{"id":10273,"date":"2024-12-01T18:05:59","date_gmt":"2024-12-01T18:05:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/actualites\/dynamiques-et-ecosystemes-de-la-publication-scientifique-en-afrique-une-analyse-scientometrique-sur-les-deux-premieres-decennies-du-21e-siecle\/"},"modified":"2025-05-15T12:17:33","modified_gmt":"2025-05-15T12:17:33","slug":"dynamiques-et-ecosystemes-de-la-publication-scientifique-en-afrique-une-analyse-scientometrique-sur-les-deux-premieres-decennies-du-21e-siecle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/dynamiques-et-ecosystemes-de-la-publication-scientifique-en-afrique-une-analyse-scientometrique-sur-les-deux-premieres-decennies-du-21e-siecle\/","title":{"rendered":"Dynamiques et \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la publication scientifique en Afrique Une analyse scientom\u00e9trique sur les deux premi\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies du 21e si\u00e8cle"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10273\" class=\"elementor elementor-10273\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-036a802 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"036a802\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1d7910 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d1d7910\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c21c9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c21c9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Num\u00e9ro 07 - Analyses critiques<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62d8bc1 elementor-author-box--link-yes ignoretoc elementor-author-box--avatar-yes elementor-author-box--name-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"62d8bc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/author\/mhamed-ali-el-aroui-fr\/\" class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Mhamed-Ali-EL-Aroui-1.webp\" alt=\"Image de 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class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/det5-jm88\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER EN PDF<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2724b9e e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2724b9e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f03e25c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f03e25c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"\/?issues=Publishing%20Africa%20\">07.2024<br>Publier la recherche africaine<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b07a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b07a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Publi\u00e9 le : 20 septembre 2024<br><\/strong><strong>ISSN: 3020-0458<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38d84bf elementor-align-center elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/GA-Issue-07-1.jpg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1810\" height=\"2560\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Global-Africa-Issue-07-Afrostructuring-scientific-publishing-1-scaled.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1408\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae2d51c e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ae2d51c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c8215e e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3c8215e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa2f8e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-adv-tabs\" data-id=\"fa2f8e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-adv-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div data-scroll-on-click=\"no\" data-scroll-speed=\"300\" id=\"eael-advance-tabs-fa2f8e7\" class=\"eael-advance-tabs eael-tabs-horizontal eael-tab-auto-active  responsive-vertical-layout\" data-tabid=\"fa2f8e7\">\n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-nav \">\n                <ul class=\"eael-tab-inline-icon\" role=\"tablist\">\n                                            <li id=\"abstract\" class=\"active-default eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"abstract-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Abstract<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"rsum\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"rsum-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_France.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"muhtasari\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"muhtasari-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_Kenya.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Muhtasari<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" viewBox=\"0 0 900 600\"><path id=\"green\" d=\"m0 600h900v-600h-900z\" fill=\"#005430\" stroke-width=\".375\"><\/path><g id=\"white\" transform=\"scale(.375)\"><g id=\"shahada\"><g transform=\"matrix(7.3042,0,0,-6.7531,1800,635.53)\"><path d=\"m0 0c-0.023 4.162-1.516 15.373-1.895 19.134-0.378 3.761-0.759 7.173-0.667 7.972 0.09 0.771 1.187-1.072 1.767-1.221 0.3 0.065 0.166 1.229-0.379 2.223-0.369 0.675-1.627 3.199-2.39 4.678-0.359 0.7-0.439 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                                <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-content\">\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"abstract-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item active-default\" data-title-link=\"abstract-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>A scientometric analysis of Africa\u2019s scientific publication over the past two decades shows first that eleven nations representing half of Africa\u2019s population provided 88% of its indexed scientific publications. These highly productive nations have English or Arabic as official language and were mainly under British colonization (except for the Maghreb countries and Ethiopia). The other half of Africa\u2019s population is settling for a modest 12% of internationally visible publications. A second finding is that African shares in the world indexed publications seem to stabilize to a level of 3.3% in 2021 while they only weighed 1.3% in 2001. These shares are relatively high in Public Health, Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Immunology, Environmental Sciences and Economics and very low in Neuroscience, Cognitive Sciences and Nanoscience. A comparison of publication dynamics among the most productive African nations highlights resilience of highly institutionalized, decentralized and autonomous research institutions and universities. This seems to be particularly the case in regions with former British colonial domination.      <\/p>\n<p>When comparing African publication dynamics, it appears clearly that the previously undisputed South African leadership is increasingly contested by Egypt which has recently accelerated the pace of its scientific publications outside Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS). In terms of research impact, number of internationally ranked universities and highly cited researchers, South Africa still has an undisputed leadership in the continent, followed by Egypt and far outstripping Nigeria, Kenya and the three main Maghreb countries: Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. Our results thus show a recent resumption of the scientific dynamic in Nigeria after a slowdown in the early 2010s. The three Maghreb countries have comparable positions but very different dynamics. We note a continuous increase in Moroccan scientific production, an important loss of speed in Tunisia and the same is also seen in Algeria but to a lesser extent. Senegal has a relatively high number of researchers per capita but still lacks visibility in terms of scientific impact. The last significant elements concern the recent important increase of Ethiopian publications and the stable scientific production systems of Ghana and Kenya. Finally, it is important to note that the scientometric analysis presented here is mainly based on numbers of articles, reviews and conference papers and their citations listed in the two major scientometric databases (Scopus and Web-of-Science). It has consequently biases related to an underrepresentation of HSS and journals published in Africa and to the strategic agendas of the two private companies producing these databases.        <\/p>\n<h5>Keywords<\/h5>\n<p>Africa, Science, Research policy, Bibliometrics, Research assessment, Scientific impact, Institutionalization, Postcolonialism, Social context<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"rsum-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"rsum-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>Une analyse scientom\u00e9trique de la publication scientifique en Afrique au cours des deux derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies montre tout d\u2019abord que onze pays repr\u00e9sentant la moiti\u00e9 de la population africaine ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019origine de 88 % des publications scientifiques index\u00e9es. Ces nations tr\u00e8s prolifiques ont l\u2019anglais ou l\u2019arabe comme langue officielle et \u00e9taient principalement sous colonisation britannique (\u00e0 l\u2019exception des pays du Maghreb et de l\u2019\u00c9thiopie). L\u2019autre moiti\u00e9 de la population africaine ne compte que pour 12 % des publications internationalement visibles. Une seconde d\u00e9couverte est que les contributions africaines aux publications index\u00e9es dans le monde semblent se stabiliser \u00e0 3,3 % en 2021, alors qu\u2019elles ne comptaient que pour 1,3 % en 2001. Ces contributions peuvent para\u00eetre relativement \u00e9lev\u00e9es dans les domaines de la sant\u00e9 publique, des sciences agricoles et biologiques, de l\u2019immunologie, des sciences environnementales et de l\u2019\u00e9conomie, et tr\u00e8s faibles dans les domaines des neurosciences, des sciences cognitives et des nanosciences. Une comparaison des dynamiques de publication parmi les nations africaines les plus productives met en \u00e9vidence la vigueur des institutions de recherche et des universit\u00e9s fortement institutionnalis\u00e9es, d\u00e9centralis\u00e9es et autonomes. Cela semble \u00eatre particuli\u00e8rement le cas dans les r\u00e9gions sous ancienne domination coloniale britannique. Si l\u2019on compare la dynamique des publications africaines, il appara\u00eet clairement que le leadership sud-africain, auparavant incontest\u00e9, est de plus en plus disput\u00e9 par l\u2019\u00c9gypte, qui a r\u00e9cemment acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9 le rythme de ses publications scientifiques en dehors des sciences humaines et sociales (SHS). En termes d\u2019impact de recherche, de nombre d\u2019universit\u00e9s class\u00e9es au niveau international et de chercheurs fortement cit\u00e9s, l\u2019Afrique du Sud conserve un leadership indiscutable sur le continent, suivie par l\u2019\u00c9gypte et devan\u00e7ant de loin le Nigeria, le Kenya et les trois principaux pays du Maghreb : Alg\u00e9rie, Maroc et Tunisie. Nos r\u00e9sultats montrent ainsi une reprise r\u00e9cente de la dynamique scientifique au Nigeria apr\u00e8s un ralentissement au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 2010. Les trois pays du Maghreb ont des positions comparables mais des dynamiques tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rentes. On note une augmentation continue de la production scientifique marocaine, une perte de vitesse importante en Tunisie et le m\u00eame ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne est observ\u00e9 en Alg\u00e9rie, mais \u00e0 un degr\u00e9 moindre. Le S\u00e9n\u00e9gal dispose d\u2019un nombre de chercheurs par habitant relativement \u00e9lev\u00e9 mais manque encore de visibilit\u00e9 en termes d\u2019impact scientifique. Les derniers \u00e9l\u00e9ments significatifs portent sur l\u2019augmentation r\u00e9cente et importante des publications en \u00c9thiopie et sur la stabilit\u00e9 des syst\u00e8mes de production scientifique au Ghana et au Kenya. Enfin, il est important de noter que l\u2019analyse scientom\u00e9trique pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e ici est principalement bas\u00e9e sur le nombre d\u2019articles, de revues et de documents de conf\u00e9rence et leurs citations r\u00e9pertori\u00e9es dans les deux principales bases de donn\u00e9es scientom\u00e9triques (Scopus et Web of Science). Elle comporte par cons\u00e9quent des biais li\u00e9s \u00e0 une sous-repr\u00e9sentation des SHS et des revues publi\u00e9es en Afrique et aux agendas strat\u00e9giques des deux soci\u00e9t\u00e9s priv\u00e9es productrices de ces bases de donn\u00e9es.               <\/p>\n<h5>Mots-cl\u00e9s<\/h5>\n<p>Afrique, science, politique de recherche, bibliom\u00e9trie, \u00e9valuation de la recherche, impact scientifique, institutionnalisation, postcolonialisme, contexte social<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"muhtasari-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"muhtasari-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>Uchambuzi wa kisayansi wa machapisho ya kisayansi barani Afrika katika miongo miwili iliyopita unaonyesha kwanza kabisa kwamba nchi kumi na moja zinazowakilisha nusu ya watu wa Afrika zilitoka kwa 88% ya machapisho ya kisayansi yaliyoorodheshwa. Mataifa haya yaliyostawi sana yana Kiingereza au Kiarabu kama lugha yao rasmi na yalikuwa chini ya ukoloni wa Waingereza (isipokuwa nchi za Maghreb na Ethiopia). Nusu nyingine ya idadi ya watu wa Afrika inachukua asilimia 12 tu ya machapisho yanayoonekana kimataifa. Ugunduzi wa pili ni kwamba michango ya Kiafrika kwa machapisho yaliyoorodheshwa kote ulimwenguni inaonekana kuimarika kwa kiwango cha 3.3% mnamo 2021, ambapo ilichangia 1.3% tu mnamo 2001.Michango hii inaweza kuonekana ya juu kiasi katika nyanja za afya ya umma, sayansi ya kilimo na baiolojia, elimu ya kinga, sayansi ya mazingira na uchumi, na chini sana katika nyanja za sayansi ya neva, sayansi ya utambuzi na nanoscience. Ulinganisho wa mienendo ya uchapishaji kati ya mataifa ya Kiafrika yenye tija zaidi unaangazia nguvu za taasisi na vyuo vikuu vilivyo na taasisi, zilizogatuliwa na zinazojitegemea. Hii inaonekana hasa katika maeneo chini ya utawala wa kikoloni wa Uingereza.Tukilinganisha mienendo ya machapisho ya Kiafrika, inakuwa wazi kuwa uongozi wa Afrika Kusini, ambao hapo awali haukupingwa, unazidi kushindaniwa na Misri, ambayo hivi karibuni imeongeza kasi ya machapisho yake ya kisayansi nje ya ubinadamu na kijamii (SHS). Kwa upande wa athari za utafiti, idadi ya vyuo vikuu vilivyoorodheshwa kimataifa na watafiti waliotajwa sana, Afrika Kusini inashikilia uongozi usiopingika katika bara hilo, ikifuatiwa na Misri na mbele zaidi ya Nigeria, Kenya na nchi tatu kuu za Maghreb: Algeria, Morocco na Tunisia. Matokeo yetu kwa hivyo yanaonyesha ahueni ya hivi majuzi katika mienendo ya kisayansi nchini Nigeria baada ya kushuka mapema miaka ya 2010.Nchi tatu za Maghreb zina nafasi zinazolingana lakini mienendo tofauti sana. Tunaona ongezeko linaloendelea la uzalishaji wa kisayansi wa Morocco, upotevu mkubwa wa kasi nchini Tunisia na jambo kama hilo linazingatiwa nchini Algeria lakini kwa kiwango kidogo. Senegal ina idadi kubwa ya watafiti kwa kila mtu lakini bado haina mwonekano wa athari za kisayansi. Vipengele muhimu vya mwisho vinahusu ongezeko la hivi majuzi na kubwa la machapisho nchini Ethiopia na uthabiti wa mifumo ya uzalishaji wa kisayansi nchini Ghana na Kenya. Hatimaye, ni muhimu kutambua kwamba uchanganuzi wa kisayansi wa machapisho uliowasilishwa hapa unategemea hasa idadi ya makala, majarida, na karatasi za mkutano na manukuu yake yaliyoorodheshwa katika hifadhidata kuu mbili za kisayansi za machapisho (Scopus na Web-of- Science). Kwa hivyo ina upendeleo unaohusishwa na uwakilishi mdogo wa SHS na majarida yaliyochapishwa barani Afrika na ajenda za kimkakati za kampuni mbili za kibinafsi zinazozalisha hifadhidata hizi.            <\/p>\n<h5>Maneno muhimu<\/h5>\n<p>Afrika, Sayansi, Sera ya Utafiti, Bibliometriki, Tathmini ya Utafiti, Athari za Kisayansi, Kuanzisha Taasisi, Baada ya Ukoloni, Muktadha wa kijamii. <\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a[1] \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 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\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0646\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t                    <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17086dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"17086dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff89d56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff89d56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L\u2019innovation et la recherche scientifique pourraient permettre au continent africain de se doter des strat\u00e9gies et des technologies n\u00e9cessaires pour relever les d\u00e9fis vitaux qui l\u2019attendent : le changement climatique, les transitions sociales, num\u00e9riques et environnementales, les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques, \u00e9ducatives et sanitaires, etc. Mais pour cela, il faudrait d\u2019abord \u00ab une profonde transition scientifique et technologique africaine qui n\u2019a jamais eu lieu \u00bb (Ba &amp; Cury, 2022, p. 30) jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent. Cette transition scientifique impliquera, comme le sugg\u00e8re Arowosegbe (2016, p. 336), un d\u00e9bat continental sur la question de savoir si \u00ab le moment colonial est vraiment termin\u00e9 en Afrique \u201cet sur les raisons, l\u2019urgence et les moyens d\u2019une\u201d n\u00e9cessaire production de connaissances d\u00e9colonisatrices sur [et en] Afrique \u00bb (Crawford et al., 2021). Sans cette transition \u00e9pist\u00e9mologique essentielle, Ba et Cury (2022, p. 30) ont indiqu\u00e9 que \u00ab l\u2019Afrique risque d\u2019\u00eatre incapable de gouverner des g\u00e9n\u00e9rations qui n\u2019accepteraient ni des politiques publiques mal ficel\u00e9es, ni l\u2019aggravation des in\u00e9galit\u00e9s mondiales \u00bb.   <\/p><p>Arowosegbe (2016) \u00e9voque une situation pessimiste (pourtant r\u00e9aliste dans de nombreux pays africains) en parlant du \u00ab d\u00e9clin ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nal des universit\u00e9s postcoloniales r\u00e9sultant de la n\u00e9gligence des gouvernements, de l\u2019attitude de certains universitaires incomp\u00e9tents et opportunistes, de la mauvaise gestion, de l\u2019ing\u00e9rence politique et du sous-financement \u00bb (Arowosegbe, 2016, p. 335). Dans le m\u00eame ordre d\u2019id\u00e9es, Fonn et al. (2018) ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que si \u00ab les ann\u00e9es 1960 et 1970 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 une sorte d\u2019\u00e2ge d\u2019or pour l\u2019enseignement sup\u00e9rieur en Afrique \u00bb, son d\u00e9clin a commenc\u00e9 dans les ann\u00e9es 1980 et s\u2019est r\u00e9cemment acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9 avec le financement de plus en plus \u00ab limit\u00e9 des universit\u00e9s par les gouvernements africains \u00bb (Fonn et al., 2018, p. 1164). <\/p><p>Bien que nous partagions l\u2019avis d\u2019Arowosegbe (2016) et de Fonn et al. (2018) selon lequel, dans de nombreux pays africains, la production de connaissances scientifiques est directement affect\u00e9e par des crises politiques, \u00e9conomiques et sociales r\u00e9currentes qui conduisent \u00ab non seulement \u00e0 la fuite des cerveaux, mais aussi au d\u00e9sespoir et \u00e0 la d\u00e9sillusion pour ceux qui sont confront\u00e9s \u00e0 ces conditions difficiles dans leur pays \u00bb (Arowosegbe, 2016, p. 326), l\u2019objectif du pr\u00e9sent travail est de montrer, principalement \u00e0 l\u2019aide de statistiques de publications index\u00e9es, que les pays africains ont des syst\u00e8mes de recherche et d\u2019innovation tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rents en termes de r\u00e9alisations, de strat\u00e9gies et de dynamiques, avec quelques signaux optimistes ici et l\u00e0. Les indicateurs scientom\u00e9triques fournissent une premi\u00e8re analyse comparative de ces \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes et permettent de mesurer leur r\u00e9silience, leur efficacit\u00e9 et leur capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 aider ces pays \u00e0 relever les d\u00e9fis auxquels ils seront confront\u00e9s dans les d\u00e9cennies \u00e0 venir. <\/p><p>Le pr\u00e9sent travail vise \u00e0 donner un aper\u00e7u scientom\u00e9trique de la dynamique de la publication scientifique en Afrique au cours des deux premi\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies du 21e si\u00e8cle. Trois indicateurs principaux sont analys\u00e9s et compar\u00e9s entre les nations africaines : <\/p><ul><li>\u2022 le nombre de publications index\u00e9es<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftnref1\">1<\/a> (articles, revues et communications de conf\u00e9rence) et leurs citations r\u00e9pertori\u00e9es dans les deux principales bases de donn\u00e9es scientom\u00e9triques : Scopus et Web of Science ;<\/li><li>\u2022 le nombre de chercheurs parmi les 2 % les plus cit\u00e9s, au niveau international, travaillant dans les universit\u00e9s et centres de recherche africains, fourni annuellement et conjointement par l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Stanford et Elsevier ;<\/li><li>\u2022 les trois principaux classements internationaux des universit\u00e9s \u00e9tablis chaque ann\u00e9e par l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Shanghai, le Times Higher Education (THE) et Quacquarlly Symonds (QS).<\/li><\/ul><p>Plusieurs travaux ant\u00e9rieurs ont \u00e9tudi\u00e9 l\u2019\u00e9tat des publications scientifiques africaines. Sooryamoorthy (2018) a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 (en utilisant les donn\u00e9es de Web of Science) les publications scientifiques africaines pendant la p\u00e9riode de 2000 \u00e0 2015 et a constat\u00e9 que les principaux pays africains sont : l\u2019Afrique du Sud, l\u2019\u00c9gypte, la Tunisie, le Nigeria, le Maroc et l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie. Selon cette \u00e9tude, l\u2019Afrique du Sud et l\u2019\u00c9gypte ont produit plus de 47 % de toutes les publications en Afrique au cours de cette p\u00e9riode. L\u2019Afrique du Sud (26 %) et l\u2019\u00c9gypte (21 %) sont loin devant un groupe homog\u00e8ne de cinq pays : Tunisie (8 %), Nigeria (6 %), Maroc (6 %), Alg\u00e9rie (6 %) et Kenya (4 %).   <\/p><p>En utilisant les donn\u00e9es de Web of Science sur la p\u00e9riode de 2005 \u00e0 2016, Mouton et Blanckenberg (2018) ont constat\u00e9 que la part de l\u2019Afrique dans la production scientifique mondiale est pass\u00e9e de 1,5 % \u00e0 3,2 % entre 2005 et 2016. La production annuelle d\u2019articles par pays montre \u00e0 nouveau la domination de l\u2019Afrique du Sud, suivie de l\u2019\u00c9gypte. Loin derri\u00e8re, on trouve les pays du Maghreb (Tunisie, Alg\u00e9rie et Maroc) ainsi que des contributions plus modestes mais significatives du Nigeria, du Kenya, de l\u2019Ouganda et de la Tanzanie. <\/p><p>Les travaux pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents confirment l\u2019existence de deux leaders incontestables de la publication scientifique en Afrique : l\u2019Afrique du Sud et l\u2019\u00c9gypte, et de cinq \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes \u00e9ditoriaux \u00e9mergents : le Nigeria, les trois pays du Maghreb central et le Kenya.<\/p><p>\u00c0 l\u2019exception de l\u2019Afrique du Sud et de l\u2019\u00c9gypte, presque tous les pays africains souffrent des m\u00eames probl\u00e8mes structurels qui emp\u00eachent l\u2019\u00e9mergence d\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes scientifiques nationaux durables et efficaces, capables de concilier avec succ\u00e8s la ma\u00eetrise des enjeux locaux avec la visibilit\u00e9 et la comp\u00e9titivit\u00e9 au niveau international.<\/p><p>Une \u00e9tude de l\u2019Union africaine r\u00e9alis\u00e9e en 2013 (AOSTI, 2013) a identifi\u00e9 les probl\u00e8mes de gouvernance de la recherche scientifique africaine suivants :<\/p><ol><li>1. la plupart des pays africains ne disposent pas de processus de politique scientifique bien \u00e9tablis et dynamiques ;<\/li><li>2. la conception des politiques est trop longue dans la plupart des pays africains ;<\/li><li>3. l\u2019\u00e9laboration de la politique scientifique a tendance \u00e0 \u00eatre isol\u00e9e des questions \u00e9conomiques, sociales, technologiques, politiques et environnementales ;<\/li><li>4. le public est tr\u00e8s peu sensibilis\u00e9 aux questions scientifiques et aux programmes nationaux d\u2019\u00e9laboration des politiques qui s\u2019y rapportent.<\/li><\/ol><p>Dans son analyse de la science africaine, Mouton (2018) mentionne que de nombreuses institutions scientifiques africaines sont fragiles, manquent de ressources et souffrent d\u2019un manque de gouvernance scientifique rationnelle. Il souligne que la d\u00e9sinstitutionnalisation des institutions de recherche est le principal probl\u00e8me de la science africaine. Pour lui, cette science africaine d\u00e9sinstitutionnalis\u00e9e pr\u00e9sente cinq caract\u00e9ristiques : \u00ab la faiblesse des institutions scientifiques, la d\u00e9pendance aux financements internationaux, l\u2019individualisme dans la recherche, la reproduction inad\u00e9quate de la main-d\u2019\u0153uvre scientifique et universitaire et la faible importance accord\u00e9e \u00e0 la science par les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s africaines \u00bb. Mouton a identifi\u00e9 six facteurs importants expliquant ces probl\u00e8mes : \u00ab l\u2019h\u00e9ritage de la science coloniale dans de nombreux pays, l\u2019influence d\u00e9stabilisatrice des \u00e9v\u00e9nements politiques et des guerres civiles, l\u2019impact des politiques de la Banque mondiale sur l\u2019enseignement sup\u00e9rieur en Afrique, le r\u00f4le des agences internationales dans le fa\u00e7onnement des sciences africaines, la faiblesse persistante des investissements dans la science par les gouvernements africains et les effets persistants de la fuite des cerveaux \u00bb.   <\/p><p>L\u2019objectif de cette \u00e9tude est de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 une analyse quantitative de la dynamique de la production scientifique africaine et d\u2019identifier les quelques syst\u00e8mes nationaux qui ont r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 mettre en place des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes scientifiques durables et robustes, capables de r\u00e9sister aux diff\u00e9rents al\u00e9as g\u00e9opolitiques et \u00e9conomiques qui caract\u00e9risent plusieurs r\u00e9gions d\u2019Afrique.<\/p><p>L\u2019analyse scientom\u00e9trique pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e ici est principalement bas\u00e9e sur le nombre d\u2019articles, de revues et de documents de conf\u00e9rence et leurs citations r\u00e9pertori\u00e9s dans les deux principales bases de donn\u00e9es scientom\u00e9triques (Scopus et Web of Science). Elle comporte par cons\u00e9quent d\u2019importants biais li\u00e9s aux agendas strat\u00e9giques des deux soci\u00e9t\u00e9s priv\u00e9es productrices de ces bases de donn\u00e9es (Clarivate et Elsevier) : la rentabilit\u00e9 et l\u2019aspect financier associ\u00e9s \u00e0 des crit\u00e8res acad\u00e9miques, ainsi que de fortes disparit\u00e9s r\u00e9gionales et linguistiques dans le choix des revues, la quasi-absence de revues publi\u00e9es en Afrique et la surrepr\u00e9sentation des revues nord-am\u00e9ricaines et europ\u00e9ennes, etc. (voir Asubiaro et al. [2024] pour une analyse de ces disparit\u00e9s de couverture). <\/p><p>Cette approche scientom\u00e9trique est une premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape qui doit \u00eatre suivie par le d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019approches alternatives plus adapt\u00e9es au contexte africain. Une discussion approfondie du paradigme, des d\u00e9fis philosophiques et de l\u2019urgence de repenser la production de connaissances et par cons\u00e9quent d&rsquo;interroger la mani\u00e8re dont la recherche scientifique devrait \u00eatre (re)con\u00e7ue, organis\u00e9e, men\u00e9e et \u00e9valu\u00e9e par les chercheurs africains peut \u00eatre trouv\u00e9e dans les travaux d\u2019Arowosegbe (2016) et de Crawford et al. (2021). <\/p><p>Apr\u00e8s une section introductive, le point suivant d\u00e9peint quantitativement la situation de la publication scientifique en Afrique au cours des deux premi\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies du 21e si\u00e8cle. Nous analysons ensuite la dynamique de la publication scientifique africaine avec une \u00e9tude de son contexte social et \u00e9conomique. Puis nous d\u00e9crivons les chercheurs les plus cit\u00e9s et les universit\u00e9s africaines de rang international avant de nous consacrer \u00e0 la discussion des principaux r\u00e9sultats de cette \u00e9tude et de conclure.  <\/p><h2>La production scientifique africaine en chiffres<\/h2><p>Les indices scientom\u00e9triques fournissent une premi\u00e8re \u00e9valuation de l\u2019intensit\u00e9 et de la dynamique de la production scientifique en Afrique. La base de donn\u00e9es des articles de revues scientifiques et techniques de la Banque mondiale<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftn2\">2<\/a> fournit plusieurs indicateurs scientom\u00e9triques int\u00e9ressants d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s par Web of Science (Clarivate). La seconde base de donn\u00e9es utilis\u00e9e dans ce travail provient de la plateforme SCImago<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftn3\">3<\/a> d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e \u00e0 partir de la base de donn\u00e9es Scopus (Elsevier). SCImago couvre tous les domaines scientifiques (y compris les sciences humaines et sociales) mais recense exclusivement les articles index\u00e9s par Scopus, les revues et les communications de conf\u00e9rence.   <\/p><p>La figure 1 compare les contributions de l\u2019Afrique aux publications internationales index\u00e9es en 2001 et en 2021 dans plusieurs domaines. Le pourcentage de publications africaines (tous domaines scientifiques confondus) est pass\u00e9 de 1,3 % en 2001 \u00e0 3,3 % en 2021<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftn4\">4 <\/a>, alors que son poids d\u00e9mographique est de 16,5 %. L\u2019Afrique a renforc\u00e9 sa part dans tous les domaines scientifiques entre 2001 et 2021.  <\/p><p>La figure 1 montre que les publications de l\u2019Afrique dans le monde sont relativement \u00e9lev\u00e9es dans les domaines suivants : sciences agricoles et biologiques (5,2 % en 2021), immunologie (4,7 %), sciences de l\u2019environnement (4,5 %) et \u00e9conomie (4,2 %), et particuli\u00e8rement en sant\u00e9 publique (6,5 %). Les publications africaines sont particuli\u00e8rement sous-repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es dans les domaines des neurosciences (1,5 % des publications mondiales en 2021) et de la physique (2,2 %). Si l\u2019on se concentre sur les sciences \u00e9mergentes NBIC (nanotechnologie, biotechnologie, informatique et cognition), les contributions des sciences africaines deviennent particuli\u00e8rement faibles : en 2021, les publications africaines ne repr\u00e9sentaient que 0,6 % des publications mondiales en sciences cognitives, en nanosciences cette proportion \u00e9tait de 1,2 %, de 2,5 % en intelligence artificielle et de 3,6 % en biotechnologie.  <\/p><figure id=\"attachment_3729\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3729\" style=\"width: 1272px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3728 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_214cd7fb61b748288a9513595eec6efbmv2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1272\" height=\"972\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_214cd7fb61b748288a9513595eec6efbmv2.png 1272w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_214cd7fb61b748288a9513595eec6efbmv2-300x229.png 300w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_214cd7fb61b748288a9513595eec6efbmv2-1024x782.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_214cd7fb61b748288a9513595eec6efbmv2-768x587.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1272px) 100vw, 1272px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3729\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1 : Contributions de l\u2019Afrique aux publications scientifiques mondiales en 2001 (bleu) et 2021 (orange).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d684371 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d684371\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSource : calculs de l\u2019auteur bas\u00e9s sur les donn\u00e9es brutes de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scimagojr.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"custom-link\" rel=\"noopener\">www.scimagojr.com<\/a>.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f77d221 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f77d221\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La contribution de l\u2019Afrique du Sud et de l\u2019\u00c9gypte aux publications africaines a nettement diminu\u00e9, passant de 51,8 % en 2001 \u00e0 42,7 % en 2021. Un groupe de onze grandes nations africaines (Afrique du Sud, \u00c9gypte, Kenya, Nigeria, Tunisie, Maroc, Alg\u00e9rie, \u00c9thiopie, Ghana, Ouganda et Tanzanie) d\u00e9tient 88 % des publications africaines en 2021 (ce pourcentage \u00e9tait de 83 % en 2001), alors qu\u2019il repr\u00e9sente la moiti\u00e9 de la population de l\u2019Afrique<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftn5\">5<\/a> , l\u2019autre moiti\u00e9 \u00e9tant repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e par les modestes 12 % restants. <\/p><p>La figure 2a (Web of Science) repr\u00e9sente l\u2019\u00e9volution du nombre d\u2019articles scientifiques et techniques publi\u00e9s dans les neuf pays africains les plus productifs sur le plan scientifique. La figure 2b (Scopus) donne le nombre de publications index\u00e9es dans tous les domaines scientifiques. Les figures 2a et 2b issues de bases de donn\u00e9es diff\u00e9rentes donnent les m\u00eames tendances. Elles confirment les r\u00e9sultats de la litt\u00e9rature (Sooryamoorthy, 2018 ; Mouton &amp; Blanckenberg, 2018) : la pr\u00e9sence de deux g\u00e9ants scientifiques africains, \u00e0 savoir l\u2019Afrique du Sud et l\u2019\u00c9gypte, suivis par un groupe de quatre pays apparemment homog\u00e8nes : Nigeria, Maroc, Alg\u00e9rie et Tunisie. Ce groupe devance l\u2019\u00c9thiopie qui a augment\u00e9 significativement sa production depuis 2015 et a d\u00e9pass\u00e9 le Kenya et le Ghana.    <\/p><p>Les donn\u00e9es r\u00e9v\u00e8lent une situation diff\u00e9rente si l\u2019on n\u2019\u00e9tudie que les publications de certains domaines s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9s en SHS<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftn6\">6<\/a> : la figure 2c (\u00e9chelle semi-logarithmique) ne montre que deux \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de publication africains matures (Afrique du Sud et Nigeria) qui ont atteint en 2021 des rythmes de publication de respectivement 2400 articles de SHS par an en Afrique du Sud et 1000 au Nigeria. Le Nigeria est particuli\u00e8rement productif en philosophie. Tous les autres pays africains (y compris l\u2019\u00c9gypte et le Maghreb) semblent avoir des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de SHS invisibles, soit en raison de leur immaturit\u00e9, soit parce qu\u2019ils utilisent des canaux alternatifs ou non index\u00e9s de diffusion des r\u00e9sultats de la recherche.  <\/p><figure id=\"attachment_3731\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3731\" style=\"width: 815px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3730 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_f0e40d161fe940acb73eea59e03c167bmv2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"815\" height=\"466\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_f0e40d161fe940acb73eea59e03c167bmv2.png 815w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_f0e40d161fe940acb73eea59e03c167bmv2-300x172.png 300w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_f0e40d161fe940acb73eea59e03c167bmv2-768x439.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 815px) 100vw, 815px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3731\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2a : Nombre de publications scientifiques et techniques des neuf pays africains les plus productifs entre 2000 et 2020.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7c4459 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7c4459\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source : Banque mondiale (\u00e0 partir de Web of Science) (<a class=\"custom-link\" href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/IP.JRN.ARTC.SC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/IP.JRN.ARTC.SC<\/a>).<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_3733\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3733\" style=\"width: 698px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3732 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_4d65a8d0541347238d961328e92dd3a6mv2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"698\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_4d65a8d0541347238d961328e92dd3a6mv2.png 698w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_4d65a8d0541347238d961328e92dd3a6mv2-300x184.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 698px) 100vw, 698px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3733\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2b : Nombre de publications scientifiques (tous domaines confondus) des neuf pays africains les plus productifs entre 2000 et 2021.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9da0bef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9da0bef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: <a class=\"custom-link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.scimagojr.com.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.scimagojr.com<\/a>.<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_3735\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3735\" style=\"width: 916px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3734 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_f45d210c28a94bd6aee421a86717e770mv2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"916\" height=\"670\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_f45d210c28a94bd6aee421a86717e770mv2.png 916w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_f45d210c28a94bd6aee421a86717e770mv2-300x219.png 300w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_f45d210c28a94bd6aee421a86717e770mv2-768x562.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 916px) 100vw, 916px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3735\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2c : Nombre de publications scientifiques dans certaines sciences humaines et sociales des douze pays africains les plus productifs entre 2000 et 2021.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be3d74f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"be3d74f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSource : calculs de l\u2019auteur bas\u00e9s sur les donn\u00e9es brutes de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scimagojr.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"custom-link\" rel=\"noopener\">www.scimagojr.com<\/a>.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f70a821 eael-table-align-center eael-dt-th-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-data-table\" data-id=\"f70a821\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-data-table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-data-table-wrap\" data-table_id=\"f70a821\" id=\"eael-data-table-wrapper-f70a821\" data-custom_responsive=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"tablesorter eael-data-table center\" id=\"eael-data-table-f70a821\">\n\t\t\t    <thead>\n\t\t\t        <tr class=\"table-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t            <th class=\" sorting\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Titre<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\" sorting\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Pays<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\" sorting\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Indice H<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\" sorting\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Nombre de documents en 2021<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\" sorting\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">2 % des chercheurs les plus cit\u00e9s<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t        <\/tr>\n\t\t\t    <\/thead>\n\t\t\t  \t<tbody>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAfrique du Sud\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t567\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t33019\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t700\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00c9gypte\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t349\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t38651\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t358\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKenya\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t310\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5249\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t43\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNigeria\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t260\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t16745\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t104\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTunis\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t235\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t9400\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t23\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMaroc\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t232\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t11021\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t22\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t7\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAlg\u00e9rie\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t213\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t9785\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t24\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t8\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOuganda\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t209\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3041\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t15\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t9\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTanzanie\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t205\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2658\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t15\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t10\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEthiopie\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t193\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t8876\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t21\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t11\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGhana\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t191\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5467\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t21\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t12\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCameroun\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t167\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2661\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t8\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t13\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMalawi\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t166\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1277\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t14\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZimbabwe\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t164\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1455\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t13\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSocial Dynamics\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZambie\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t151\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t997\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS\u00e9n\u00e9gal\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t146\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t146\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1046\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t7\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGambie\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t145\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t319\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t18\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t134\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t822\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t19\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCongo\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t133\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t462\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t20\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMozambique\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t130\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t814\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t21\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBotswana\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t127\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t985\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t22\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBurkina Faso\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t126\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t842\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t23\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMali\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t124\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t376\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t24\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGabon\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t120\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t305\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t25\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNamibie\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t119\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t675\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t26\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSoudan\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t119\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1704\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t27\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB\u00e9nin\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t117\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t900\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t28\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMadagascar\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t113\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t511\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t29\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRwanda\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t107\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t999\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t30\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMauritius\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t104\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t515\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t    <\/tbody>\n\t\t\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t  \t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eeba03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eeba03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tableau 1 : Les 30 premiers pays africains en 2021 en termes d\u2019indice H et les 2 % de chercheurs les plus cit\u00e9s au monde.