorder une attention particuli\u00e8re \u00e0 l\u2019innovation dans leur plan de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique, en se basant notamment sur les strat\u00e9gies de sp\u00e9cialisation intelligentes. Celles-ci proposent des cadres et des outils pour appuyer les initiatives en mati\u00e8re d\u2019innovation (Dosso &amp; Diankha, 2022). La ZLECAf doit inspirer une v\u00e9ritable culture d\u2019innovation principalement dans le domaine de la technologie et encourager la cr\u00e9ation de hubs technologiques r\u00e9gionaux   <\/p><p>Au niveau des \u00c9tats, il sera n\u00e9cessaire d\u2019intensifier les efforts d\u00e9j\u00e0 engag\u00e9s par certains pays qui tirent un b\u00e9n\u00e9fice optimal du commerce num\u00e9rique (WTO, 2024). Ces pays, en plus d\u2019investir dans les secteurs mentionn\u00e9s, accordent une attention particuli\u00e8re \u00e0 la r\u00e9duction des co\u00fbts de transaction et de connexion, tout en offrant divers soutiens aux acteurs de l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me, tant sur le plan juridique que fiscal, \u00e0 l\u2019exemple de la loi relative \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation et \u00e0 la promotion des start-up au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal (R\u00e9publique du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, 2019). <\/p><h2>Conclusion<\/h2><p>La principale caract\u00e9ristique des \u00e9changes intra-africains est sa concentration (Lo &amp; Sy, 2022). 50 % des flux commerciaux sont effectu\u00e9s par les deux grandes puissances \u00e9conomiques du continent, l\u2019Afrique du Sud et le Nigeria (CNUCED, 2019). Les \u00e9changes entre pays africains ont toutefois plus de contenus technologiques que les exportations tourn\u00e9es hors du Continent (FMI, 2019). \u00c0 la concentration des \u00e9changes commerciaux vient s\u2019ajouter une fragmentation des r\u00e9glementations, notamment celles relatives \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9conomie num\u00e9rique et au commerce num\u00e9rique.    <\/p><p>Ces statistiques montrent le d\u00e9fi que pose la mise en place de la ZLECAf. La num\u00e9risation des \u00e9changes est un atout majeur pour la r\u00e9alisation de ses objectifs. Le caract\u00e8re fragmentaire des cadres juridiques constitue un frein pour la transformation \u00e9conomique et inclusive du continent (Sorgho, 2023). L\u2019adoption de dispositifs juridiques par la ZLECAf pour harmoniser les r\u00e9glementations applicables au commerce num\u00e9rique doit s\u2019accompagner de plusieurs initiatives aussi bien au niveau r\u00e9gional que national. D\u2019ailleurs, avec l\u2019effet disruptif de la technologie, la recherche du cadre juridique adapt\u00e9 devient un imp\u00e9ratif pour les autorit\u00e9s.    <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d9184d e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2d9184d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7fd8c3 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a7fd8c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'auteur(s)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38b0172 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-link-in-bio\" data-id=\"38b0172\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"link-in-bio.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio e-link-in-bio\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image e-link-in-bio__identity-image-profile has-style-circle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Mame-Penda-Ba-Global-Africa-225x300.jpg\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image-element\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Mame-Penda-Ba-Global-Africa-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Mame-Penda-Ba-Global-Africa.jpg 668w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"e-link-in-bio__heading\">Mame Penda Ba<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"e-link-in-bio__title\">Professeure de sciences politiques,<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-link-in-bio__description\">University of Gaston Berger in S\u00e9n\u00e9gal<\/p>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icons has-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon is-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a aria-label=\"Email\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-link\" href=\"mailto:mame-penda.ba@ugb.edu.sn?subject=Contact%20from%20GA%20Bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-svg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__ctas