{"id":10267,"date":"2024-12-01T18:06:00","date_gmt":"2024-12-01T18:06:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/actualites\/lacademie-africaine-a-t-elle-besoin-de-son-propre-index-de-citations\/"},"modified":"2025-05-15T12:14:45","modified_gmt":"2025-05-15T12:14:45","slug":"lacademie-africaine-a-t-elle-besoin-de-son-propre-index-de-citations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/lacademie-africaine-a-t-elle-besoin-de-son-propre-index-de-citations\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019acad\u00e9mie africaine a-t-elle besoin de son propre index de citations ?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10267\" class=\"elementor elementor-10267\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-036a802 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"036a802\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1d7910 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d1d7910\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c21c9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c21c9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Num\u00e9ro 07 - Analyses critiques<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62d8bc1 elementor-author-box--link-yes ignoretoc elementor-author-box--avatar-yes elementor-author-box--name-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"62d8bc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/author\/david-mills-fr\/\" class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/David-Mills-.png\" alt=\"Image de David Mills\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/author\/david-mills-fr\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-author-box__name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDavid Mills\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-author-box__button elementor-button elementor-size-xs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/author\/david-mills-fr\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTous les articles de l'auteur\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59d179a ignoretoc elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"59d179a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/toluwase-asubiaro-\" class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Toluwase-Asubiaro--225x300.webp\" alt=\"Image de Toluwase Asubiaro\" 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class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"\/?issues=Publishing%20Africa%20\">07.2024<br>Publier la recherche africaine<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b07a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b07a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Publi\u00e9 le : 20 septembre 2024<br><\/strong><strong>ISSN: 3020-0458<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38d84bf elementor-align-center elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"38d84bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Global-Africa-Issue-07-Afrostructuring-scientific-publishing-1-scaled.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1408\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae2d51c e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ae2d51c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c8215e e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3c8215e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa2f8e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-adv-tabs\" data-id=\"fa2f8e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-adv-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div data-scroll-on-click=\"no\" data-scroll-speed=\"300\" id=\"eael-advance-tabs-fa2f8e7\" class=\"eael-advance-tabs eael-tabs-horizontal eael-tab-auto-active  responsive-vertical-layout\" data-tabid=\"fa2f8e7\">\n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-nav \">\n                <ul class=\"eael-tab-inline-icon\" role=\"tablist\">\n                                            <li id=\"abstract\" class=\"active-default eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"abstract-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Abstract<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"rsum\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"rsum-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_France.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"muhtasari\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"muhtasari-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_Kenya.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Muhtasari<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"\" class=\"inactive 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25.985l680.71-0.4178c-7.7852 5.6044-11.868 13.788-10.769 22.066 0.8064 6.0585 7.6533 10.374 15.307 9.6263 7.6459-0.7472 13.195-6.2637 12.396-12.33l-0.3079-2.3223h40.004c0.7037 3.9048 4.6037 6.9011 9.354 6.9011s8.6502-2.9963 9.3613-6.9011h40.693v-0.095c8.4963 6.0294 19.294 9.4946 30.716 9.4946 10.747 0 19.456-7.4652 19.456-16.681v-4.8205c0-16.842-15.922-30.506-35.569-30.506\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                    \n                                  <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-content\">\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"abstract-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item active-default\" data-title-link=\"abstract-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>Why does being indexed in Web of Science and Scopus matter so much for African journals? And why is getting indexed so difficult? In this paper we revisit the history of the first citation index, the logic behind its highly selective coverage, its persistent under-representation of Africa\u2019s journals, and its symbolic importance for many researchers. We ask if the solution is to create an alternative African citation index, or if there are other ways to promote the visibility and findability of African journals. Garfield\u2019s company, the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), launched the first Science Citation Index in 1963. An analysis of extant ISI documentation shows that 95% of the first 615 science journals indexed were published in Europe and America. This coverage changed author behavior and journal choices and reinforced existing status hierarchies. Garfield later justified journal selection decisions mathematically, defending his decision to prioritize \u2018core\u2019 journals, and coining what he called \u2018Garfield\u2019s law of concentration\u2019. In 1973, the ISI launched a Social Science Citation Index, indexing 1,000 core social science journals, again with no African representation. In the 1990s, the indexes were digitized, allowing their data to be mined. The creation of university rankings amplified the reputational importance and commercial value of the indexes. Today Web of Science and Scopus continue to use the \u2018citedness\u2019 of candidate journals by journals already within the index to inform selection decisions. As a result journals published in the global peripheries, in small fields, or in languages other than English, struggle to get indexed. In 2023, if one excludes South Africa, only around 60 of the 30,000 plus journals indexed in Web of Science were published from Sub Saharan Africa. One response is to create an alternative Africa-focused journal index and database. We end by describing the history of attempts to create such an index, including current initiatives. Another is to promote the international visibility and findability of African journals through the provision of high-quality metadata, the use of DOIs and hosting on international portals.                <\/p>\n<h5>Keywords<\/h5>\n<p>Citation indexes, Open Science, journal publishing, Africa, bibliodiversity<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"rsum-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"rsum-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>Pourquoi l\u2019indexation dans Web of Science (WoS) et Scopus est-elle si importante pour les revues africaines ? Et pourquoi est-il si difficile d\u2019obtenir cette indexation ? Dans cet article, nous revisitons l\u2019histoire du premier index de citations, la logique de sa couverture tr\u00e8s s\u00e9lective, la sous-repr\u00e9sentation persistante des revues africaines et son importance symbolique pour de nombreux chercheurs. Nous nous demandons \u00e9galement si la solution consiste \u00e0 cr\u00e9er un index de citations alternatif ax\u00e9 sur l\u2019Afrique, ou s\u2019il existe d\u2019autres moyens de promouvoir la visibilit\u00e9 et l\u2019accessibilit\u00e9 des revues africaines. L\u2019entreprise d\u2019Eugene Garfield, l\u2019Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), a lanc\u00e9 le premier Science Citation Index (SCI) en 1963 (Garfield, 1963). Une analyse de la documentation de l\u2019ISI montre que 95 % des 615 premi\u00e8res revues scientifiques index\u00e9es \u00e9taient publi\u00e9es en Europe et en Am\u00e9rique. Cette couverture a modifi\u00e9 le comportement des auteurs et le choix des revues, et a renforc\u00e9 les hi\u00e9rarchies existantes. Garfield a ensuite justifi\u00e9 math\u00e9matiquement la s\u00e9lection des revues, privil\u00e9giant des revues \u00ab centrales \u00bb, et a formul\u00e9 la \u00ab loi de concentration de Garfield \u00bb. En 1973, l\u2019ISI a lanc\u00e9 un Social Science Citation Index, indexant 1 000 revues centrales en sciences sociales, encore une fois sans repr\u00e9sentation africaine. Dans les ann\u00e9es 1990, les index ont \u00e9t\u00e9 num\u00e9ris\u00e9s, permettant l\u2019exploitation de leurs donn\u00e9es. La cr\u00e9ation de classements des universit\u00e9s a amplifi\u00e9 l\u2019importance de la r\u00e9putation et la valeur commerciale des index.Aujourd\u2019hui, Web of Science et Scopus continuent d\u2019utiliser la \u00ab citabilit\u00e9 \u00bb des revues candidates par les revues d\u00e9j\u00e0 pr\u00e9sentes dans l\u2019index pour orienter les d\u00e9cisions de s\u00e9lection. Par cons\u00e9quent, les revues publi\u00e9es en p\u00e9riph\u00e9rie mondiale, dans des domaines restreints ou dans des langues autres que l\u2019anglais, ont du mal \u00e0 \u00eatre index\u00e9es. En 2023, si on exclut l\u2019Afrique du Sud, seulement environ 60 sur plus de 30 000 revues index\u00e9es dans Web of Science \u00e9taient publi\u00e9es en Afrique subsaharienne. Une r\u00e9ponse possible consisterait \u00e0 cr\u00e9er un index et une base de donn\u00e9es alternatifs de revues ax\u00e9es sur l\u2019Afrique. Nous concluons en d\u00e9crivant l\u2019historique des tentatives de cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un tel index, y compris les initiatives actuelles. Une autre r\u00e9ponse est de promouvoir la visibilit\u00e9 internationale et la disponibilit\u00e9 des revues africaines par la fourniture de m\u00e9tadonn\u00e9es de haute qualit\u00e9, l\u2019utilisation de DOI et l\u2019h\u00e9bergement sur des portails internationaux.               <\/p>\n<h5>Mots-cl\u00e9s<\/h5>\n<p>Index de citations, science ouverte, publication de revues, Afrique, bibliodiversit\u00e9<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"muhtasari-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"muhtasari-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>Kwa nini kuorodhesha katika Mtandao wa Sayansi (WoS) na Scopus ni muhimu sana kwa majarida ya Kiafrika? Na kwa nini ni vigumu kupata indexing hii? Katika makala haya, tunapitia upya historia ya faharasa ya kwanza ya manukuu, mantiki iliyo nyuma ya uandishi wake wa kuchagua sana, uwakilishi unaoendelea wa majarida ya Kiafrika, na umuhimu wake wa kiishara kwa watafiti wengi. Pia tunashangaa kama suluhu ni kuunda fahirisi mbadala ya manukuu inayolenga Afrika, au ikiwa kuna njia zingine za kukuza mwonekano na ufikiaji wa majarida ya Kiafrika.Kampuni ya Eugene Garfield, Taasisi ya Habari za Kisayansi (ISI), ilizindua Fahirisi ya Manukuu ya Sayansi ya kwanza (SCI) mnamo 1963 (Garfield, 1963). Uchambuzi wa nyaraka za ISI unaonyesha kuwa 95% ya majarida 615 ya kwanza ya kisayansi yaliyoorodheshwa yalichapishwa Ulaya na Amerika. Chanjo hii imebadilisha tabia ya mwandishi na chaguo la jarida, na kuimarisha safu zilizopo. Kisha Garfield alihalalisha kihisabati uteuzi wa majarida, akipendelea majarida ya \u00ab\u00a0msingi\u00a0\u00bb, na kuunda \u00ab\u00a0sheria ya umakini ya Garfield\u00a0\u00bb. Mnamo mwaka wa 1973, ISI ilizindua Fahirisi ya Manukuu ya Sayansi ya Jamii, ikiorodhesha majarida 1,000 ya msingi ya sayansi ya kijamii, tena bila uwakilishi wa Waafrika. Katika miaka ya 1990, faharisi ziliwekwa kidijitali, kuruhusu unyonyaji wa data zao. Kuundwa kwa viwango vya vyuo vikuu kumeongeza umuhimu wa sifa na thamani ya kibiashara ya faharasa.Leo, Mtandao wa Sayansi na Scopus unaendelea kutumia \u00ab\u00a0uwezo\u00a0\u00bb wa majarida ya wagombea na majarida ambayo tayari yapo kwenye faharasa ili kuongoza maamuzi ya uteuzi. Kwa hivyo, majarida yaliyochapishwa kwenye eneo la kimataifa, katika nyanja zilizozuiliwa au katika lugha zingine isipokuwa Kiingereza, yana shida kuorodheshwa. Mnamo 2023, ukiondoa Afrika Kusini, ni takriban majarida 60 tu kati ya zaidi ya 30,000 yaliyoorodheshwa katika Mtandao wa Sayansi yalichapishwa katika Afrika Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara. Jibu moja ni kuunda faharasa mbadala na hifadhidata ya majarida yanayolenga Afrika. Tunahitimisha kwa kuelezea historia ya majaribio ya kuunda fahirisi kama hiyo, ikijumuisha mipango ya sasa. Jibu lingine ni kukuza mwonekano wa kimataifa na upatikanaji wa majarida ya Kiafrika kupitia utoaji wa metadata ya ubora wa juu, matumizi ya DOIs na upangishaji kwenye tovuti za kimataifa.              <\/p>\n<h5>Maneno muhimu<\/h5>\n<p>Faharasa ya nukuu, sayansi huria, uchapishaji wa jarida, Afrika, biblianuwai <\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a (WoS) \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628 \u00ab\u00a0\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0633\u00a0\u00bb(Scopus) \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u061f \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u061f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0639\u064a\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t                    <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d8b264 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1d8b264\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff89d56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff89d56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En novembre 2023, l\u2019\u00e9diteur du <em>Nigerian Journal of Technology<\/em> a annonc\u00e9 que le num\u00e9ro 3 du volume 42 de la revue \u00e9tait un \u00ab tout nouveau \u00bb journal, car il venait d\u2019\u00eatre accept\u00e9 pour l\u2019indexation dans Scopus (Nnaji, 2023). Nnaji a soulign\u00e9 qu\u2019il s\u2019agissait d\u2019un long parcours. La revue avait \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9e pour la premi\u00e8re fois en ligne en 2012, avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 fait deux demandes d\u2019indexation et avait mis \u00e0 jour son site web. Pour rassurer les auteurs potentiels sur la v\u00e9racit\u00e9 de cette affirmation, un lien vers l\u2019outil de suivi de Scopus<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-05-en#_ftn1\">1<\/a> avait \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 inclus. Quelques mois plus tard, le politologue nig\u00e9rian Jideofor Adibe se r\u00e9jouissait \u00e9galement. Son bulletin d\u2019information de mars 2024 rappelait que cette date marquait les vingt ans de publication de revues par sa soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Adonis and Abbey. Il mentionna aux lecteurs qu\u2019un programme mis en place pour \u00ab aider \u00e0 r\u00e9soudre la question de la forte mortalit\u00e9 des revues publi\u00e9es par des Africains \u00bb avait conduit au lancement de 21 revues, dont sept index\u00e9es dans Scopus (Adibe, 2024).      <\/p><p>Pour chaque gagnant dans le jeu de l\u2019indexation, il y a de nombreux perdants. Des revues m\u00e9dicales nig\u00e9rianes de premier plan ont \u00e9t\u00e9 retir\u00e9es de Scopus, notamment le <em>West African Journal of Medicine<\/em> (retir\u00e9 de Scopus en 2021), l\u2019<em>African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences<\/em> et le <em>Nigerian Journal of Medicine<\/em> (tous deux retir\u00e9s en 2016). Malgr\u00e9 leur classement parmi les 10 meilleures revues pour les chercheurs nig\u00e9rians et leur indexation dans d\u2019autres bases de donn\u00e9es telles que l\u2019Index Medicus Africain de l\u2019Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00e9 (OMS), les trois ont eu du mal \u00e0 recevoir des propositions d\u2019articles et \u00e0 maintenir leurs plannings de publication. En tant que revues des associations m\u00e9dicales nationales ou r\u00e9gionales, certaines publiaient depuis les ann\u00e9es 1980 en s\u2019appuyant sur le travail non r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9diteurs et de r\u00e9viseurs b\u00e9n\u00e9voles. Le <em>West African Journal of Medicine<\/em> a \u00e9t\u00e9 relanc\u00e9 en 2021, apr\u00e8s une interruption de sept ans. L\u2019<em>African Journal of Medicine<\/em> and <em>Medical Sciences<\/em> n\u2019a pas publi\u00e9 de num\u00e9ro depuis 2021, tandis que le <em>Nigerian Journal of Medicine<\/em> a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9 depuis 2021 par Medknow, une marque de l\u2019\u00e9diteur international Wolters Kluwer.     <\/p><p>Pourquoi l\u2019indexation dans Web of Science et Scopus est-elle si importante pour les \u00e9diteurs de revues africaines ? Web of Science et Scopus, un index concurrent cr\u00e9\u00e9 par Elsevier en 2004, sont devenus des index de citations multidisciplinaires influents en raison de leur s\u00e9lectivit\u00e9. Ils pr\u00e9tendent fournir la couverture mondiale n\u00e9cessaire pour soutenir le syst\u00e8me de communication scientifique (Schott, 1991), mais ils indexent une fraction beaucoup plus petite de revues et de recherches provenant de la plus grande partie du gloge comparativement \u00e0 celles publi\u00e9es en Europe de l\u2019Ouest et en Am\u00e9rique du Nord (Archambault et al., 2006 ; Mongeon &amp; Paul-Hus, 2016 ; Rafols et al., 2019 ; Asubiaro et al., 2024). Malgr\u00e9 les critiques r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es de ces disparit\u00e9s g\u00e9ographiques, la domination et l\u2019influence de ces index demeurent.   <\/p><p>Dans cet article, en nous appuyant sur des sources historiques existantes, nous montrons comment les biais linguistiques, g\u00e9ographiques et disciplinaires ont \u00e9t\u00e9 int\u00e9gr\u00e9s d\u00e8s le d\u00e9but dans le Science Citation Index de Garfield. Les d\u00e9cisions initiales concernant le choix des revues \u00e0 indexer ont r\u00e9affirm\u00e9 les clivages existants entre les sciences dans ce qui \u00e9tait dans les ann\u00e9es 1980 appel\u00e9 le \u00ab premier \u00bb et le \u00ab troisi\u00e8me \u00bb monde (Gibb, 1995). Cela a \u00e9t\u00e9 amplifi\u00e9 par des processus de s\u00e9lection et d\u2019\u00e9valuation des revues bas\u00e9s sur les m\u00e9triques de citations. Les auteurs ont prioris\u00e9 les revues index\u00e9es pour la publication, renfor\u00e7ant la r\u00e9putation des r\u00e9seaux acad\u00e9miques et des g\u00e9ographies existantes. Les revues du monde majoritaire en ont souffert. L\u2019h\u00e9ritage de ces d\u00e9cisions initiales d\u2019indexation est encore visible dans la couverture contemporaine des index. Comment pourraiton rem\u00e9dier \u00e0 cette situation ? Si peu de revues africaines sont index\u00e9es, l\u2019Afrique devrait-elle construire son propre index de citations ? Ou cela cr\u00e9erait-il simplement de nouvelles in\u00e9galit\u00e9s ? La derni\u00e8re partie de l\u2019article explore les efforts \u2013 pass\u00e9s et pr\u00e9sents \u2013 visant \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer la visibilit\u00e9 internationale et la possibilit\u00e9 de trouver des articles de la recherche africaine, ainsi que le potentiel d\u00e9sormais offert par le mouvement de la \u00ab science ouverte \u00bb.         <\/p><h2>Une br\u00e8ve histoire de l\u2019index de Garfield<\/h2><p>L\u2019id\u00e9e d\u2019un index de citations acad\u00e9mique a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e pour la premi\u00e8re fois par le sp\u00e9cialiste de l\u2019information am\u00e9ricain Eugene Garfield dans les ann\u00e9es 1950. Fascin\u00e9 par le d\u00e9fi que repr\u00e9sente la gestion des flux d\u2019informations croissants g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s par l\u2019essor de la science apr\u00e8s la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il avait cr\u00e9\u00e9 sa propre entreprise en 1955 \u2013 l\u2019Institute for Scientific Information. Sa premi\u00e8re publication \u00e9tait <em>Current Contents<\/em>, un livret agraf\u00e9 contenant les sommaires des revues de sciences de la vie qui permettait aux biblioth\u00e9caires de recherche de choisir les revues auxquelles leurs institutions devaient s\u2019abonner. Lanc\u00e9e en 1958 avec 150 revues, sa popularit\u00e9 a rapidement augment\u00e9. En 1967, <em>Current Contents <\/em>couvrait 1 500 revues en physique, chimie et sciences de la vie, soutenues par des abonnements d\u2019universit\u00e9s et d\u2019entreprises.    <\/p><p>Son invention suivante s\u2019inspirait d\u2019un outil de recherche juridique bas\u00e9 aux \u00c9tats-Unis appel\u00e9 \u00ab les citations de Shepherd \u00bb. Datant des ann\u00e9es 1870, cet outil permettait aux avocats de rechercher la jurisprudence et les d\u00e9cisions juridiques ant\u00e9rieurs. Garfield voyait la \u00ab shepherdisation \u00bb de la science comme un moyen de g\u00e9rer l\u2019augmentation exponentielle des publications scientifiques apr\u00e8s la Seconde Guerre mondiale (Garfield, 1955). Il la consid\u00e9rait comme une aide pour les biblioth\u00e9caires afin d\u2019identifier les d\u00e9veloppements scientifiques les plus importants et de faire face \u00e0 ce qu\u2019il a appel\u00e9 plus tard \u00ab la surcharge d\u2019informations iatrog\u00e8ne \u00bb (Garfield, 1984). Il estimait \u00e9galement que les scientifiques devaient conna\u00eetre les citations existantes d\u2019un article qu\u2019ils citaient et que les liens vers des travaux ant\u00e9rieurs les aideraient \u00e0 comprendre la \u00ab transmission des id\u00e9es \u00bb et la structure intellectuelle de la pens\u00e9e. En comptant le nombre total de citations, on pouvait mesurer le \u00ab facteur d\u2019impact \u00bb d\u2019un article et donc quantifier son importance (voir aussi Small, 2017).     <\/p><p>L\u2019histoire de l\u2019index de Garfield est \u00e9galement une histoire de rivalit\u00e9 pendant la guerre froide. Alors que la Russie et les \u00c9tats-Unis se disputaient l\u2019influence scientifique, les deux camps se sont tourn\u00e9s vers la bibliom\u00e9trie pour mesurer et suivre l\u2019\u00e9volution de la science. Garfield \u00e9tait conscient des tentatives ant\u00e9rieures visant \u00e0 cr\u00e9er des catalogues complets des sciences (1961). Csiszar (2023) retrace les origines de l\u2019index de Garfield vers ce qu\u2019il appelle l\u2019\u00ab imp\u00e9rialisme bibliom\u00e9trique \u00bb (Csiszar, 2023, p. 105), comme les tentatives infructueuses de la Royal Society de Londres pour cr\u00e9er un Catalogue international de la litt\u00e9rature scientifique dans les ann\u00e9es pr\u00e9c\u00e9dant la Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale. Les travaux des historiens de la science (par exemple, Guedon, 2001 ; Daling, 2023 ; Fyfe et al., 2017) retracent \u00e9galement l\u2019impact de la publication de revues commerciales sur ce flux d\u2019informations croissant.    <\/p><p>Le parcours de Garfield est relat\u00e9 en d\u00e9tail dans des notes de bas de page par Wouters (1999), qui note comment la \u00ab crise du Spoutnik \u00bb de 1957 a \u00ab transform\u00e9 le probl\u00e8me de contr\u00f4le bibliographique des biblioth\u00e9caires en une crise nationale de l\u2019information \u00bb (Wouters, 1999 p. 62). Tr\u00e8s t\u00f4t, Garfield a cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 faire valoir de mani\u00e8re pragmatique la s\u00e9lectivit\u00e9, en affirmant que \u00ab l\u2019absence de couverture compl\u00e8te n\u2019est pas n\u00e9cessairement un argument contre un index de citations. C\u2019est en fait un argument en sa faveur \u00bb (1955, p. 109). Garfield insistait sur le fait que les d\u00e9cisions concernant les revues \u00e0 indexer \u00e9taient bas\u00e9es sur les donn\u00e9es de citations et les conseils d\u2019experts, mais in\u00e9vitablement aussi sur l\u2019exp\u00e9rience de l\u2019ISI dans la publication de <em>Current Contents<\/em> et son historique de s\u00e9lection des revues les plus significatives et importantes pour l\u2019\u00e9tablissement de r\u00e9sum\u00e9s, bas\u00e9s sur les retours des chercheurs et des biblioth\u00e9caires. Csiszar sugg\u00e8re qu\u2019il s\u2019agissait simplement d\u2019une \u00ab d\u00e9cision commerciale bas\u00e9e sur les besoins des abonn\u00e9s potentiels et r\u00e9els \u00bb (2023, p. 120).   <\/p><p>Apr\u00e8s avoir finalement obtenu un financement de la marine am\u00e9ricaine, Garfield a pu commencer \u00e0 travailler \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9laboration du Science Citation Index (Garfield, 1963). Apr\u00e8s plusieurs prototypes avec des revues de g\u00e9n\u00e9tique, le premier index de Garfield, publi\u00e9 en 1963, rassemblait des donn\u00e9es de citations de 613 revues scientifiques. Bien que cet index comprenait des revues provenant de 28 pays, notre analyse montre que 70 % d\u2019entre elles \u00e9taient publi\u00e9es aux \u00c9tats-Unis ou au Royaume-Uni, et la quasi-totalit\u00e9 des autres en Europe. Cette s\u00e9lection \u00e9tait bas\u00e9e sur une perspective am\u00e9ricaine du paysage scientifique. Dix revues russes \u00e9taient incluses, ainsi que deux de Chine, trois d\u2019Inde, sept du Japon et quatre d\u2019Am\u00e9rique latine, mais aucune d\u2019Afrique. La g\u00e9ographie acad\u00e9mique de l\u2019\u00e9conomie de l\u2019\u00e9dition euro-am\u00e9ricaine \u00e9tait int\u00e9gr\u00e9e dans l\u2019index d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part.     <\/p><p>Le d\u00e9fi initial \u00e9tait de maintenir la t\u00e2che et les co\u00fbts sous contr\u00f4le, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que des millions de notes de bas de page, de r\u00e9f\u00e9rences et de citations devaient \u00eatre saisies manuellement, stock\u00e9es sur des disques magn\u00e9tiques et trait\u00e9es sur un ancien ordinateur IBM. Garfield a tir\u00e9 le meilleur parti des premi\u00e8res technologies informatiques pour r\u00e9duire les co\u00fbts. L\u2019ISI employait une \u00e9quipe de 100 op\u00e9rateurs de donn\u00e9es qui ajoutaient des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 un ordinateur central via des bandes magn\u00e9tiques. En travaillant en deux \u00e9quipes, cinq jours par semaine, ils pouvaient traiter 25 000 r\u00e9f\u00e9rences par jour (Garfield, 1979). Comme le note Csiszar, transformer les notes de bas de page en citations \u00e9tait une \u00ab op\u00e9ration massivement laborieuse \u00bb (2023, p. 120). L\u2019index a grandi et \u00e0 mesure que le SCI commen\u00e7ait \u00e0 influencer les d\u00e9cisions d\u2019achat, les \u00e9diteurs et les r\u00e9dacteurs en chef \u00ab se sont battus pour que leurs revues soient couvertes \u00bb (Small, 2017, pp. 605-606). En 1966, le Science Citation Index comprenait 1 150 revues, augmentant \u00e0 2 000 en 1968. Peu \u00e0 peu, davantage de revues non europ\u00e9ennes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 index\u00e9es, mais leur proportion est rest\u00e9e faible compte tenu de la croissance parall\u00e8le du nombre de s\u00e9ries publi\u00e9es aux \u00c9tats-Unis et en Europe. Alors que de plus en plus de revues \u00ab internationales \u00bb \u00e9taient lanc\u00e9es ou reprises par des \u00e9diteurs commerciaux, l\u2019existence d\u2019un facteur d\u2019impact de la revue \u00e9tait un label de l\u2019importance et du statut de la s\u00e9rie (Mills, 2024). Au cours des deux d\u00e9cennies suivantes, l\u2019index a doubl\u00e9 de taille et en 1990, il comptait environ 4 000 revues. Malgr\u00e9 les efforts de marketing de Garfield, y compris plusieurs films, et son succ\u00e8s \u00e0 vendre son index aux agences d\u2019\u00c9tat sovi\u00e9tiques (Aronova, 2021), l\u2019index n\u2019a jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 rentable pour l\u2019ISI.          <\/p><p>D\u00e8s son lancement, les sociologues et les chercheurs en sciences ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 remettre en question la couverture de l\u2019index et la signification des donn\u00e9es de citations pour diff\u00e9rentes disciplines et r\u00e9gions, compte tenu des cultures de citations tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rentes (Cole &amp; Cole, 1971). Certains se moquaient de l\u2019id\u00e9e que l\u2019objectivit\u00e9 pouvait \u00eatre atteinte en \u00ab ne lisant pas la litt\u00e9rature \u00bb (Garfield, 1972 ; Oliver, 1970). La s\u00e9lectivit\u00e9 disciplinaire, g\u00e9ographique et linguistique intrins\u00e8que \u00e0 ces index a suscit\u00e9 des inqui\u00e9tudes. Le biais g\u00e9ographique et linguistique du Science Citation Index (d\u00e9sormais appel\u00e9 Web of Science) contre la \u00ab science p\u00e9riph\u00e9rique \u00bb a \u00e9t\u00e9 soulign\u00e9 pour la premi\u00e8re fois par des chercheurs en sciences dans les ann\u00e9es 1970 (Narin, 1976). Narin s\u2019appuie sur les donn\u00e9es disponibles pour sugg\u00e9rer qu\u2019il y avait entre 550 et 650 revues africaines publi\u00e9es \u00e0 travers le continent au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1960, mais aucune d\u2019entre elles n\u2019\u00e9tait index\u00e9e.    <\/p><p>Les d\u00e9bats ont continu\u00e9. Dans les ann\u00e9es 1990, Scientific American a publi\u00e9 une critique de la discrimination syst\u00e9matique des index de citations \u00e0 l\u2019encontre de ce qui \u00e9tait appel\u00e9 \u00ab revues du tiers-monde \u00bb (Gibbs, 1995). En analysant les donn\u00e9es du SCI de 1994, Gibbs a montr\u00e9 que le pourcentage de revues index\u00e9es provenant de cette r\u00e9gion du monde avait chut\u00e9 de 40 % au cours de la d\u00e9cennie de 1983 \u00e0 1993, passant d\u2019environ 2,5 % \u00e0 environ 1,5 % (Gibbs, 1995, p. 194). Il a \u00e9galement soulign\u00e9 la baisse marqu\u00e9e des facteurs d\u2019impact de plusieurs revues br\u00e9siliennes et indiennes au cours de la m\u00eame p\u00e9riode.   <\/p><p>Garfield s\u2019est toujours empress\u00e9 de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 ces critiques, remettant en question la qualit\u00e9 des revues du tiers-monde (Garfield, 1983; 1997 ; Goodwin &amp; Garfield, 1980). Garfield \u00e9crivait des \u00ab Essais d\u2019un scientifique de l\u2019information \u00bb, publi\u00e9s dans <em>Current Contents<\/em>. Press\u00e9 de justifier la s\u00e9lectivit\u00e9 de l\u2019index, Garfield connaissait depuis longtemps la loi de Bradford sur la dispersion, nomm\u00e9e apr\u00e8s un math\u00e9maticien britannique qui affirmait que la litt\u00e9rature la plus importante dans un domaine scientifique est publi\u00e9e uniquement dans un groupe restreint de revues. D\u00e8s 1955, Garfield a mis en \u00e9vidence la r\u00e9partition 80\/20 des articles importants. En 1971, il est revenu sur ce point comme une justification pour la s\u00e9lectivit\u00e9 des revues. Il affirmait que les travaux de l\u2019ISI avaient confirm\u00e9 ce qu\u2019il appelait \u00ab la loi de concentration de Garfield \u00bb selon laquelle une \u00ab liste de base de 500 \u00e0 1 000 revues couvrira 80 \u00e0 100 % de toutes les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences de revues \u00bb (Garfield, 1971, p. 223) dans un domaine. Il a not\u00e9 que \u00ab 25 revues repr\u00e9sentaient 20-25 % des 4 millions de citations \u00bb trait\u00e9es pour l\u2019index de 1969, avant de souligner avec ironie que les \u00ab implications de cette d\u00e9couverte pour l\u2019\u00e9tablissement de futures biblioth\u00e8ques, en particulier dans les pays en d\u00e9veloppement, devraient \u00eatre assez \u00e9videntes \u00bb (1971, p. 223).      <\/p><p>Les co\u00fbts de saisie des donn\u00e9es de citations se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00eatre un fardeau pour l\u2019ISI, surtout \u00e0 mesure que l\u2019index se d\u00e9veloppait (Small, 2017). Thompson Reuters a achet\u00e9 l\u2019ISI de Garfield en 1992 et a enti\u00e8rement num\u00e9ris\u00e9 la base de donn\u00e9es de citations. La croissance de la puissance informatique, le potentiel qu\u2019elle offrait pour l\u2019exploration et l\u2019analyse de donn\u00e9es \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle ont modifi\u00e9 le paysage des donn\u00e9es, tout comme l\u2019arriv\u00e9e d\u2019Internet. L\u2019index a \u00e9t\u00e9 rebaptis\u00e9 \u00ab Web of Science \u00bb en 2016, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 rachet\u00e9 par un fonds d\u2019investissement priv\u00e9 pour 3,5 milliards de livres sterling et rebaptis\u00e9 Clarivate (Pranckut\u00e9, 2021). L\u2019influence mondiale des donn\u00e9es de citations a \u00e9t\u00e9 amplifi\u00e9e par leur utilisation dans les classements universitaires mondiaux et la mont\u00e9e des politiques nationales d\u2019\u00e9valuation de la recherche.    <\/p><p>La \u00ab collection principale \u00bb de Web of Science couvre d\u00e9sormais plus de 21 500 revues dans quatre index diff\u00e9rents : Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE), Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), Arts &amp; Humanities Citation Index (A&amp;HCI) et Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-05-en#_ftn2\">2<\/a> . Clarivate Analytics, le propri\u00e9taire de Web of Science et de nombreux autres produits d\u2019analyse d\u2019information et de donn\u00e9es (par exemple, Proquest, EndNote), est une grande multinationale avec un revenu d\u2019exploitation de 2,7 milliards de dollars en 2022.  <\/p><p>Elsevier, la plus grande maison d\u2019\u00e9dition universitaire, bas\u00e9e \u00e0 Amsterdam et \u00e0 Londres, a lanc\u00e9 un index concurrent, Scopus, en 2004. La couverture de ce dernier est environ 30 % sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle de WoS et continue de s\u2019\u00e9tendre. En 2023, Scopus a index\u00e9 29 750 revues actives, ainsi que des pr\u00e9publications de revues et des documents de conf\u00e9rences<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-05-en#_ftn3\">3<\/a> . Elsevier propose des services connexes aux universit\u00e9s, notamment un soutien pour pr\u00e9parer les revues \u00e0 une demande d\u2019indexation<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-05-en#_ftn4\">4<\/a> . Scopus appartient \u00e0 Elsevier qui fait partie du groupe RELX, bas\u00e9 \u00e0 Amsterdam et \u00e0 Londres, avec un revenu d\u2019exploitation de 8,5 milliards de livres sterling et une marge b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaire de 31 %. Tous les deux b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient de la domination europ\u00e9enne d\u2019une industrie de publication de recherche \u00ab mondiale \u00bb qui remonte au d\u00e9but du xxe si\u00e8cle (Mills, 2024).     <\/p><h2>Pourquoi si peu de revues africaines sont-elles index\u00e9es dans Web of Science et Scopus ?<\/h2><p>Le r\u00e9pertoire de revues Ulrichsweb est une base de donn\u00e9es de pr\u00e8s de 90 000 revues acad\u00e9miques. Sur les quelques 2 200 revues universitaires actives d\u2019Afrique subsaharienne qui y figurent, seules 169 sont index\u00e9es dans Web of Science et 178 dans Scopus (Asubiaro &amp; Onaolapo, 2023). Parmi ces revues, plus de 100 sont publi\u00e9es en Afrique du Sud. En excluant l\u2019Afrique du Sud, seule une soixantaine de revues publi\u00e9es en Afrique subsaharienne sont actuellement index\u00e9es dans Scopus. Seules quelques-unes sont publi\u00e9es en fran\u00e7ais, enti\u00e8rement ou partiellement, dont deux au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, une au Mali, quelques-unes au Maroc, en Alg\u00e9rie et en Tunisie. Le nombre index\u00e9 dans Web of Science est encore plus faible. Le portail de revues en libre acc\u00e8s DOAJ n\u2019a index\u00e9 que 213 revues d\u2019Afrique subsaharienne en 2023, dont 142 en provenance d\u2019Afrique du Sud. Sa couverture des revues en libre acc\u00e8s de l\u2019Afrique francophone est particuli\u00e8rement faible avec seulement une revue chacune de la C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, du Burkina Faso, du Mali, mais aucune du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal5 . Cela repr\u00e9sente moins que dans Scopus ou Web of Science. En comparaison, plus de 700 revues acad\u00e9miques africaines sont h\u00e9berg\u00e9es sur la plateforme AJOL (Africa Journals Online), dont environ deux tiers sont des revues actives.         <\/p><p>Environ un quart des revues mondiales dans Ulrichsweb sont index\u00e9es dans Web of Science et Scopus, mais certaines r\u00e9gions sont couvertes de mani\u00e8re beaucoup plus syst\u00e9matique que d\u2019autres. L\u2019Afrique subsaharienne est l\u2019une des r\u00e9gions les moins repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es (Asubiaro, 2023 ; Asubiaro et al., 2024). Selon Asubiaro, Onaolapo et Mills (2024), 32 % des revues europ\u00e9ennes r\u00e9pertori\u00e9es dans l\u2019annuaire Ulrichsweb sont index\u00e9es dans Web of Science, un chiffre similaire \u00e0 celui des revues nord-am\u00e9ricaines. En revanche, seuls 8 % des revues d\u2019Asie centrale et m\u00e9ridionale, d\u2019Asie de l\u2019Est et du Sud-Est, et d\u2019Afrique subsaharienne r\u00e9pertori\u00e9es dans le r\u00e9pertoire des p\u00e9riodiques d\u2019Ulrich sont index\u00e9es dans Web of Science. Par cons\u00e9quent, on pourrait dire que l\u2019Europe et l\u2019Am\u00e9rique du Nord sont \u00ab surrepr\u00e9sent\u00e9es \u00bb dans Scopus et Web of Science, avec des taux de surrepr\u00e9sentation allant de 19 % \u00e0 35 %. Ces in\u00e9galit\u00e9s g\u00e9ographiques se renforcent d\u2019elles-m\u00eames et influencent les choix de publications \u00e0 travers le monde (Huang et al., 2020 ; Selten et al., 2020). Les chercheurs dans les pays majoritaires sont incit\u00e9s \u00e0 publier dans les revues index\u00e9es et \u00e0 les citer, ce qui affaiblit les revues locales et non traditionnelles ainsi que les syst\u00e8mes scientifiques nationaux (Rafols et al., 2019). Par exemple, de nombreuses universit\u00e9s nig\u00e9rianes ont instaur\u00e9 des politiques de promotion exigeant des publications dans des revues \u00ab internationales \u00bb plut\u00f4t que nig\u00e9rianes (Mills &amp; Branford, 2022). En effet, les revues \u00ab internationales \u00bb \u2013 souvent d\u00e9finies de mani\u00e8re vague \u2013 sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme plus r\u00e9put\u00e9es et donc plus \u00e0 m\u00eame de juger de la qualit\u00e9 de la recherche. Cela soul\u00e8ve d\u2019autres questions sur ce que veut dire revues \u00ab internationales \u00bb r\u00e9put\u00e9es (Omobowale, 2014). Dans certains cas, comme \u00e0 l\u2019universit\u00e9 priv\u00e9e Covenant au Nigeria, le terme \u00ab international \u00bb est d\u00e9fini plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment comme les revues index\u00e9es dans le premier quartile de WoS et Scopus.          <\/p><p>Le dynamisme des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de recherche non anglophones \u00e0 travers les pays majoritaires ainsi que leurs r\u00e9sultats de recherche et leurs citations sont mieux pris en compte dans les bases de donn\u00e9es r\u00e9gionales telles que SciELO, Redalyc et REDIB, qui desservent l\u2019Am\u00e9rique latine ; Garuda, qui dessert l\u2019Indon\u00e9sie ; et CNKI en Chine. Les niveaux de sous-repr\u00e9sentation de la recherche provenant des pays en dehors de l\u2019Europe occidentale et de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique du Nord dans Web of Science et Scopus sont clairement mis en \u00e9vidence. Ces in\u00e9galit\u00e9s g\u00e9ographiques dans l\u2019indexation sont aggrav\u00e9es par les pratiques de citations selon lesquelles les chercheurs individuels sont plus susceptibles de citer des travaux index\u00e9s. Bien qu\u2019il y ait une production scientifique africaine croissante, une grande partie de celle-ci continue d\u2019\u00eatre n\u00e9glig\u00e9e par ces index (Asubiaro et al., 2024 ; Rabkin et al., 1979 ; Tijssen, 2007). Compte tenu de la croissance exponentielle des productions scientifiques et des citations, les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s existantes en mati\u00e8re de citations continuent de s\u2019\u00e9largir (Horton, 2022 ; Vanderstraeten &amp; Vandermoere, 2021). Nielsen et Andersen (2021) montrent comment les 1 % des scientifiques mondiaux les plus cit\u00e9s augmentent leur part de publications et de citations. L\u2019Afrique du Sud est la seule exception \u00e0 la tendance panafricaine g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, augmentant sa concentration de chercheurs \u00ab hautement cit\u00e9s \u00bb.       <\/p><p>Soixante ans apr\u00e8s le lancement du premier index par Garfield, obtenir une indexation dans WoS ou Scopus reste un d\u00e9fi. Les index ont des politiques de s\u00e9lection et d\u2019\u00e9valuation bas\u00e9es sur des crit\u00e8res stricts et d\u00e9sindexent r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement les revues jug\u00e9es \u00ab peu performantes \u00bb. Web of Science<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-05-en#_ftn5\">6<\/a> utilise 28 crit\u00e8res diff\u00e9rents pour \u00e9valuer les revues. Les crit\u00e8res d\u2019impact des revues incluent l\u2019\u00e9valuation de la signification du contenu et trois m\u00e9triques bas\u00e9es sur les citations : les citations des auteurs, les citations du comit\u00e9 de r\u00e9daction et les donn\u00e9es comparatives sur les citations.   <\/p><p>Scopus \u00e9value \u00e9galement la qualit\u00e9 des revues parmi les 3 500 candidatures qu\u2019il re\u00e7oit chaque ann\u00e9e en fonction de la \u00ab fr\u00e9quence des citations des articles de revue dans Scopus \u00bb. Il mesure aussi la \u00ab diversit\u00e9 dans la r\u00e9partition g\u00e9ographique \u00bb des \u00e9diteurs et des auteurs. Scopus utilise des r\u00e9f\u00e9rences de pairs bas\u00e9es sur les citations dans le cadre de ce qu\u2019il appelle l\u2019\u00ab enrichissement de titre \u00bb. Les revues doivent avoir un taux d\u2019autocitation ne d\u00e9passant pas 200 % de la moyenne pour leur domaine, et des taux de citations, des nombres d\u2019articles et du nombre de clics sur Scopus d\u2019au moins 50 % de la moyenne. Ces crit\u00e8res discriminent les petites revues et celles qui s\u2019adressent \u00e0 une communaut\u00e9 de recherche relativement autonome ou sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e comme de nombreuses revues publi\u00e9es dans les universit\u00e9s africaines. Ces m\u00eames crit\u00e8res sont utilis\u00e9s pour \u00e9valuer et retirer de la liste les revues \u00ab peu performantes \u00bb. Entre 2016 et 2020, 536 revues ont \u00e9t\u00e9 retir\u00e9es de Scopus, dont plusieurs du Nigeria.      <\/p><p>Les deux index sont conscients que les donn\u00e9es relatives aux citations peuvent \u00eatre manipul\u00e9es. Les revues index\u00e9es attirent toujours plus de soumissions en raison des pressions (et des incitations) exerc\u00e9es sur les chercheurs de publier toujours plus. Il y a eu un certain nombre de cas de revues qui ont abaiss\u00e9 leurs normes d\u2019\u00e9valuation ou dont les num\u00e9ros sp\u00e9ciaux ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00ab d\u00e9tourn\u00e9s \u00bb (Moussa, 2021). Tous deux ont \u00e9t\u00e9 accus\u00e9s d\u2019indexer involontairement des revues dites \u00ab pr\u00e9datrices \u00bb. Leur r\u00e9ponse \u00e9tait de mettre en \u0153uvre une surveillance plus stricte des revues. Malgr\u00e9 les affirmations de leurs concepteurs et d\u00e9fenseurs (Baas et al., 2020 ; Birkle et al., 2020), l\u2019int\u00e9grit\u00e9 de ces index est constamment remise en question. Une communaut\u00e9 grandissante de scientifiques vigilants et de d\u00e9tectives est prompte \u00e0 signaler les retraits, en particulier lorsqu\u2019il s\u2019agit d\u2019un grand nombres d\u2019articles dans un num\u00e9ro sp\u00e9cial \u00e9dit\u00e9 par des coordonnateurs invit\u00e9s<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-05-en#_ftn6\">7<\/a> . Dans un mod\u00e8le de publication \u00ab auteur-payeur \u00bb, les \u00e9diteurs et les revues sont r\u00e9compens\u00e9s pour accepter davantage d\u2019articles, mais l\u2019expansion rapide s\u2019accompagne de d\u00e9fis de qualit\u00e9. Il y a de plus en plus de cas de revues index\u00e9es qui sont retir\u00e9es des index, soit en raison de violations des processus \u00e9ditoriaux, soit en raison de pratiques inhabituelles. En r\u00e9ponse, les index ont \u00e9tabli des normes bibliom\u00e9triques plus strictes pour l\u2019inclusion en utilisant des outils d\u2019intelligence artificielle pour d\u00e9tecter les anomalies li\u00e9es aux citations ou aux auteurs. La d\u00e9pendance excessive aux citations encourage \u00e9galement les manipulations de citations (Biagioli &amp; Lippman, 2020). Dans un syst\u00e8me in\u00e9gal, beaucoup ont recours \u00e0 des tactiques, telles que l\u2019autocitation ou les clubs de citations, pour augmenter leur visibilit\u00e9 et leurs scores.            <\/p><p>Des questions continuent d\u2019\u00eatre pos\u00e9es sur les biais m\u00e9thodologiques des index (Gallagher &amp; Barnaby, 1998 ; Seglen, 1992), les biais linguistiques (Harzing, 2016 ; Mas-Bleda &amp; Thelwall, 2016 ; Vera-Baceta et al., 2019), et les diff\u00e9rentes cultures de citations (Callaham et al., 2002 ; Velho, 1986). Des travaux critiques ont \u00e9galement mis en \u00e9vidence la surrepr\u00e9sentation dans les indices des recherches publi\u00e9es en anglais (Albarillo, 2014), du travail en provenance du Royaume-Uni et des \u00c9tats-Unis (Gingras &amp; Khelfaoui, 2018 ; Luwel, 1999) et des sciences naturelles et physiques (Mart\u00ednMart\u00edn et al., 2018 ; Mongeon &amp; Paul-Hus, 2016). <\/p><p>Des analyses r\u00e9centes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent les cons\u00e9quences de l\u2019exclusion des index des revues publi\u00e9es dans des langues autres que l\u2019anglais. Plus de 95 % des documents index\u00e9s dans Web of Science (et 92,5 % de ceux index\u00e9s dans Scopus) sont en anglais (Vera-Baceta et al., 2019). La base de donn\u00e9es Ulrichsweb des revues liste 1 800 revues africaines publiant en anglais, soit environ 97,5 % de toutes les revues publi\u00e9es en Afrique, 90 publi\u00e9es en fran\u00e7ais (en totalit\u00e9 ou en partie), et 73 qui publient des articles en afrikaans. Dans Web of Science et Scopus, les revues qui publient en afrikaans sont trois fois plus nombreuses que celles publiant en fran\u00e7ais<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-05-en#_ftn7\">8<\/a> . Cela montre la sous-repr\u00e9sentation de la recherche ouest-africaine francophone dans ces index. En effet, l\u2019afrikaans figure parmi les 20 premi\u00e8res langues scientifiques non europ\u00e9ennes dans Web of Science et Scopus, devant l\u2019arabe et le persan.    <\/p><p>Un d\u00e9fi connexe est que de nombreuses revues africaines sont orient\u00e9es vers des pr\u00e9occupations et des d\u00e9bats africains. Ces probl\u00e8mes africains peuvent sembler moins pertinents pour le public mondial, et les travaux dans ce domaine sont moins susceptibles d\u2019\u00eatre publi\u00e9s et parfois moins susceptibles d\u2019\u00eatre recherch\u00e9s. Certains chercheurs africains, soucieux de se faire conna\u00eetre \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale, abandonnent les probl\u00e8mes locaux au profit des d\u00e9bats conceptuels et th\u00e9oriques \u00ab du Nord \u00bb (Nymanjoh, 2004). Cela peut saper les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de recherche locaux, surtout si le fait d\u2019avoir un profil de publication national ou r\u00e9gional solide compte peu en mati\u00e8re de d\u00e9cisions de promotion.   <\/p><h2>Un index de citations africain est-il la solution ?