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e966d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1e966d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSource : <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scimagojr.com\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"custom-link\" rel=\"noopener\">www.scimagojr.com<\/a> (pour l\u2019indice H et le nombre de documents) et l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Stanford en partenariat avec Elsevier (pour les 2 % de chercheurs les plus cit\u00e9s).\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-910a41d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"910a41d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPour revenir \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude de l\u2019ensemble des domaines scientifiques, le tableau 1 donne les 30 premiers pays africains en termes d\u2019indice H<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftn7\">7<\/a> (jusqu\u2019en 2021), le nombre de publications en 2021 r\u00e9pertori\u00e9es par SCImago et le nombre de chercheurs dans la liste mondiale 2021<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftn8\">8<\/a> des chercheurs les plus cit\u00e9s (top 2%) \u00e9labor\u00e9e par l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Stanford et Elsevier. Ces trois indicateurs confirment une fois de plus le classement des principales nations africaines. \n\n<figure id=\"attachment_3744\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3744\" style=\"width: 1550px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3743 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_2a9fb8b21b954cd5a3c41b7b50e33d98mv2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1550\" height=\"987\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_2a9fb8b21b954cd5a3c41b7b50e33d98mv2.png 1550w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_2a9fb8b21b954cd5a3c41b7b50e33d98mv2-300x191.png 300w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_2a9fb8b21b954cd5a3c41b7b50e33d98mv2-1024x652.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_2a9fb8b21b954cd5a3c41b7b50e33d98mv2-768x489.png 768w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_2a9fb8b21b954cd5a3c41b7b50e33d98mv2-1536x978.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1550px) 100vw, 1550px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3744\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3 : \u00c0 gauche : nombre de publications scientifiques par million d\u2019habitants en 2021. \u00c0 droite : indice H (2021).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2ba2aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2ba2aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSource: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scimagojr.com\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"custom-link\" rel=\"noopener\">www.scimagojr.com<\/a>.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-157b265 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"157b265\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La partie gauche de la figure 3 montre les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes continentaux les plus productifs (Tunisie, Afrique du Sud, Botswana et \u00c9gypte) en termes de nombre de publications scientifiques par habitant (en 2021), tandis que la partie droite indique les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes continentaux les plus visibles (Afrique du Sud, \u00c9gypte et Kenya) en termes d\u2019impact de la recherche mesur\u00e9 par les indices H nationaux (jusqu\u2019en 2021).<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_3746\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3746\" style=\"width: 1055px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3745 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_2bcd1348790048b7bc6911068afae077mv2.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"1055\" height=\"1285\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_2bcd1348790048b7bc6911068afae077mv2.webp 1055w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_2bcd1348790048b7bc6911068afae077mv2-246x300.webp 246w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_2bcd1348790048b7bc6911068afae077mv2-841x1024.webp 841w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_2bcd1348790048b7bc6911068afae077mv2-768x935.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1055px) 100vw, 1055px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3746\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4 : Nombre d\u2019articles par million d\u2019habitants et nombre de citations par publication en 2021.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8d1d33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8d1d33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: <a class=\"custom-link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.scimagojr.com.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.scimagojr.com<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a80b716 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a80b716\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La figure 4 repr\u00e9sente sur l\u2019axe horizontal le nombre de publications scientifiques par million d\u2019habitants (en 2021) tandis que l\u2019axe vertical repr\u00e9sente l\u2019impact de ces publications mesur\u00e9 par le nombre moyen de citations par publication. Les diam\u00e8tres des cercles repr\u00e9sentent l\u2019indice H de chaque pays mesurant l\u2019impact cumulatif total de toutes ses publications scientifiques jusqu\u2019en 2021. Les deux leaders continentaux, l\u2019Afrique du Sud et l\u2019\u00c9gypte, d\u00e9passent de loin la performance moyenne en termes de quantit\u00e9 (axe horizontal) et de qualit\u00e9 (axe vertical). Si l\u2019on consid\u00e8re le nombre de publications par million d\u2019habitants (axe horizontal), la Tunisie devient le leader continental devant l\u2019Afrique du Sud, le Botswana et l\u2019\u00c9gypte.   <\/p><p>Si la Tunisie et le Botswana obtiennent de bons r\u00e9sultats en termes de nombre de publications par million d\u2019habitants, ils se situent en dessous de la moyenne en termes d\u2019impact des publications. Un groupe de sept pays (Mozambique, Gabon, Kenya, Congo, Mali, Zambie et Ouganda) se caract\u00e9rise par un impact relativement \u00e9lev\u00e9 des publications, m\u00eame si le nombre de publications par habitant est relativement faible. Des performances faibles en termes de quantit\u00e9 et d\u2019impact sont observ\u00e9es en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, en \u00c9thiopie, au Burkina Faso, au Cameroun et au Zimbabwe.  <\/p><figure id=\"attachment_3748\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3748\" style=\"width: 1885px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3747 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_e63534d82a7d4c19b4a4b658ab36e8a5mv2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1885\" height=\"755\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_e63534d82a7d4c19b4a4b658ab36e8a5mv2.png 1885w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_e63534d82a7d4c19b4a4b658ab36e8a5mv2-300x120.png 300w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_e63534d82a7d4c19b4a4b658ab36e8a5mv2-1024x410.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_e63534d82a7d4c19b4a4b658ab36e8a5mv2-768x308.png 768w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_e63534d82a7d4c19b4a4b658ab36e8a5mv2-1536x615.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1885px) 100vw, 1885px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3748\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tableau 2 : D\u00e9penses de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement (% du PIB) et nombre de chercheurs en R&amp;D10.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b01225 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0b01225\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source : Banque mondiale (<a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS<\/a>)<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_3751\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3751\" style=\"width: 1240px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3750 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_0f2e25338e1d4acda52297e2007ddedamv2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1240\" height=\"861\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_0f2e25338e1d4acda52297e2007ddedamv2.png 1240w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_0f2e25338e1d4acda52297e2007ddedamv2-300x208.png 300w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_0f2e25338e1d4acda52297e2007ddedamv2-1024x711.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_0f2e25338e1d4acda52297e2007ddedamv2-768x533.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1240px) 100vw, 1240px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3751\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 5 : Investissements dans la recherche en Afrique.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>Sources : Banque mondiale (et SCImago pour l\u2019indice H).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6250ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e6250ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le tableau 2 et la figure 5 analysent les investissements financiers et humains de l\u2019Afrique dans la recherche scientifique. Les ratios des d\u00e9penses int\u00e9rieures brutes de R&amp;D (ou DIRD) par rapport au PIB et le nombre de chercheurs par million d\u2019habitants sont repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s. Le tableau 2 et la figure 5 montrent des disparit\u00e9s tr\u00e8s profondes en termes d\u2019efforts et d\u2019investissements entre six grands pays investisseurs (Afrique du Sud, \u00c9gypte, Tunisie, Maroc, Kenya et Alg\u00e9rie) et tous les autres pays du continent, m\u00eame si le S\u00e9n\u00e9gal tire son \u00e9pingle du jeu avec un nombre de chercheurs par million d\u2019habitants de 564 et des d\u00e9penses de R&amp;D repr\u00e9sentant 0,58 % du PIB, mais avec un nombre de publications index\u00e9es \u00e9tonnamment faible (petit cercle dans la figure 5).  <\/p><p>L\u2019axe horizontal de la figure 5 montre que l\u2019\u00c9gypte, la Tunisie, le Maroc et le Rwanda sont les nations qui investissent le plus dans la recherche (par rapport \u00e0 leur PIB).<\/p><p>Le nombre de chercheurs par million d\u2019habitants (axe vertical de la figure 5) confirme que lorsque le nombre de chercheurs est rapport\u00e9 \u00e0 la population, la Tunisie devient le leader continental avec 1 660 chercheurs par million d\u2019habitants, suivie par le Maroc (1 074 chercheurs), l\u2019\u00c9gypte (838), l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie (819), le S\u00e9n\u00e9gal (564) et l\u2019Afrique du Sud (484). Un \u00e9cart consid\u00e9rable s\u00e9pare ces six nations de toutes les autres. <\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-3752 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_d09f5c3ba1dd4ff78b8788514515779amv2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1288\" height=\"639\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_d09f5c3ba1dd4ff78b8788514515779amv2.png 1288w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_d09f5c3ba1dd4ff78b8788514515779amv2-300x149.png 300w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_d09f5c3ba1dd4ff78b8788514515779amv2-1024x508.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_d09f5c3ba1dd4ff78b8788514515779amv2-768x381.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1288px) 100vw, 1288px\" \/><\/p><figure id=\"attachment_3753\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3753\" style=\"width: 1288px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3752 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_d09f5c3ba1dd4ff78b8788514515779amv2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1288\" height=\"639\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_d09f5c3ba1dd4ff78b8788514515779amv2.png 1288w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_d09f5c3ba1dd4ff78b8788514515779amv2-300x149.png 300w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_d09f5c3ba1dd4ff78b8788514515779amv2-1024x508.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_d09f5c3ba1dd4ff78b8788514515779amv2-768x381.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1288px) 100vw, 1288px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3753\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 6 : Productivit\u00e9 de la recherche en 2021 : publications et PIB. En haut : pour le groupe des gros \u00e9diteurs ; en bas : pour le groupe des petits \u00e9diteurs.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f31d83f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f31d83f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sources : Calculs de l&rsquo;auteur bas\u00e9s sur les donn\u00e9es de la Banque mondiale et de SCImago.