has-type-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/author\/mame-penda-ba\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener \" class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta is-type-button has-corners-rounded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVoir le profil complet\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca44f9b ignoretoc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ca44f9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9galement dans ce num\u00e9ro<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08ab0bf elementor-grid-1 elementor-grid-tablet-1 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-posts--show-avatar elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"08ab0bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:27,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_tablet_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_mobile_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.posts_cards_pp_authors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-posts_cards_pp_authors elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15271 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-revue author-global-africa\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1200\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Issue-10-\u2013-Global-AfricaProtective-Knowledges-The-Wisdom-to-Protect-.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-15268\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tNum\u00e9ro 10 \u2013 Global Africa\u00ab Savoirs protecteurs, savoir prot\u00e9ger \u00bb\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Num\u00e9ro 10 \u2013 Global Africa\u00ab Savoirs protecteurs, savoir prot\u00e9ger \u00bb\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tGlobal Africa\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15509 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-analyses-critiques author-karine-collette-fr author-ibrahima-ba-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14990\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41.png 527w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41-210x300.png 210w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 527px) 100vw, 527px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tTerre-M\u00e8re : trace discursive d\u2019une \u00e9mancipation \u00e9cologique au Nord et au Sud ?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Terre-M\u00e8re : trace discursive d\u2019une \u00e9mancipation \u00e9cologique au Nord et au Sud ?\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tKarine Collette, Ibrahima Ba\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15517 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-champ author-cheikh-sadibou-sakho-fr author-masengesho-kamuzinzi-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.18.04.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14982\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\t\u00ab We Heal Together \u00bb, un savoir protecteur par excellence qui s\u2019inspire de l\u2019h\u00e9ritage africain, o\u00f9 les responsabilit\u00e9s envers soi et envers autrui sont indissociables\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur \u00ab We Heal Together \u00bb, un savoir protecteur par excellence qui s\u2019inspire de l\u2019h\u00e9ritage africain, o\u00f9 les responsabilit\u00e9s envers soi et envers autrui sont indissociables\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tCheikh Sadibou Sakho, Masengesho Kamuzinzi\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15523 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-analyses-critiques author-cheikh-sadibou-sakho-fr author-ndeye-laity-ndiaye-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.17.22.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14992\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tIt Takes a Village! (R\u00e9)inventer la mise \u00e0 l\u2019abri des survivantes de violences sexuelles au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal<br>Pistes \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience du centre Kullimaaroo de Ziguinchor\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur It Takes a Village! (R\u00e9)inventer la mise \u00e0 l\u2019abri des survivantes de violences sexuelles au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal&lt;br&gt;Pistes \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience du centre Kullimaaroo de Ziguinchor\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tCheikh Sadibou Sakho, Nd\u00e8ye La\u00efty Ndiaye\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e590199 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e590199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dd1381 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-adv-tabs\" data-id=\"3dd1381\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-adv-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div data-scroll-on-click=\"no\" data-scroll-speed=\"300\" id=\"eael-advance-tabs-3dd1381\" class=\"eael-advance-tabs eael-tabs-horizontal eael-tab-auto-active  responsive-vertical-layout\" data-tabid=\"3dd1381\">\n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-nav \">\n                <ul class=\"eael-tab-inline-icon\" role=\"tablist\">\n                                            <li id=\"pour-citer-larticle-\" class=\"active-default eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-quote-left\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Pour citer l&rsquo;article :<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"notes\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"notes-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-notes-medical\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Notes<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"bibliographie\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"bibliographie-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-book\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Bibliographie<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                    \n                                  <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-content\">\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item active-default\" data-title-link=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <h5>APA<\/h5>\n<p>Diankha, A. (2024). Commerce num\u00e9rique et ZLECAf : le cadre juridique \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9preuve du march\u00e9 num\u00e9rique continental. Global Africa, (8), pp. 106-119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/3jtj-wt73   https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/5d83-3p68<\/p>\n<h5>MLA<\/h5>\n<p>Diankha, A. \u00ab\u00a0Commerce num\u00e9rique et ZLECAf : le cadre juridique \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9preuve du march\u00e9 num\u00e9rique continental\u00a0\u00bb. Global Africa, no. 8, 2024, p. 106-119. doi.org\/10.57832\/3jtj-wt73  <\/p>\n<h5>DOI<\/h5>\n<p>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/5d83-3p68<\/p>\n<p>\u00a9 2024 by author(s). This work is openly licensed via CC BY-NC 4.0 <\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"notes-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"notes-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>[1] La ZLECAf est l\u2019une des six \u00e9tapes du processus d\u2019int\u00e9gration telles que pr\u00e9vues par l\u2019article 6 du trait\u00e9 instituant la Communaut\u00e9 \u00e9conomique africaine, sign\u00e9 \u00e0 Abuja le 3 juin 1991 (Union africaine, 1991).<\/p>\n<p>[2] L\u2019agenda 2063 de l\u2019Union africaine est la feuille de route strat\u00e9gique \u00e0 long terme adopt\u00e9e par l\u2019Union africaine en 2013. Cet agenda qui repose sur six principales aspirations constitue la vision globale pour la transformation socio\u00e9conomique de l\u2019Afrique. <\/p>\n<p>[3] L\u2019accord \u00e9tablissant la ZLECAf a \u00e9t\u00e9 adopt\u00e9 par la 10e session extraordinaire de la conf\u00e9rence des chefs d\u2019\u00c9tat et de gouvernement le 21 mars 2018 \u00e0 Kigali, au Rwanda. Il est entr\u00e9 en vigueur le 30 mai 2019, trente jours apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9p\u00f4t du 22e instrument de ratification aupr\u00e8s du pr\u00e9sident de la Commission de l\u2019Union africaine (CUA). <\/p>\n<p>[4] https:\/\/www.joradp.dz\/FTP\/jo-francais\/2018\/F2018034.pdf<\/p>\n<p>[5] Loi 2008-12 du 25 janvier 2008 portant sur la protection des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel https:\/\/www.cdp.sn\/sites\/default\/files\/protection.pdf<\/p>\n<p>[6] L\u2019entit\u00e9 (l\u2019entreprise par exemple) qui souhaite transf\u00e9rer des donn\u00e9es personnelles doit en informer au pr\u00e9alable l\u2019autorit\u00e9 en charge de la protection des donn\u00e9es personnelles.<\/p>\n<p>[7] Article 49, alin\u00e9a 1 de la loi 2008-12 du 25 janvier 2008 portant protection des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel.<\/p>\n<p>[8] Conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 son article 36, la convention est entr\u00e9e en vigueur le 8 juin 2023, trente jours apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9p\u00f4t du 15e instrument de ratification par la Mauritanie.<\/p>\n<p>[9] CEDEAO, Communaut\u00e9 \u00e9conomique des \u00c9tats de l\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest, est compos\u00e9e de 15 \u00c9tats (B\u00e9nin, Burkina Faso, Cap-Vert, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, Gambie, Ghana, Guin\u00e9e, Guin\u00e9e-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, Sierra Leone et Togo) dont 4 actuellement sous sanction (Burkina Faso, Guin\u00e9e, Mali et Niger).<\/p>\n<p>[10] https:\/\/unctad.org\/page\/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide<\/p>\n<p>[11] Commission des Nations unies pour le droit commercial international.<\/p>\n<p>12] Les pays africains non membres de l\u2019OMC sont l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie, l\u2019\u00c9rythr\u00e9e, l\u2019\u00c9thiopie, la Guin\u00e9e \u00e9quatoriale, la Libye, la Somalie, le Soudan et le Soudan du Sud. \u00c0 l\u2019exception de l\u2019\u00c9rythr\u00e9e, tous ces pays ont le statut d\u2019observateur au sein de l\u2019OMC. <\/p>\n<p>[13] Cette initiative regroupe tous les pays qui dominent le commerce \u00e9lectronique mondial \u00e0 l\u2019exception de l\u2019Inde. Les pays africains participant \u00e0 cette initiative sont le B\u00e9nin, le Burkina Faso, le Cap-Vert, le Cameroun, la C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, la Gambie, le Kenya, l\u2019\u00eele Maurice et le Nigeria. On note par contre, la non-participation d\u2019importants pays comme l\u2019Afrique du Sud, l\u2019\u00c9gypte, la Tunisie, le Ghana, le Maroc, le Rwanda ou encore le S\u00e9n\u00e9gal.  <\/p>\n<p>[14] Cette d\u00e9claration marque le d\u00e9but des n\u00e9gociations plurilat\u00e9rales entre certains membres de l\u2019OMC pour \u00e9tablir des r\u00e8gles sur le commerce \u00e9lectronique, en l\u2019absence de consensus \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle multilat\u00e9rale.<\/p>\n<p>[15] INF\/ECOM\/87 directdoc.aspx (wto.org).<br \/>[16] TISMOS, ou donn\u00e9es sur le commerce des services par mode de fourniture, est un ensemble de donn\u00e9es exp\u00e9rimentales cr\u00e9\u00e9 par l\u2019OMC et financ\u00e9 par la direction g\u00e9n\u00e9rale du Commerce de la Commission europ\u00e9enne. https:\/\/www.wto.org\/french\/res_f\/statis_f\/trade_datasets_f.htm https:\/\/www.wto.org\/french\/res_f\/statis_f\/trade_datasets_f.htm<\/p>\n<p>[17] The income tax (digital service tax) regulations of Kenya, 2020. Microsoft Word &#8211; L.N. 205-206 COMBINED INCOME TAX EDVAT (AMENDMENT) REGULATIONS.docx (kra.go.ke)<\/p>\n<p>[18] More highlights on Zimbabwe\u2019s proposed 5 percent digital tax\u2013MNE Tax<\/p>\n<p>[19] Arr\u00eat\u00e9 abrogeant et rempla\u00e7ant l\u2019arr\u00eat\u00e9 n\u00b0 034269 du 8 novembre 2023 portant sur l\u2019application des dispositions de l\u2019article 355 bis du CGI relatif \u00e0 la TVA sur les prestations de services num\u00e9riques r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par les assujettis \u00e9trangers.<\/p>\n<p>[20] Projet OCDE\/G20 sur l\u2019\u00e9rosion de la base d\u2019imposition et le transfert de b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, 11 juillet 2023. Ce document pr\u00e9sente la d\u00e9claration de r\u00e9sultat telle qu\u2019approuv\u00e9e par 141 membres du cadre inclusif OCDE\/G20 sur le BEPS au 27 mai 2024. https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/content\/dam\/oecd\/fr\/topics\/sujets-policy-issues\/beps\/declaration-de-resultat-sur-la-solution-reposant-sur-deux-piliers-pour-resoudre-les-defis-fiscaux-souleves-par-la-numerisation-de-l-economie-juillet-2023.pdf\/  <\/p>\n<p>[21] https:\/\/au.int\/sites\/default\/files\/treaties\/36437-treaty-consolidted_text_on_cfta_-_fr.pdf<\/p>\n<p>[22] L\u2019AGCS est entr\u00e9 en vigueur en janvier 1995 suite aux n\u00e9gociations du cycle d\u2019Uruguay pour \u00e9tendre le syst\u00e8me commercial multilat\u00e9ral aux services. https:\/\/www.wto.org\/french\/docs_f\/legal_f\/26-gats_01_f.htm https:\/\/www.wto.org\/french\/docs_f\/legal_f\/26-gats_01_f.htm<\/p>\n<p>[23] Les listes d\u2019engagements sp\u00e9cifiques sont des documents complexes sous forme de tableaux, dans lesquels chaque pays identifie les secteurs de services auxquels il appliquera les obligations \u00e9nonc\u00e9es dans le protocole en mati\u00e8re d\u2019acc\u00e8s aux march\u00e9s et de traitement national, et les \u00e9ventuelles exceptions \u00e0 ces obligations qu\u2019il souhaite maintenir.