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e44f22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2e44f22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEnfin, la figure 6 \u00e9tudie la relation entre la publication de connaissances scientifiques et la richesse \u00e9conomique en rapportant le nombre de publications au PIB nominal (en dollars courants de 2021) dans le groupe des 11 pays \u00e0 forte publication (en haut de la figure 6) et dans le groupe des pays \u00e0 faible publication (en bas de la figure 6). La diff\u00e9rence en termes de productivit\u00e9 de la recherche semble tr\u00e8s importante (comparer les lignes bleues et rouges). Le ratio moyen publications\/PIB dans les 11 pays africains \u00e0 forte productivit\u00e9 est d\u2019environ 70 (comparable aux \u00e9conomies d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es), alors qu\u2019il n\u2019est que de 33 pour le second groupe. On note quelques \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes surproductifs (par rapport \u00e0 leur PIB) (Tunisie, \u00c9gypte et Afrique du Sud) et un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me nig\u00e9rian clairement sousproductif. Pour le second groupe, l\u2019Angola, la R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo et la C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire devraient clairement afficher une production de connaissances plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e compte tenu de leur PIB.    \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c99cc1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c99cc1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dynamiques de la publication scientifique en Afrique<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89dc257 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89dc257\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorsque la dynamique d\u00e9crite dans la figure 2b (par rapport \u00e0 la population de chaque pays) est mod\u00e9lis\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019une fonction quadratique temporelle, nous obtenons les r\u00e9sultats suivants :<\/p><ul><li>\u2022 l\u2019Afrique du Sud est le pays qui conna\u00eet la plus forte augmentation du nombre de publications par habitant en 2021 (augmentation annuelle de 34 publications par million d\u2019habitants), suivie du Maroc (une vitesse de 29), de l\u2019\u00c9gypte (27) et de la Tunisie (23), loin devant le Ghana (16) et l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie (13) ;<\/li><li>\u2022 en ce qui concerne la progression du nombre de publications par habitant (c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire l\u2019augmentation du rythme de publication), le Maroc, l\u2019\u00c9gypte, l\u2019Afrique du Sud et le Ghana sont les pays qui ont le plus progress\u00e9 dans ce domaine (des acc\u00e9l\u00e9rations respectives de 1,6, 1,3, 1,1 et 0,9) loin devant l\u2019\u00c9thiopie (0,5). La Tunisie ralentit nettement sa vitesse de production (d\u00e9c\u00e9l\u00e9ration annuelle importante de 1,4). <\/li><\/ul><p>Le tableau 3 analyse la hausse des publications scientifiques au cours des deux d\u00e9cennies 2001-2010 et 2011-2020 en utilisant la base de donn\u00e9es SCImago (Scopus), tandis que la figure 7 confirme les analyses pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes en utilisant la base de donn\u00e9es de la Banque mondiale (Web of Science). La comparaison de ces taux de croissance dans le tableau 3 montre de nouveaux \u00e9l\u00e9ments concernant les diff\u00e9rentes dynamiques nationales de la production scientifique index\u00e9e. Au cours de la deuxi\u00e8me d\u00e9cennie 2011-2020, l\u2019\u00c9thiopie, le Ghana, le Maroc et l\u2019\u00c9gypte, avec des taux de croissance annuels respectifs de 22,0 %, 17,3 %, 14,2 % et 12,2 %, sont les pays qui enregistrent la plus forte augmentation de leur production scientifique index\u00e9e.  <\/p><p>En comparant les deux d\u00e9cennies (trois premi\u00e8res lignes du tableau 3 et la figure 7), il est int\u00e9ressant de souligner :<\/p><ul><li>\u2022 les performances fortes et stables sur les deux d\u00e9cennies de l\u2019\u00c9gypte, du Ghana et du Kenya ; <\/li><li>\u2022 l\u2019augmentation importante du rythme des publications marocaines entre la premi\u00e8re et la deuxi\u00e8me d\u00e9cennie ;<\/li><li>\u2022 l\u2019augmentation continue de la production scientifique \u00e9thiopienne et le retour du Nigeria apr\u00e8s le ralentissement de la p\u00e9riode 2006-2015 ;<\/li><li>\u2022 un l\u00e9ger ralentissement r\u00e9cent de la production de connaissances en Afrique du Sud ;<\/li><li>\u2022 les taux de croissance des publications ont consid\u00e9rablement ralenti entre la premi\u00e8re et la deuxi\u00e8me d\u00e9cennie en Tunisie et en Alg\u00e9rie, avec un ralentissement scientifique inqui\u00e9tant pour la p\u00e9riode 2016-2020.<\/li><\/ul><h2>Une premi\u00e8re analyse \u00e9conomico-politique des dynamiques de publication<\/h2><p>Les dynamiques d\u00e9crites ci-dessus seront li\u00e9es aux situations \u00e9conomiques et politiques de ce groupe de pays africains ayant un taux de publication \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p><p>Les situations \u00e9conomiques stables du Maroc et du Kenya (r\u00e9formes structurelles ambitieuses, diversification \u00e9conomique importante, et projets strat\u00e9giques de d\u00e9veloppement des infrastructures) au cours de la p\u00e9riode allant de 2000 \u00e0 2020 peuvent expliquer en partie leur dynamique de publication croissante. Le Maroc, en particulier, conna\u00eet de longues p\u00e9riodes exceptionnelles (en Afrique) de stabilit\u00e9 politique et \u00e9conomique permettant des strat\u00e9gies scientifiques coh\u00e9rentes et \u00e0 long terme bas\u00e9es sur une institutionnalisation croissante et incr\u00e9mentale de son \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me de recherche scientifique avec sa double connexion aux d\u00e9fis locaux et aux r\u00e9seaux internationaux. <\/p><p>La r\u00e9silience de ces \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes en \u00c9gypte, en \u00c9thiopie et au Ghana (malgr\u00e9 des taux d\u2019inflation \u00e9lev\u00e9s, des d\u00e9pr\u00e9ciations de la monnaie locale et des d\u00e9ficits commerciaux, l\u2019instabilit\u00e9 politique, mais avec d\u2019importants plans de d\u00e9veloppement et des r\u00e9formes, en particulier apr\u00e8s 2015) m\u00e9rite des analyses plus d\u00e9taill\u00e9es.<\/p><p>La r\u00e9silience de l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me de publication \u00e9gyptien pourrait s\u2019expliquer par de nombreux facteurs :<\/p><ul><li>\u2022 une politique publique volontariste (les d\u00e9penses de recherche \u2013 % du PIB \u2013 ont augment\u00e9 continuellement de 0,2 % en 2000 \u00e0 1,0 % en 2021) ;<\/li><li>\u2022 une courte parenth\u00e8se r\u00e9volutionnaire (janvier 2011-juillet 2013) qui n\u2019a ni pu ni voulu changer les piliers relativement solides des institutions acad\u00e9miques ;<\/li><li>\u2022 un environnement acad\u00e9mique hautement institutionnalis\u00e9 avec des institutions acad\u00e9miques fortes ; et<\/li><li>\u2022 un embourgeoisement de l\u2019\u00e9lite universitaire qui a pu r\u00e9sister aux chocs \u00e9conomiques gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 de multiples sources de revenus extra-salariaux (Ali, 2024).<\/li><\/ul><p>Dans le cas du Ghana, l\u2019environnement politique stable, d\u00e9mocratique et pacifique (voir le rang \u00e9lev\u00e9 du Ghana dans la cat\u00e9gorie \u00ab Stabilit\u00e9 politique et \u00c9tat de droit \u00bb de 2020 du tableau 3) est probablement un indicateur de la qualit\u00e9 institutionnelle particuli\u00e8rement pertinent pour la communaut\u00e9 des chercheurs et des intellectuels.<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_3757\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3757\" style=\"width: 1612px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3756 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_7e8c9df4d85342ce96aa5a2f44d612acmv2.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"1612\" height=\"1395\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_7e8c9df4d85342ce96aa5a2f44d612acmv2.webp 1612w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_7e8c9df4d85342ce96aa5a2f44d612acmv2-300x260.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_7e8c9df4d85342ce96aa5a2f44d612acmv2-1024x886.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_7e8c9df4d85342ce96aa5a2f44d612acmv2-768x665.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_7e8c9df4d85342ce96aa5a2f44d612acmv2-1536x1329.webp 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1612px) 100vw, 1612px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3757\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tableau 3 : \u00c9volution de la production scientifique en Afrique avec les indicateurs de qualit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique et institutionnelle.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50d2b29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"50d2b29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sources : www.scimagojr.com (scientom\u00e9trique) et Banque mondiale (\u00e9conomique-institutionnel).<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_3759\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3759\" style=\"width: 1362px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3758 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_b19d51a15e4b478b966b622c3fe3f636mv2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1362\" height=\"833\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_b19d51a15e4b478b966b622c3fe3f636mv2.png 1362w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_b19d51a15e4b478b966b622c3fe3f636mv2-300x183.png 300w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_b19d51a15e4b478b966b622c3fe3f636mv2-1024x626.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_b19d51a15e4b478b966b622c3fe3f636mv2-768x470.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1362px) 100vw, 1362px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3759\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 7 : Taux de croissance annuel moyen des publications scientifiques sur les p\u00e9riodes 2001-2005, 2006-2010, 2011-2015 et 2016-2020.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>Source : Calculs de l&rsquo;auteur bas\u00e9s sur les donn\u00e9es de la Banque mondiale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4194a95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4194a95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les pays dont les taux de croissance (des publications) ralentissent significativement entre la premi\u00e8re et la deuxi\u00e8me d\u00e9cennie (voir tableau 3) sont la Tunisie (diminution de 18,7 % \u00e0 5,3 %), l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie (diminution de 19,5 % \u00e0 9,7 %), l\u2019Ouganda (de 17,9 % \u00e0 9,5 %) et le Nigeria (de 17,1 % \u00e0 9,8 %). Tous ces pays ont connu des crises \u00e9conomiques importantes avec des d\u00e9pr\u00e9ciations de la monnaie locale au cours des d\u00e9cennies \u00e9tudi\u00e9es (voir ligne 4 du tableau 3), des pressions inflationnistes \u00e9lev\u00e9es et de faibles indicateurs de stabilit\u00e9 politique (voir lignes 5 et 6 du tableau 3) entre 2000 et 2020. <\/p><p>La Tunisie (avec l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie) a connu les taux de croissance annuels moyens des publications les plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s en Afrique (environ 19%) durant la d\u00e9cennie 2000-2010. Cette dynamique scientifique positive et prometteuse s\u2019est arr\u00eat\u00e9e brutalement durant la d\u00e9cennie 2011-2020 avec un faible taux de croissance annuel de 5,3 %, le plus faible parmi les leaders africains. En se focalisant sur la p\u00e9riode 2016-2020 (voir partie droite de la figure 7), le taux de croissance annuel des publications tunisiennes diminue m\u00eame \u00e0 0,68 % annon\u00e7ant un ralentissement important et inqui\u00e9tant. En fait, en plus de la crise socio-\u00e9conomique persistante qui a suivi la r\u00e9volution de 2011 et l\u2019appauvrissement continu de la classe moyenne tunisienne qui en a r\u00e9sult\u00e9, l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me scientifique en Tunisie a \u00e9t\u00e9 particuli\u00e8rement fragilis\u00e9 par le changement de l\u2019ensemble de son syst\u00e8me de gouvernance en 2011. Le premier gouvernement post-r\u00e9volutionnaire a d\u00e9cid\u00e9, dans les premi\u00e8res semaines qui ont suivi la chute du r\u00e9gime, de passer d\u2019une d\u00e9signation centralis\u00e9e des autorit\u00e9s acad\u00e9miques \u00e0 un mode exclusivement \u00e9lectif, transf\u00e9rant imm\u00e9diatement l\u2019ensemble de l\u2019universit\u00e9 tunisienne de l\u2019autorit\u00e9 gouvernementale (et par cons\u00e9quent de son ing\u00e9rence politique) au contr\u00f4le du seul acteur institutionnel organis\u00e9 restant : l\u2019organisation syndicale nationale. Cela a entra\u00een\u00e9 la fragilisation d\u2019une institution universitaire d\u00e9j\u00e0 faible o\u00f9 les anciennes autorit\u00e9s universitaires (souvent) politiquement compromises (pr\u00e9sidents d\u2019universit\u00e9, doyens, d\u00e9cideurs scientifiques) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 la plupart du temps remplac\u00e9es par des autorit\u00e9s \u00e9lues (plut\u00f4t coopt\u00e9es par les syndicats<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftn14\">[14]<\/a>) choisies pour des motivations, des objectifs et des strat\u00e9gies extra-universitaires.     <\/p><p>Au Nigeria, le taux de croissance annuel moyen des publications est pass\u00e9 de 17,1 % au cours de la premi\u00e8re d\u00e9cennie \u00e0 9,8 % au cours de la deuxi\u00e8me. Mais si l\u2019on se concentre uniquement sur la p\u00e9riode de 2016 \u00e0 2020 (voir figure 7), apr\u00e8s la premi\u00e8re transition politique pacifique entre deux gouvernements d\u00e9mocratiquement \u00e9lus, le taux de croissance annuel des publications du Nigeria passe \u00e0 18,1 %, annon\u00e7ant une reprise int\u00e9ressante apr\u00e8s le ralentissement de 2011 \u00e0 2015 (taux de croissance annuel des publications de seulement 0,8 %). Ce ralentissement temporaire du Nigeria pourrait \u00eatre li\u00e9 aux chocs \u00e9conomiques dus \u00e0 l\u2019effondrement des prix du p\u00e9trole et aux attaques men\u00e9es par des militants contre les infrastructures p\u00e9troli\u00e8res, qui ont entra\u00een\u00e9 plusieurs \u00e9pisodes de d\u00e9pr\u00e9ciation du naira nig\u00e9rian entre 2014 et 2016 avant de se stabiliser \u00e0 partir de 2017 (voir Livsey [2017] pour une analyse d\u00e9taill\u00e9e du cas nig\u00e9rian).  <\/p><h2>Les publications scientifiques et l\u2019h\u00e9ritage colonial linguistique et institutionnel<\/h2><p>La figure 8 compare les proportions de publications et les poids d\u00e9mographiques de sept r\u00e9gions africaines. Les pays de chacun de ces sept groupes r\u00e9gionaux ont la m\u00eame langue d\u2019enseignement sup\u00e9rieur et une histoire coloniale (approximativement) commune. <\/p><p>L\u2019\u00c9gypte a produit 22,7 % des publications africaines tous domaines confondus en 2021 (contre un poids d\u00e9mographique de 7,7 %), son poids dans les publications africaines en SHS en 2021 diminue \u00e0 8,1 %. La contribution des pays du Maghreb aux publications africaines tous domaines (18,0 %) est stable entre 2001 et 2021 (poids d\u00e9mographique de 6,6 % en 2021), et \u2013 comme pour l\u2019\u00c9gypte \u2013 cette contribution tombe \u00e0 8,2 % lorsque l\u2019on se concentre sur les publications de SHS. Ces proportions ont doubl\u00e9 entre 2001 (4,0 %) et 2021 (8,2 %) signalant une int\u00e9gration croissante des pays du Maghreb dans les r\u00e9seaux internationaux de publications en SHS.  <\/p><p>L\u2019Afrique du Sud (qui d\u00e9tient 20 % des publications africaines) devient un acteur majeur si l\u2019on se concentre uniquement sur les publications index\u00e9es en sciences humaines et sociales : 37,4 % des publications africaines en SHS sont produites en Afrique du Sud et 60 % sont produites par des chercheurs d\u2019Afrique du Sud, du Nigeria ou du Ghana.