<\/p>\n<p>[24] Ce classement des secteurs de services est bas\u00e9 sur la classification de l\u2019OMC, appel\u00e9e aussi W120 (MTN.GNS\/W\/120). Cette classification d\u00e9nombre 12 secteurs de services. Parall\u00e8lement, il existe d\u2019autres classifications comme la classification centrale des produits (CPC) des Nations unies.  <\/p>\n<p>[25] Cette classification est adopt\u00e9e par les membres de l\u2019OMC pour assurer la comparabilit\u00e9 et la coh\u00e9rence entre pays des engagements contract\u00e9s.https:\/\/www.wto.org\/french\/tratop_f\/serv_f\/accountancy_f\/accountancy_f.htm#:~:text=Les%20services%20comptables%20figurent%20dans,et%20la%20tenue%20de%20livres. <\/p>\n<p>[26] La classification centrale des produits des Nations unies (Central Product Classification \u2013 CPC) propose une structure de classification coh\u00e9rente pour les produits (biens et services) bas\u00e9e sur des concepts, des d\u00e9finitions, des r\u00e8gles de classification et des principes reconnus \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle internationale. https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/classifications\/Econ\/Download\/In%20Text\/CPCprov_french.pdf <\/p>\n<p>[27] Voir le chapitre 19 de l\u2019ACEUM, accord Canada\u2013\u00c9tats-Unis\u2013Mexique (https:\/\/www.international.gc.ca\/trade-commerce\/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux\/agr-acc\/cusma-aceum\/text-texte\/19.aspx?lang=fra ) ou le chapitre 14 de l\u2019accord de libre-\u00e9change \u00c9tats-Unis\u2013Maroc (https:\/\/www.ustr.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/agreements\/fta\/morocco\/asset_upload_file194_3848.pdf).<\/p>\n<p>[28] L\u2019un des objectifs g\u00e9n\u00e9raux de la ZLECAf est de \u00ab cr\u00e9er un march\u00e9 unique pour les marchandises et les services facilit\u00e9 par la circulation des personnes afin d\u2019approfondir l\u2019int\u00e9gration \u00e9conomique du continent africain et conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 la vision panafricaine d\u2019une \u00ab\u00a0Afrique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e, prosp\u00e8re et pacifique\u00a0\u00bb telle qu\u2019\u00e9nonc\u00e9e dans l\u2019agenda 2063 \u00bb.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"bibliographie-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"bibliographie-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p id=\"viewer-foo\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">African Union (1991). Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community, signed at Abuja on june, 3 1991.  <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/au.int\/en\/treaties\/treaty-establishing-african-economic-community\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/au.int\/en\/treaties\/treaty-establishing-african-economic-community<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-8op2e13663\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">African Union (2012). Program for Infrastructure Development in Africa (PIDA). Cadre strat\u00e9gique 2012-2040.   <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.au-pida.org\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.au-pida.org<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-o97iz13666\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">African Union (2014). Convention de l\u2019Union africaine sur la cybers\u00e9curit\u00e9 et la protection des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel. Malabo.   <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/au.int\/sites\/default\/files\/treaties\/29560-treaty-0048_-_african_union_convention_on_cyber_security_and_personal_data_protection_f.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/au.int\/sites\/default\/files\/treaties\/29560-treaty-0048_-_african_union_convention_on_cyber_security_and_personal_data_protection_f.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-v328b13669\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">African Union (2017). Protocole de la ZLECAf sur le commerce des services. Niamey.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-0unhy13671\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">African Union (2018). Accord portant cr\u00e9ation de la ZLECAf. Niamey.   <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/au.int\/sites\/default\/files\/treaties\/36437-treaty-consolidted_text_on_cfta_-_fr.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/au.int\/sites\/default\/files\/treaties\/36437-treaty-consolidted_text_on_cfta_-_fr.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-vaxzz13674\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">African Union (2020a). D\u00e9cision Assembly\/AU\/4(XXXII) de la conf\u00e9rence des chefs d\u2019\u00c9tat et de gouvernement de l\u2019Union africaine lors de la 33e session ordinaire tenue \u00e0 Addis-Abeba, \u00c9thiopie, du 9 au 10 f\u00e9vrier 2020.  <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/au.int\/sites\/default\/files\/decisions\/38180-assembly_au_dec_749-795_xxxiii_f.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/au.int\/sites\/default\/files\/decisions\/38180-assembly_au_dec_749-795_xxxiii_f.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-xsp7p13677\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">African Union (2020b). Strat\u00e9gie de transformation num\u00e9rique pour l\u2019Afrique (2020-2030). Addis-Abeba.   <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/au.int\/fr\/documents\/20200518\/strategie-de-transformation-numerique-pour-lafrique-2020-2030\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/au.int\/fr\/documents\/20200518\/strategie-de-transformation-numerique-pour-lafrique-2020-2030<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-vj0ni13680\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">African Union (2024). Protocole de la ZLECAf sur le commerce num\u00e9rique. Addis-Abeba.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-41maf13682\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Babalola, O. (2023). R\u00e9gime juridique de protection des donn\u00e9es et gouvernance des donn\u00e9es en Afrique : une vue d\u2019ensemble CREA, document de travail DG-003, consortium pour la recherche \u00e9conomique en Afrique, Nairobi. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-kq4jc13685\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Bacchetta, M., Low, P., Mattoo, A., Schuknecht, L., Wager, H., &amp; Wehrens, M. (1998). Le commerce \u00e9lectronique et le r\u00f4le de l\u2019OMC, WTO Special Studies, No. 2f, World Trade Organization (WTO), Gen\u00e8ve.  <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.econstor.eu\/bitstream\/10419\/107053\/1\/wto-special-study_2_f.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.econstor.eu\/bitstream\/10419\/107053\/1\/wto-special-study_2_f.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-7wscj13689\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Barbet, P. (2003). Commerce \u00e9lectronique et r\u00e9gulation des \u00e9changes internationaux. <em>Annals of Telecommunications<\/em>, <em>58<\/em>(1-2), 251-265. <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/shs.hal.science\/halshs-00206108\/document\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/shs.hal.science\/halshs-00206108\/document<\/a>  <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-ue8qa13697\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Berg, S., &amp; Hofmann, J. (2021). Digital Democracy <em>. Internet Policy Review<\/em>, <em>10<\/em>(4).<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-k51h813703\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">Boshe, P., Hennemann, P., &amp; Von Meding, R. (2022). African Data Protection Laws \u2013 Current Regulatory Approaches, Policy Initiatives, and the Way Forward. 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D\u00e9claration conjointe sur le commerce \u00e9lectronique, adopt\u00e9e lors de la conf\u00e9rence minist\u00e9rielle. 10-13 december 2017, Buenos Aires, Argentine.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-jif3p13916\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">WTO (World Trade Organisation) (2019). Rapport sur le commerce mondial 2019. L\u2019avenir du commerce des services. OMC.    <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wto.org\/french\/res_f\/booksp_f\/00_wtr19_f.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.wto.org\/french\/res_f\/booksp_f\/00_wtr19_f.pdf<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-jp2go13920\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">WTO (World Trade Organisation) (2023). Rapport sur le commerce mondial, La remondialisation pour un avenir s\u00fbr, inclusif et durable. OMC, Gen\u00e8ve.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-9xf3z13922\" class=\"FE-uk _6m6GM lbOW6 xHBmq\"><span class=\"_4fqav\">WTO (World Trade Organisation) (2024). Aid for Trade: Challenges and success stories. <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/tratop_e\/devel_e\/a4t_e\/cssta4t-senegal_e.