<\/p><p>Aucune des 11 nations qui publient le plus n\u2019a le fran\u00e7ais comme langue officielle. La plupart des 43 autres pays \u00e0 faible niveau de publication \u00e9taient sous domination coloniale fran\u00e7aise, belge ou portugaise. <\/p><p>Les pays africains o\u00f9 le fran\u00e7ais est actuellement la langue officielle (membres du Conseil africain et malgache pour l\u2019enseignement sup\u00e9rieur \u2013 Cames<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftn15\">[15]<\/a>) ont un poids d\u00e9mographique de 26 % et ne repr\u00e9sentent que 6,5 % des publications africaines index\u00e9es en 2021. Un g\u00e9ant d\u00e9mographique comme la R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo (repr\u00e9sentant 7 % de la population africaine) ne contribue qu\u2019\u00e0 hauteur de 0,4 % des publications africaines en 2021. Le S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, par exemple, l\u2019un des pays africains francophones les plus stables (politiquement et institutionnellement), ne contribue qu\u2019\u00e0 hauteur de 0,6 % aux publications index\u00e9es du continent en 2021 (divis\u00e9e par deux en vingt ans). La C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire n\u2019a publi\u00e9 en 2021 (voir tableau 1) que 822 publications index\u00e9es (0,5 % des publications africaines) pour un poids d\u00e9mographique de 2 % et un PIB de 71,8 milliards de dollars (3,1 % du PIB africain) quand le Ghana (avec une population et un PIB comparables) a publi\u00e9 sept fois plus (5 467 publications). La C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire et le Ghana se distinguent par leur histoire coloniale (Broussalian, 2011) et (par cons\u00e9quent) par leurs indicateurs de qualit\u00e9 institutionnelle (le Ghana ayant des indicateurs significativement <a href=\"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/Institutional-Quality\/id\/98e680fc\">13<\/a> plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s pour la Stabilit\u00e9 politique et l\u2019\u00c9tat de droit). Les deux pays lusophones d\u00e9mographiquement importants que sont le Mozambique et l\u2019Angola (environ 5 % de la population africaine) n\u2019ont contribu\u00e9 en 2021 qu\u2019\u00e0 hauteur de 0,6 % des publications africaines. Cet impact apparemment important de l\u2019h\u00e9ritage colonial est clairement visible dans la figure 8 : les r\u00e9gions anciennement colonis\u00e9es par la Grande-Bretagne (partie droite de la figure 8) occupent une place importante dans les publications africaines, tandis que les r\u00e9gions anciennement colonis\u00e9es par la France (\u00e0 l\u2019exception du Maghreb), la Belgique ou le Portugal (partie gauche de la figure 8) n\u2019ont encore que tr\u00e8s peu de publications scientifiques. Cet h\u00e9ritage colonial apparemment linguistique et institutionnel m\u00e9rite des analyses plus approfondies qui pourraient commencer par exemple en se concentrant sur l\u2019\u00e9tude de cas (C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire vs Ghana). S\u2019agit-il d\u2019une simple barri\u00e8re linguistique pour acc\u00e9der au savoir international anglophone et aux r\u00e9seaux scientifiques ou est-ce li\u00e9 \u00e0 des facteurs culturels, historiques, postcoloniaux, institutionnels, g\u00e9ographiques, sociaux, politiques et \u00e9conomiques plus profonds qui d\u00e9terminent le contexte social de la vie universitaire et des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de production scientifique ? Quelle est l\u2019importance des canaux alternatifs de diffusion des connaissances scientifiques et des r\u00e9sultats de la recherche en Afrique subsaharienne non anglophone ?         <\/p><figure id=\"attachment_3761\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3761\" style=\"width: 1149px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3760 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_5ee18cd8f5a14eb497def732ee750042mv2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1149\" height=\"769\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_5ee18cd8f5a14eb497def732ee750042mv2.png 1149w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_5ee18cd8f5a14eb497def732ee750042mv2-300x201.png 300w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_5ee18cd8f5a14eb497def732ee750042mv2-1024x685.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_5ee18cd8f5a14eb497def732ee750042mv2-768x514.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1149px) 100vw, 1149px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3761\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 8 : R\u00e9partition des publications tous domaines confondus et poids d\u00e9mographiques.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-122834c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"122834c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSource : calculs de l\u2019auteur bas\u00e9s sur les donn\u00e9es brutes de <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scimagojr.com\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"custom-link\" rel=\"noopener\">www.scimagojr.com<\/a>.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c78ad26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c78ad26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les analyses scientom\u00e9triques pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es ici montrent de fa\u00e7on empirique une meilleure gouvernance scientifique et une production de connaissances plus institutionnalis\u00e9e dans les anciennes colonies britanniques. Leurs \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes scientifiques (principalement par rapport aux anciennes colonies fran\u00e7aises) semblent avoir b\u00e9n\u00e9fici\u00e9 de l\u2019h\u00e9ritage britannique avec : <\/p><ul><li>1) une \u00e9lite scientifique ma\u00eetrisant parfaitement l\u2019anglais et b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiant d\u2019un acc\u00e8s beaucoup plus large aux ressources et aux r\u00e9seaux universitaires internationaux ;<\/li><li>2) des universit\u00e9s beaucoup plus autonomes, des syst\u00e8mes \u00e9ducatifs d\u00e9centralis\u00e9s et une science institutionnalis\u00e9e ; une croissance des \u00e9diteurs ind\u00e9pendants ;<\/li><li>et 3) une plus grande consid\u00e9ration accord\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019enseignement des sciences humaines et aux connaissances applicables dans les cursus d\u2019excellence.<\/li><\/ul><p>Les pays du Maghreb semblent amorcer un passage efficace \u00e0 l\u2019anglais comme langue de recherche et d\u2019enseignement sup\u00e9rieur. Cela ne semble pas \u00eatre le cas pour les pays francophones subsahariens. <\/p><p>Le lien science-langue-postcolonialisme (Prah, 2018) va bien au-del\u00e0 de la ma\u00eetrise ou non de l\u2019anglais. Prah (2018) a relev\u00e9 que \u00ab le v\u00e9ritable d\u00e9fi est de savoir comment intellectualiser les langues africaines et les mettre au diapason des techniques linguistiques de la modernit\u00e9 et de la pens\u00e9e contemporaine avanc\u00e9e \u00bb (Prah, 2018, p. 30). Il a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 que \u00ab l\u2019Asie postcoloniale peut nous apprendre beaucoup de nouvelles pratiques [\u2026] par une adaptation reposant sur la reconnaissance de la primaut\u00e9 de notre patrimoine culturel \u00bb (Prah, 2018, p. 30).  <\/p><h2>Chercheurs les plus cit\u00e9s et classement des universit\u00e9s<\/h2><p>La figure 9 et le tableau 1 montrent le nombre de chercheurs r\u00e9sidant en Afrique et appartenant au top 2 % mondial des chercheurs les plus cit\u00e9s selon la liste 2021<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> \u00e9tablie par l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Stanford et l\u2019\u00e9diteur scientifique Elsevier. L\u2019Afrique du Sud, avec 700 chercheurs fortement cit\u00e9s (\u00ab High cited researchers \u00bb, HCR), est loin devant l\u2019\u00c9gypte (358), le Nigeria (104) et le Kenya (43). L\u2019\u00c9thiopie et le Ghana, avec 21 chercheurs hautement cit\u00e9s, se situent au m\u00eame niveau que les trois pays du Maghreb.  <\/p><p>Si l\u2019on consid\u00e8re le nombre de HCR par habitant (pour 10 millions d\u2019habitants) d\u00e9crit dans la partie droite de la figure 9, l\u2019Afrique du Sud, avec pr\u00e8s de 120 HCR pour 10 millions d\u2019habitants, est loin devant l\u2019\u00c9gypte (35) et la Tunisie (19). Les autres pays sont tous loin derri\u00e8re. <\/p><figure id=\"attachment_3763\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3763\" style=\"width: 1780px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3762 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_2cf4caac858b44698ee9474535b255b2mv2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1780\" height=\"992\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_2cf4caac858b44698ee9474535b255b2mv2.png 1780w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_2cf4caac858b44698ee9474535b255b2mv2-300x167.png 300w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_2cf4caac858b44698ee9474535b255b2mv2-1024x571.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_2cf4caac858b44698ee9474535b255b2mv2-768x428.png 768w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/41715f_2cf4caac858b44698ee9474535b255b2mv2-1536x856.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1780px) 100vw, 1780px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3763\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 9 : \u00c0 gauche, le nombre de chercheurs dans les 2 % des chercheurs les plus cit\u00e9s en 2021 ; \u00e0 droite, le nombre de chercheurs hautement cit\u00e9s pour 10 millions d\u2019habitants.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8f4af6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b8f4af6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sources : universit\u00e9 de Stanford et Elsevier.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1393a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b1393a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les publications scientifiques ne peuvent se d\u00e9velopper sans un r\u00e9seau d\u2019universit\u00e9s performantes. Plusieurs classements internationaux ont vu le jour au cours des vingt derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Ces classements sont le plus souvent bas\u00e9s sur des indicateurs qui combinent production et rayonnement scientifiques, qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019enseignement et r\u00e9putation aupr\u00e8s des entreprises.  <\/p><p>Le tableau 4 pr\u00e9sente le nombre d\u2019universit\u00e9s africaines class\u00e9es dans les listes de Shanghai (2023), THE-2023 (Times Higher Education) et QS (2023). Il en ressort que pour la liste de Shanghai 2023<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> \u00e9num\u00e9rant les 1 000 premi\u00e8res universit\u00e9s, seules l\u2019Afrique du Sud et l\u2019\u00c9gypte tirent leur \u00e9pingle du jeu en pla\u00e7ant huit et sept universit\u00e9s (l\u2019universit\u00e9 du Cap parmi les 300 premi\u00e8res, l\u2019universit\u00e9 du Witwatersrand et l\u2019universit\u00e9 du Caire parmi les 400 premi\u00e8res). L\u2019universit\u00e9 nig\u00e9riane d\u2019Ibadan est class\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9cile 801-900. La Tunisie et le Ghana ont chacun une universit\u00e9 class\u00e9e dans le dernier d\u00e9cile 901-1 000 (l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Sfax et l\u2019universit\u00e9 du Ghana).   <\/p><figure id=\"attachment_8106\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8106\" style=\"width: 1968px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-8105 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/issue7.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1968\" height=\"1020\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-8106\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tableau 4 : Nombre d\u2019universit\u00e9s africaines dans les trois principaux classements internationaux.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-147ce8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"147ce8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Discussion et conclusion<\/h2><p>L\u2019approche scientom\u00e9trique utilis\u00e9e ici est une premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape dans l\u2019analyse de la production scientifique en Afrique. Elle fournit un premier tableau de bord utile qui doit \u00eatre am\u00e9lior\u00e9 avec des crit\u00e8res de mesure alternatifs et des approches plus adapt\u00e9es au contexte africain. <\/p><p>Notre analyse quantitative confirme l\u2019h\u00e9g\u00e9monie de l\u2019Afrique du Sud sur la production scientifique africaine tout en montrant une progression stable et continue de l\u2019\u00c9gypte au cours des deux premi\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies de ce si\u00e8cle. Le cas \u00e9gyptien est int\u00e9ressant car il montre un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me \u00e9tonnamment r\u00e9silient qui a r\u00e9sist\u00e9, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, aux situations \u00e9conomiques instables. L\u2019\u00c9gypte a m\u00eame commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 d\u00e9passer l\u2019Afrique du Sud en termes de nombre de publications dans le domaine des STIM (science, technologie, ing\u00e9nierie et math\u00e9matiques) \u00e0 partir de 2020, comme l\u2019a \u00e9galement soulign\u00e9 Kigotho (2021). Cette trajectoire ascendante de l\u2019\u00c9gypte pourrait s\u2019expliquer par un environnement universitaire fortement institutionnalis\u00e9 et une politique nationale ambitieuse fond\u00e9e sur la mise en place d\u2019initiatives d\u2019incitations \u00e0 la science, \u00e0 la technologie et \u00e0 l\u2019innovation<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftn18\">[18]<\/a>, avec le ratio R&amp;D-d\u00e9penses\/PIB le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 d\u2019Afrique. L\u2019une de ces incitations est la nouvelle r\u00e9glementation en mati\u00e8re de promotion universitaire, qui repose principalement sur l\u2019\u00e9valuation scientom\u00e9trique (Ali, 2024), m\u00eame si ces approches d\u2019\u00e9valuation des activit\u00e9s de recherche peuvent pr\u00e9senter plusieurs inconv\u00e9nients importants<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> \u00e0 moyen et \u00e0 long terme.   <\/p><p>Notre analyse semble valider les choix strat\u00e9giques effectu\u00e9s au cours de la derni\u00e8re d\u00e9cennie par l\u2019\u00c9gypte, le Maroc, l\u2019\u00c9thiopie et le Kenya. Ces choix strat\u00e9giques concernent la cr\u00e9ation et le d\u00e9veloppement de p\u00f4les scientifiques visibles \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle internationale, l\u2019adoption de normes internationales pour la formation et l\u2019\u00e9valuation des chercheurs, leur r\u00e9tention ainsi qu\u2019un solide effort d\u2019inversion de la fuite des cerveaux et une mise en r\u00e9seau efficace avec la diaspora scientifique. <\/p><p>Le cas tunisien semble \u00eatre symptomatique de nombreux \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes scientifiques africains fragiles o\u00f9 les crises \u00e9conomiques et l\u2019instabilit\u00e9 politique ont stopp\u00e9 net une dynamique scientifique qui semblait tr\u00e8s prometteuse au cours des ann\u00e9es 1990 et de la premi\u00e8re d\u00e9cennie du 21e si\u00e8cle.<\/p><p>Les strat\u00e9gies scientifiques de l\u2019Afrique subsaharienne francophone laissent perplexe : un tr\u00e8s faible nombre de publications index\u00e9es impliquant tr\u00e8s probablement une tr\u00e8s faible mise en r\u00e9seau avec les communaut\u00e9s scientifiques internationales et, par cons\u00e9quent, un acc\u00e8s limit\u00e9 et lent aux connaissances et innovations scientifiques r\u00e9centes.<\/p><p>Si les efforts du Maroc et de l\u2019\u00c9gypte et leurs strat\u00e9gies s\u2019institutionnalisent davantage, se consolident et s\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e8rent au cours des prochaines d\u00e9cennies, ils donneront naissance \u00e0 deux centres scientifiques et technologiques continentaux qui rejoindront l\u2019Afrique du Sud pour former trois p\u00f4les d\u2019excellence scientifique sur le continent. En attendant l\u2019\u00e9mergence de nouveaux p\u00f4les \u00e0 l\u2019ouest (probablement au Nigeria et au Ghana) et \u00e0 l\u2019est (en \u00c9thiopie et au Kenya) du continent, ces p\u00f4les devraient \u00e0 l\u2019avenir se concentrer beaucoup plus sur la coop\u00e9ration internationale africaine en mati\u00e8re de recherche (voir par exemple Cerdeira et al., 2023). Cela permettra \u00e0 ces p\u00f4les continentaux de rayonner sur le reste du continent et d\u2019assumer pleinement un r\u00f4le de phare scientifique, technologique et intellectuel pour la jeunesse africaine.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d9184d e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2d9184d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7fd8c3 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a7fd8c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'auteur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38b0172 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-link-in-bio\" data-id=\"38b0172\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"link-in-bio.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio e-link-in-bio\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image e-link-in-bio__identity-image-profile has-style-circle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Mhamed-Ali-EL-Aroui-1-225x300.png\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image-element\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Mhamed-Ali-EL-Aroui-1-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Mhamed-Ali-EL-Aroui-1.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"e-link-in-bio__heading\">Mhamed-Ali El-Aroui<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"e-link-in-bio__title\">Professeur associ\u00e9 de statistiques\nRabat Business School,<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-link-in-bio__description\"> Universit\u00e9 Internationale de Rabat, Maroc.<\/p>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icons has-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon is-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a aria-label=\"Email\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-link\" href=\"mailto:Mhamed-Ali.Elaroui@uir.ac.ma?subject=Contact%20from%20GA%20Bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-svg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__ctas has-type-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/mhamed-ali-el-aroui-\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener \" class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta is-type-button has-corners-rounded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVoir le profil complet\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca44f9b ignoretoc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ca44f9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9galement dans ce num\u00e9ro<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08ab0bf elementor-grid-1 elementor-grid-tablet-1 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-posts--show-avatar elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"08ab0bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:27,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_tablet_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_mobile_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.posts_cards_pp_authors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-posts_cards_pp_authors elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15271 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-revue author-global-africa\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1200\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Issue-10-\u2013-Global-AfricaProtective-Knowledges-The-Wisdom-to-Protect-.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-15268\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tNum\u00e9ro 10 \u2013 Global Africa\u00ab Savoirs protecteurs, savoir prot\u00e9ger \u00bb\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Num\u00e9ro 10 \u2013 Global Africa\u00ab Savoirs protecteurs, savoir prot\u00e9ger \u00bb\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tGlobal Africa\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15509 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-analyses-critiques author-karine-collette-fr author-ibrahima-ba-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14990\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41.png 527w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41-210x300.png 210w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 527px) 100vw, 527px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tTerre-M\u00e8re : trace discursive d\u2019une \u00e9mancipation \u00e9cologique au Nord et au Sud ?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Terre-M\u00e8re : trace discursive d\u2019une \u00e9mancipation \u00e9cologique au Nord et au Sud ?\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tKarine Collette, Ibrahima Ba\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15517 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-champ author-cheikh-sadibou-sakho-fr author-masengesho-kamuzinzi-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.18.04.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14982\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\t\u00ab We Heal Together \u00bb, un savoir protecteur par excellence qui s\u2019inspire de l\u2019h\u00e9ritage africain, o\u00f9 les responsabilit\u00e9s envers soi et envers autrui sont indissociables\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur \u00ab We Heal Together \u00bb, un savoir protecteur par excellence qui s\u2019inspire de l\u2019h\u00e9ritage africain, o\u00f9 les responsabilit\u00e9s envers soi et envers autrui sont indissociables\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tCheikh Sadibou Sakho, Masengesho Kamuzinzi\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15523 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-analyses-critiques author-cheikh-sadibou-sakho-fr author-ndeye-laity-ndiaye-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.17.22.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14992\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tIt Takes a Village! (R\u00e9)inventer la mise \u00e0 l\u2019abri des survivantes de violences sexuelles au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal<br>Pistes \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience du centre Kullimaaroo de Ziguinchor\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur It Takes a Village! (R\u00e9)inventer la mise \u00e0 l\u2019abri des survivantes de violences sexuelles au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal&lt;br&gt;Pistes \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience du centre Kullimaaroo de Ziguinchor\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tCheikh Sadibou Sakho, Nd\u00e8ye La\u00efty Ndiaye\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e590199 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e590199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dd1381 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-adv-tabs\" data-id=\"3dd1381\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-adv-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div data-scroll-on-click=\"no\" data-scroll-speed=\"300\" id=\"eael-advance-tabs-3dd1381\" class=\"eael-advance-tabs eael-tabs-horizontal eael-tab-auto-active  responsive-vertical-layout\" data-tabid=\"3dd1381\">\n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-nav \">\n                <ul class=\"eael-tab-inline-icon\" role=\"tablist\">\n                                            <li id=\"pour-citer-larticle-\" class=\"active-default eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-quote-left\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Pour citer l&rsquo;article :<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"notes\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"notes-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-notes-medical\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Notes<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"bibliographie\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"bibliographie-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-book\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Bibliographie<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                    \n                                  <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-content\">\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item active-default\" data-title-link=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <h5>APA <\/h5>\n<p>El-Aroui, M.-A. (2024). Dynamiques et \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la publication scientifique en Afrique : une analyse scientom\u00e9trique sur les deux premi\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies du 21e si\u00e8cle. <em>Global Africa<\/em>, (7), pp. 62-83. <u><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/det5-jm88%C2%A0\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/det5-jm88 <\/a><\/u> <\/p>\n<h5>MLA <\/h5>\n<p>El-Aroui, M.-A. \u00ab\u00a0Dynamiques et \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la publication scientifique en Afrique : une analyse scientom\u00e9trique sur les deux premi\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies du 21e si\u00e8cle\u00a0\u00bb. <em>Global Africa<\/em>, no. 7, 2024, p. 62-83. doi.org\/10.57832\/3y5v-jg98  <\/p>\n<h5>DOI <\/h5>\n<p><u><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/det5-jm88%C2%A0\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/det5-jm88<br \/>\n <\/a><\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u00a9 2024 by author(s). This work is openly licensed via CC BY-NC 4.0 <\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"notes-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"notes-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <ol>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> Scopus, par exemple, affirme que \u00ab les nouveaux contenus sont ajout\u00e9s \u00e0 Scopus apr\u00e8s un processus d\u2019\u00e9valuation rigoureux par les experts en la mati\u00e8re du Content Selection and Advisory Board (CSAB) : un groupe international de scientifiques, de chercheurs et de biblioth\u00e9caires repr\u00e9sentant les principales disciplines scientifiques \u00bb.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/IP.JRN.ARTC.SC\">https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/IP.JRN.ARTC.SC<\/a>. Donn\u00e9es fournies annuellement par la National Science Foundation (NSF) et donnant le nombre d\u2019articles scientifiques et d\u2019ing\u00e9nierie publi\u00e9s dans les domaines suivants : physique, biologie, chimie, math\u00e9matiques, m\u00e9decine clinique, recherche biom\u00e9dicale, ing\u00e9nierie et technologie, et sciences de la terre et de l\u2019espace. La NSF prend en compte le nombre d\u2019articles provenant d\u2019un ensemble de revues couvertes par le Science Citation Index (SCI) et le Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) fournis par Web of Science (Clarivate).  <\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scimagojr.com\/\">https:\/\/www.scimagojr.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> Mouton et Blanckenberg (2018) ont trouv\u00e9 3,2 % pour 2016, ce qui sugg\u00e8re une stabilisation relative entre 2016 et 2021.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> D\u00e9tenant 70 % du PIB de l\u2019Afrique en 2021.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> \u00c0 savoir les domaines suivants r\u00e9pertori\u00e9s dans la base de donn\u00e9es SCImago : histoire, philosophie, sciences sociales (divers), travail social, sociologie et sciences politiques.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> Nombre d\u2019articles (H) du pays ayant re\u00e7u au moins H citations. Par exemple, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la fin de l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2021, il y a eu 567 publications scientifiques de chercheurs d\u2019Afrique du Sud qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 cit\u00e9es (chacune) au moins 567 fois. <\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> Cr\u00e9\u00e9 par l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Stanford et Elsevier <a href=\"https:\/\/elsevier.digitalcommonsdata.com\/datasets\/btchxktzyw\/4\">https:\/\/elsevier.digitalcommonsdata.com\/datasets\/btchxktzyw\/4<\/a> <\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a> Rapport de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie Hassan II des sciences et techniques, f\u00e9vrier 2019 (pour l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2016).<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.SCIE.RD.P6\">https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.SCIE.RD.P6<\/a> Nombre de chercheurs engag\u00e9s dans la recherche et le d\u00e9veloppement (R&amp;D), exprim\u00e9 en millions. Source : Institut de statistique de l\u2019Unesco (ISU) <a href=\"http:\/\/apiportal.uis.unesco.org\/bdds\">apiportal.uis.unesco.org\/bdds<\/a>. <\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/global-economic-monitor-(gem)\">https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/global-economic-monitor-(gem)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.orga\/indicator\/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG\">https:\/\/data.worldbank.orgA\/indicator\/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG<\/a> <\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/Institutional-Quality\/id\/98e680fc\">https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/Institutional-Quality\/id\/98e680fc<\/a> <\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a> Le contr\u00f4le du syndicat national sur le monde universitaire a, par exemple, \u00e9t\u00e9 symboliquement ratifi\u00e9 en janvier 2015 lorsque le plus grand campus universitaire de Tunisie a \u00e9t\u00e9 rebaptis\u00e9 du nom du dirigeant historique du syndicat national, Farhat Hachad.