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senegal: Five steps for digital transformation.<\/a> <a class=\"pDNga DSGma\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/tratop_e\/devel_e\/a4t_e\/cssta4t-senegal_e.htm\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/tratop_e\/devel_e\/a4t_e\/cssta4t-senegal_e.htm<\/u><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t                    <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aff930 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5aff930\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div 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data-settings=\"{&quot;_position&quot;:&quot;fixed&quot;,&quot;_transform_rotateZ_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:90,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_rotateZ_effect_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;deg&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_rotateZ_effect_tablet_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;deg&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_rotateZ_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;deg&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_rotateZ_effect_mobile_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;deg&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_rotateZ_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;deg&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"eael-creative-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div class=\"eael-creative-button-wrapper\">\n\n            <a class=\"eael-creative-button eael-creative-button--default eael-cb-icon-position-\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Doff_canvas%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6ImZjMzRiODYiLCJkaXNwbGF5TW9kZSI6Im9wZW4ifQ%3D%3D\" data-text=\"Allez-y !\">\n            \t    \n                <div class=\"creative-button-inner\">\n\n                    \n                    <span class=\"cretive-button-text\">Table des mati\u00e8res<\/span>\n\n                                    <\/div>\n\t                        <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Num\u00e9ro 08 &#8211; Analyses critiques This post is also available in: English Fran\u00e7ais (French) T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER EN PDF 08.2024\u00c9conomie num\u00e9rique en Afrique Publi\u00e9 le : 20 d\u00e9cembre 2024ISSN: 3020-0458 T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER LE NUM\u00c9RO PDF Abstract R\u00e9sum\u00e9 Muhtasari \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) represents a large-scale free trade agreement designed to create a unified market facilitating the free movement of goods, services, capital, and data across the African continent. This agreement covers a range of legal domains, including trade in goods and services, investments, competition policy, intellectual property rights, as well as digital trade and the inclusion of women and youth in commerce. By establishing a harmonized legal framework, the AfCFTA seeks to address the continent\u2019s main legal challenge, often described as a &#8220;legal patchwork&#8221;. The coexistence of multiple legal regimes\u2014including community and regional regulations, national laws, and international treaties\u2014has led to significant legal complexity. By facilitating the free flow of services and providers in strategic sectors such as professional services, information technologies, telecommunications, media, tourism, transport, and financial services, member states create favorable conditions for promoting inclusive e-commerce. Through the integration of crucial areas such as cross-border data transfer, digital financial transactions, taxation of digital products, and customs duties applicable to digital trade, the AfCFTA offers substantial prospects for digital ecosystem stakeholders as well as regulatory authorities responsible for enforcing these standards. However, achieving a truly digital AfCFTA requires bridging technological, infrastructural, legal, and economic gaps. Keywords Legal framework, digital trade, regulatory cooperation, regional integration, AfCFTA La zone de libre-\u00e9change continentale africaine (ZLECAf) repr\u00e9sente un accord de libre-\u00e9change d\u2019envergure pour l\u2019instauration d\u2019un march\u00e9 unifi\u00e9 facilitant la libre circulation des marchandises, des services, des capitaux et des donn\u00e9es sur l\u2019ensemble du continent africain. Cet accord concerne divers domaines juridiques incluant le