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a> Le Cames est un organisme de coordination des questions d\u2019enseignement sup\u00e9rieur et des syst\u00e8mes de recherche (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lecames.org\/\">https:\/\/www.lecames.org\/<\/a>) regroupant 19 pays africains qui sont : B\u00e9nin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroun, Centrafrique, Congo, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo\">R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo<\/a>, Gabon, Guin\u00e9e \u00e9quatoriale, Guin\u00e9e, Guin\u00e9e-Bissau, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Madagascar\">Madagascar<\/a>, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, Tchad et Togo. <\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/elsevier.digitalcommonsdata.com\/datasets\/btchxktzyw\/4\">https:\/\/elsevier.digitalcommonsdata.com\/datasets\/btchxktzyw\/4<\/a> <\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shanghairanking.com\/rankings\/arwu\/2023\">https:\/\/www.shanghairanking.com\/rankings\/arwu\/2023<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a> Loi n\u00b0 23 de 2018 sur la mise en place d\u2019incitations \u00e0 la science, \u00e0 la technologie et \u00e0 l\u2019innovation dans les \u00e9tablissements d\u2019enseignement sup\u00e9rieur et les organismes de recherche scientifique \u00e9gyptiens.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-04-en#_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a> Voir les principes de DORA (<a href=\"https:\/\/sfdora.org\/\">https:\/\/sfdora.org\/<\/a>) : D\u00e9claration de San Francisco sur l\u2019\u00e9valuation de la recherche promouvant \u00ab l\u2019utilisation responsable de mesures qui s\u2019alignent sur les valeurs acad\u00e9miques fondamentales \u00bb et une \u00ab repr\u00e9sentation plus large des chercheurs dans la conception de pratiques d\u2019\u00e9valuation de la recherche qui s\u2019attaquent directement aux in\u00e9galit\u00e9s structurelles dans le monde universitaire \u00bb.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"bibliographie-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"bibliographie-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>Ali, M.F. (2024). Is there a \u201cdifference-in-difference\u201d? The impact of scientometric evaluation on the evolution of international publications in Egyptian universities and research centres. <em>Scientometrics<\/em>, <em>129,<\/em> 1119\u20131154. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-023-04911-2\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-023-04911-2<\/a>  <\/p>\n<p>AOSTI (African Observatory of Science, Technology and Innovation) (2013). Science, technology and innovation policy-making in Africa: An assessment of capacity needs and priorities. Working Paper No. 2.   <\/p>\n<p>Arowosegbe, J. O. (2016). African scholars, African studies and knowledge production on Africa.<em> Africa, 86<\/em>(2), 324\u2013338. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0001972016000073\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0001972016000073<\/a> <\/p>\n<p>Asubiaro, T., Onaolapo, S. &amp; Mills, D. (2024). Regional disparities in Web of Science and Scopus journal coverage. <em>Scientometrics<\/em>, <em>129<\/em>, 1469\u20131491. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-024-04948-x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-024-04948-x<\/a> <\/p>\n<p>Ba, M. P., &amp; Cury, P. (2022). The Transformation of Africa\u2019s Knowledge: Thinking African futures in response to global challenges. <em>Global Africa<\/em>, (1), pp. 64-65. <\/p>\n<p>Broussalian, K. (2011). Overcoming Colonial Vestiges in Cote d\u2019Ivoire and Ghana. <em>Journal of Political Inquiry<\/em>, <em>2<\/em>, 1\u201340. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jpinyu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/overcoming-colonial-vestiges-in-cote-d-ivoire-and-ghana.pdf\">http:\/\/www.jpinyu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/overcoming-colonial-vestiges-in-cote-d-ivoire-and-ghana.pdf<\/a> <\/p>\n<p>Cerdeira, J., Mesquita, J., &amp; Vieira, E. S. (2023). International research collaboration: is Africa different? A cross-country panel data analysis. <em>Scientometrics, 128<\/em>, 2145\u20132174. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-023-04659-9\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-023-04659-9<\/a>    <\/p>\n<p>Crawford, G., Mai-Bornu, Z., &amp; Landstr\u00f6m, K. (2021). Decolonising knowledge production on Africa: why it\u2019s still necessary and what can be done. <em>Journal of the British Academy, 9<\/em>(s-1), 21\u201346. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5871\/jba\/009s1.021\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5871\/jba\/009s1.021<\/a> <\/p>\n<p>Fonn, S., Ayiro, L. P., Cotton, P., Habib, A., Mbithi, P. M. F., Mtenje, A., &#8230; &amp; Ezeh, A. (2018). Repositioning Africa in global knowledge production. <em>The Lancet, 10153<\/em>(392), 1163-1166. <\/p>\n<p>Kigotho, W. (2021). Egypt\u2019s peer-reviewed publication output best in Africa. <em>University World News<\/em> <em>(Africa Edition)<\/em>. 3. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.universityworldnews.com\/post.php?story=20210601132933694\">https:\/\/www.universityworldnews.com\/post.php?story=20210601132933694<\/a>  <\/p>\n<p>Livsey, T. (2017). <em>Nigeria\u2019s University Age<\/em>. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Palgrave MacMillan Edition.  <\/p>\n<p>Mouton, J. (2018). African science: a diagnosis. In J. Mouton &amp; C. Beaudry (Eds.), <em>The Next Generation of Scientists in Africa <\/em>(pp. 3-12). African Minds Publishers.   <\/p>\n<p>Mouton, J., &amp; Blanckenberg, J. (2018). African science: a bibliometric analysis. In J. Mouton &amp; C. Beaudry (Eds.), <em>The Next Generation of Scientists in Africa <\/em>(pp. 13-25). African Minds Publishers.   <\/p>\n<p>Prah, K. K. (2018). <em>The Challenge of Decolonizing Education<\/em>. Center for Advanced Studies of African Society. South Africa.  <\/p>\n<p>Sooryamoorthy, R. (2018). The production of science in Africa: an analysis of publications in the science disciplines, 2000\u20132015. <em>Scientometrics, 115,<\/em> 317\u2013349. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-018-2675-0\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-018-2675-0<\/a> <\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t                    <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aff930 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5aff930\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc34b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-off-canvas\" data-id=\"fc34b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"off-canvas.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"eael-creative-button-wrapper\">\n\n            <a class=\"eael-creative-button eael-creative-button--default eael-cb-icon-position-\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Doff_canvas%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6ImZjMzRiODYiLCJkaXNwbGF5TW9kZSI6Im9wZW4ifQ%3D%3D\" data-text=\"Allez-y !\">\n            \t    \n                <div class=\"creative-button-inner\">\n\n                    \n                    <span class=\"cretive-button-text\">Table des mati\u00e8res<\/span>\n\n                                    <\/div>\n\t                        <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Num\u00e9ro 07 &#8211; Analyses critiques This post is also available in: English Fran\u00e7ais (French) T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER EN PDF 07.2024Publier la recherche africaine Publi\u00e9 le : 20 septembre 2024ISSN: 3020-0458 T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER LE NUM\u00c9RO PDF Abstract R\u00e9sum\u00e9 Muhtasari \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 A scientometric analysis of Africa\u2019s scientific publication over the past two decades shows first that eleven nations representing half of Africa\u2019s population provided 88% of its indexed scientific publications. These highly productive nations have English or Arabic as official language and were mainly under British colonization (except for the Maghreb countries and Ethiopia). The other half of Africa\u2019s population is settling for a modest 12% of internationally visible publications. A second finding is that African shares in the world indexed publications seem to stabilize to a level of 3.3% in 2021 while they only weighed 1.3% in 2001. These shares are relatively high in Public Health, Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Immunology, Environmental Sciences and Economics and very low in Neuroscience, Cognitive Sciences and Nanoscience. A comparison of publication dynamics among the most productive African nations highlights resilience of highly institutionalized, decentralized and autonomous research institutions and universities. This seems to be particularly the case in regions with former British colonial domination. When comparing African publication dynamics, it appears clearly that the previously undisputed South African leadership is increasingly contested by Egypt which has recently accelerated the pace of its scientific publications outside Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS). In terms of research impact, number of internationally ranked universities and highly cited researchers, South Africa still has an undisputed leadership in the continent, followed by Egypt and far outstripping Nigeria, Kenya and the three main Maghreb countries: Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. Our results thus show a recent resumption of the scientific dynamic in Nigeria after a slowdown in the early 2010s. The three Maghreb countries have comparable positions but very different dynamics. We note a continuous increase in Moroccan scientific production, an important loss of speed in Tunisia and the same is also seen in Algeria but to a lesser extent. Senegal has a relatively high number of researchers per capita but still lacks visibility in terms of scientific impact. The last significant elements concern the recent important increase of Ethiopian publications and the stable scientific production systems of Ghana and Kenya. Finally, it is important to note that the scientometric analysis presented here is mainly based on numbers of articles, reviews and conference papers and their citations listed in the two major scientometric databases (Scopus and Web-of-Science). It has consequently biases related to an underrepresentation of HSS and journals published in Africa and to the strategic agendas of the two private companies producing these databases. Keywords Africa, Science, Research policy, Bibliometrics, Research assessment, Scientific impact, Institutionalization, Postcolonialism, Social context Une analyse scientom\u00e9trique de la publication scientifique en Afrique au cours des deux derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies montre tout d\u2019abord que onze pays repr\u00e9sentant la moiti\u00e9 de la population africaine ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019origine de 88 % des publications scientifiques index\u00e9es. Ces nations tr\u00e8s prolifiques ont l\u2019anglais ou l\u2019arabe comme langue officielle et \u00e9taient principalement sous colonisation britannique (\u00e0 l\u2019exception des pays du Maghreb et de l\u2019\u00c9thiopie). L\u2019autre moiti\u00e9 de la population africaine ne compte que pour 12 % des publications internationalement visibles. Une seconde d\u00e9couverte est que les contributions africaines aux publications index\u00e9es dans le monde semblent se stabiliser \u00e0 3,3 % en 2021, alors qu\u2019elles ne comptaient que pour 1,3 % en 2001. Ces contributions peuvent para\u00eetre relativement \u00e9lev\u00e9es dans les domaines de la sant\u00e9 publique, des sciences agricoles et biologiques, de l\u2019immunologie, des sciences environnementales et de l\u2019\u00e9conomie, et tr\u00e8s faibles dans les domaines des neurosciences, des sciences cognitives et des nanosciences. Une comparaison des dynamiques de publication parmi les nations africaines les plus productives met en \u00e9vidence la vigueur des institutions de recherche et des universit\u00e9s fortement institutionnalis\u00e9es, d\u00e9centralis\u00e9es et autonomes. Cela semble \u00eatre particuli\u00e8rement le cas dans les r\u00e9gions sous ancienne domination coloniale britannique. Si l\u2019on compare la dynamique des publications africaines, il appara\u00eet clairement que le leadership sud-africain, auparavant incontest\u00e9, est de plus en plus disput\u00e9 par l\u2019\u00c9gypte, qui a r\u00e9cemment acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9 le rythme de ses publications scientifiques en dehors des sciences humaines et sociales (SHS). En termes d\u2019impact de recherche, de nombre d\u2019universit\u00e9s class\u00e9es au niveau international et de chercheurs fortement cit\u00e9s, l\u2019Afrique du Sud conserve un leadership indiscutable sur le continent, suivie par l\u2019\u00c9gypte et devan\u00e7ant de loin le Nigeria, le Kenya et les trois principaux pays du Maghreb : Alg\u00e9rie, Maroc et Tunisie. Nos r\u00e9sultats montrent ainsi une reprise r\u00e9cente de la dynamique scientifique au Nigeria apr\u00e8s un ralentissement au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 2010. Les trois pays du Maghreb ont des positions comparables mais des dynamiques tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rentes. On note une augmentation continue de la production scientifique marocaine, une perte de vitesse importante en Tunisie et le m\u00eame ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne est observ\u00e9 en Alg\u00e9rie, mais \u00e0 un degr\u00e9 moindre. Le S\u00e9n\u00e9gal dispose d\u2019un nombre de chercheurs par habitant relativement \u00e9lev\u00e9 mais manque encore de visibilit\u00e9 en termes d\u2019impact scientifique. Les derniers \u00e9l\u00e9ments significatifs portent sur l\u2019augmentation r\u00e9cente et importante des publications en \u00c9thiopie et sur la stabilit\u00e9 des syst\u00e8mes de production scientifique au Ghana et au Kenya. Enfin, il est important de noter que l\u2019analyse scientom\u00e9trique pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e ici est principalement bas\u00e9e sur le nombre d\u2019articles, de revues et de documents de conf\u00e9rence et leurs citations r\u00e9pertori\u00e9es dans les deux principales bases de donn\u00e9es scientom\u00e9triques (Scopus et Web of Science). Elle comporte par cons\u00e9quent des biais li\u00e9s \u00e0 une sous-repr\u00e9sentation des SHS et des revues publi\u00e9es en Afrique et aux agendas strat\u00e9giques des deux soci\u00e9t\u00e9s priv\u00e9es productrices de ces bases de donn\u00e9es. Mots-cl\u00e9s Afrique, science, politique de recherche, bibliom\u00e9trie, \u00e9valuation de la recherche, impact scientifique, institutionnalisation, postcolonialisme, contexte social Uchambuzi wa kisayansi wa machapisho ya kisayansi barani Afrika katika miongo miwili iliyopita unaonyesha kwanza kabisa kwamba nchi kumi na moja zinazowakilisha nusu ya watu wa Afrika zilitoka kwa 88% ya machapisho ya kisayansi yaliyoorodheshwa. Mataifa haya yaliyostawi sana yana Kiingereza au Kiarabu kama lugha yao rasmi na yalikuwa chini ya<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":76,"featured_media":6343,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[200],"tags":[],"issues3":[],"post_folder":[],"ppma_author":[451],"class_list":["post-10273","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analyses-critiques","author-mhamed-ali-el-aroui-fr"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Dynamiques et \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la publication scientifique en Afrique Une analyse scientom\u00e9trique sur les deux premi\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies du 21e si\u00e8cle | Global Africa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"C\u00e9l\u00e9brons 25 ans de publication en libre acc\u00e8s sur l&#039;Afrique ! 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