commerce des biens et des services, les investissements, la politique de la concurrence, les droits de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle, ainsi que le commerce num\u00e9rique et l\u2019inclusion des femmes et des jeunes dans le commerce. En \u00e9tablissant un cadre juridique harmonis\u00e9, la ZLECAf aspire \u00e0 r\u00e9soudre le principal d\u00e9fi juridique du continent, souvent d\u00e9crit comme un \u00ab patchwork juridique \u00bb. La coexistence de multiples r\u00e9gimes juridiques \u2013 comprenant les r\u00e8glements communautaires et r\u00e9gionaux, les r\u00e9glementations nationales, ainsi que les lois internationales \u2013 a engendr\u00e9 une complexit\u00e9 juridique consid\u00e9rable. En facilitant la libre circulation des services et des fournisseurs dans des secteurs strat\u00e9giques tels que les services professionnels, les technologies de l\u2019information, les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, les m\u00e9dias, le tourisme, les transports et les services financiers, les \u00c9tats membres instaurent les conditions propices \u00e0 la promotion d\u2019un commerce \u00e9lectronique inclusif. Par l\u2019int\u00e9gration de domaines cruciaux comme le transfert transfrontalier des donn\u00e9es, les transactions financi\u00e8res num\u00e9riques, la fiscalit\u00e9 des produits num\u00e9riques et les droits de douane applicables au commerce num\u00e9rique, la ZLECAf offre des perspectives substantielles pour les acteurs de l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me num\u00e9rique ainsi que pour les autorit\u00e9s charg\u00e9es de la r\u00e9gulation et de l\u2019application de ces normes. Toutefois, pour parvenir \u00e0 une v\u00e9ritable ZLECAf num\u00e9rique, il faut combler le gap technologique, infrastructurel, juridique et \u00e9conomique. Mots-cl\u00e9s Cadre juridique, commerce num\u00e9rique, coop\u00e9ration r\u00e9glementaire, int\u00e9gration r\u00e9gionale, ZLECAf Eneo la Biashara Huria la Bara la Afrika (AfCFTA) linawakilisha makubaliano makubwa ya biashara huria kwa ajili ya kuanzishwa kwa soko la pamoja kuwezesha usafirishaji huru wa bidhaa, huduma, mitaji na data katika bara zima la Afrika. Mkataba huu unahusu maeneo mbalimbali ya kisheria ikiwa ni pamoja na biashara ya bidhaa na huduma, uwekezaji, sera ya ushindani, haki miliki, pamoja na biashara ya kidijitali na ushirikishwaji wa wanawake na vijana katika biashara. Kwa kuanzisha mfumo wa kisheria uliooanishwa, AfCFTA inatamani kutatua changamoto kuu ya kisheria ya bara hili, ambayo mara nyingi hufafanuliwa kama &#8220;viraka vya kisheria&#8221;. Kuwepo kwa tawala nyingi za kisheria &#8211; ikiwa ni pamoja na kanuni za jumuiya na kikanda, kanuni za kitaifa, pamoja na sheria za kimataifa &#8211; zilileta utata mkubwa wa kisheria. Kwa kuwezesha usafirishaji bila malipo wa huduma na watoa huduma katika sekta za kimkakati kama vile huduma za kitaalamu, teknolojia ya habari, mawasiliano ya simu, vyombo vya habari, utalii, usafiri na huduma za kifedha, Nchi Wanachama zinaunda hali wezeshi zinazokuza biashara ya mtandaoni inayojumuisha. Kwa kuunganisha maeneo muhimu kama vile uhamisho wa data wa mipakani, miamala ya kifedha ya kidijitali, ushuru wa bidhaa za kidijitali na ushuru wa forodha unaotumika kwa biashara ya kidijitali, AfCFTA inatoa matarajio makubwa kwa wachezaji katika mfumo ikolojia wa kidijitali na pia kwa mamlaka zinazohusika na kudhibiti na kutumia viwango hivi. Hata hivyo, ili kufikia AfCFTA ya kweli ya kidijitali, pengo la kiteknolojia, miundombinu, kisheria na kiuchumi lazima lizibiwe. Maneno muhimu Mfumo wa kisheria, biashara ya kidijitali, ushirikiano wa udhibiti, ushirikiano wa kikanda, AfCFTA \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0641&#8221; (ZLECAF) \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c&#8221; \u0632\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0641&#8221; (ZLECAF) Introduction L\u2019av\u00e8nement de la zone de libre-\u00e9change continentale africaine (ZLECAf) est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme un pas majeur vers l\u2019int\u00e9gration \u00e9conomique africaine, avec le potentiel de<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":126,"featured_media":9619,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[200],"tags":[],"issues3":[],"post_folder":[],"ppma_author":[437],"class_list":["post-10580","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analyses-critiques","author-assane-diankha-fr"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin 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