<\/h2><p>Certains voient la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un index de citations africain comme la solution. C\u2019est depuis longtemps l\u2019ambition de l\u2019informaticien nig\u00e9rian Williams Nwagwu qui soutient qu\u2019un index de citations autonome pourrait servir \u00e0 valoriser la visibilit\u00e9 limit\u00e9e des ressources africaines (Nwagwu, 2006 p. 11). Nwagwu critique les index de citations internationaux et la mani\u00e8re dont ils \u00ab homog\u00e9n\u00e9isent, centralisent et globalisent les crit\u00e8res de performance des chercheurs \u00bb (2006 p. 228) ainsi que leur manque de \u00ab respect pour la diversit\u00e9 et la complexit\u00e9 mondiales \u00bb (2006 p. 228). Il a dirig\u00e9 l\u2019initiative du CODESRIA<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-05-en#_ftn8\">9<\/a> visant \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper une telle initiative dans les ann\u00e9es 2000 en demandant qu\u2019elle soit mod\u00e9lis\u00e9e sur le principe de l\u2019\u00ab Africanisme, reconnaissant et pla\u00e7ant les connaissances africaines dans une perspective mondiale \u00bb (2006 p. 238).    <\/p><p>Il a dirig\u00e9 l\u2019initiative du CODESRIA9 visant \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper une telle initiative dans les ann\u00e9es 2000 en demandant qu\u2019elle soit mod\u00e9lis\u00e9e sur le principe de l\u2019\u00ab Africanisme, reconnaissant et pla\u00e7ant les connaissances africaines dans une perspective mondiale \u00bb (2006 p. 238). Lorsqu\u2019il a fait une pr\u00e9sentation lors d\u2019une conf\u00e9rence en 2006 au Centre d\u2019\u00e9tudes africaines \u00e0 Leiden, l\u2019id\u00e9e a \u00e9t\u00e9 approuv\u00e9e avec enthousiasme (Nwagwu, 2006). Le CODESRIA cherchait un soutien institutionnel pour l\u2019index, l\u2019espoir \u00e9tait que les universit\u00e9s africaines et les associations disciplinaires reconna\u00eetraient \u00e9galement la valeur de l\u2019initiative et fourniraient un financement de d\u00e9part. Cependant, de nombreuses associations fonctionnent avec des moyens limit\u00e9s, et les biblioth\u00e8ques universitaires sous-financ\u00e9es n\u2019\u00e9taient gu\u00e8re mieux plac\u00e9es. Les propositions n\u2019ont pas non plus r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 attirer le soutien des donateurs, des gouvernements nationaux ou de la Banque africaine de d\u00e9veloppement. Elsevier s\u2019est montr\u00e9 plus int\u00e9ress\u00e9 et enthousiaste \u00e0 l\u2019id\u00e9e d\u2019ajouter un index africain \u00e0 Scopus. Certains au sein du CODESRIA ont explor\u00e9 cette option tandis que d\u2019autres \u00e9taient sceptiques, craignant que cela ne renforce simplement l\u2019influence et la part de march\u00e9 de l\u2019index d\u2019Elsevier. Travailler avec Elsevier allait \u00e9galement \u00e0 l\u2019encontre de l\u2019engagement de longue date du CODESRIA \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une communaut\u00e9 de savoir panafricaine comme moyen de lutter contre les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s de connaissance (Hoffman, 2018). Il y avait aussi la question de savoir si un index de citations africain cr\u00e9erait de nouvelles divisions de statut. Alors que les n\u00e9gociations stagnent en 2017, arrive un nouveau directeur du CODESRIA qui doit faire face \u00e0 des manques de financement et \u00e0 des n\u00e9gociations difficiles avec ses principaux bailleurs de fonds scandinaves concernant l&rsquo;avenir de l&rsquo;institution. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que l\u2019index \u00e9tait moins prioritaire pour le CODESRIA que les programmes de formation \u00e0 la recherche, de mentorat et de publications, et celui-ci n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 inclus dans les priorit\u00e9s strat\u00e9giques de l\u2019organisation.         <\/p><p>Certains aspirent encore \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une base de donn\u00e9es compl\u00e8te des revues africaines comme moyen de promouvoir la visibilit\u00e9 et l\u2019accessibilit\u00e9 de la recherche africaine. Telle est la vision de l\u2019AfricaRVI (African Research Visibility Initiative), cr\u00e9\u00e9e par les auteurs de cet article et des coll\u00e8gues nig\u00e9rians en 2022. Notre objectif est de cr\u00e9er un index inclusif d\u2019environ 1 000 revues africaines actives dans toutes les langues acad\u00e9miques utilis\u00e9es sur le continent et de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des donn\u00e9es bibliographiques et de citations utiles pour les universit\u00e9s et les chercheurs. Il faudra \u00e9tablir in\u00e9vitablement des crit\u00e8res minimaux pour l\u2019inclusion tels qu\u2019un historique de publications r\u00e9guli\u00e8res et ponctuelles, ainsi que des normes technologiques de base. Encore \u00e0 un stade pr\u00e9coce de d\u00e9veloppement, cela pourrait aider \u00e0 combler le manque d\u2019indexation et g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des donn\u00e9es de citations africaines, mais comme tous les index, il fera \u00e9galement face \u00e0 des questions de s\u00e9lectivit\u00e9 et de financement.    <\/p><p>Il existe d\u2019autres moyens de promouvoir la visibilit\u00e9 et la disponibilit\u00e9 des revues africaines, tels que la production et le partage de m\u00e9tadonn\u00e9es de haute qualit\u00e9, l\u2019utilisation de DOI, et l\u2019utilisation de plateformes comme AJOL, Muse, JSTOR et des agr\u00e9gateurs, EBSCO. Les pratiques de science ouverte contribuent \u00e9galement \u00e0 la d\u00e9couvrabilit\u00e9. Les bailleurs de fonds comme Wellcome et d\u2019autres cherchent maintenant \u00e0 renforcer les capacit\u00e9s professionnelles au sein des revues africaines, et INASP promeut depuis longtemps les normes de publication des revues. Le cadre JPPS (Journal Publishing Practices and Standards), adopt\u00e9 par AJOL (African Journals Online), en est un exemple qui \u00e9value les revues selon un syst\u00e8me de notation \u00e0 trois \u00e9toiles afin de soutenir et r\u00e9compenser les am\u00e9liorations de qualit\u00e910.   <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/issue-07\/art-07-05-en#_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> <\/p><h2>Conclusion : science mondiale, science africaine ?<\/h2><p>Au cours de ces soixante derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, l\u2019impact et le pouvoir des index de citations ont \u00e9volu\u00e9 depuis les premi\u00e8res exp\u00e9rimentations de Garfield. Web of Science et Scopus sont des infrastructures mondiales appartenant \u00e0 de grandes multinationales. Les donn\u00e9es relatives aux citations sont \u00e0 la base des classements universitaires, et les chercheurs sont cens\u00e9s prioriser la publication dans des revues index\u00e9es. Les donn\u00e9es relatives aux citations ont permis au syst\u00e8me scientifique mondial de l\u2019apr\u00e8s-guerre de se repr\u00e9senter comme un vaste circuit connect\u00e9 de flux de connaissances (Mills, 2024), tout en renfor\u00e7ant la domination euro-am\u00e9ricaine dans l\u2019\u00e9conomie mondiale de la recherche.   <\/p><p>Les citations ne remplacent pas les relations de confiance qui sous-tendent de nombreuses communaut\u00e9s scientifiques, pourtant les g\u00e9ographies de la cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9 acad\u00e9mique sont souvent excluantes (Mills &amp; Robinson, 2021). Les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s linguistiques cr\u00e9\u00e9es par une \u00e9conomie de recherche anglophone (Chen &amp; Chan, 2021 ; Rowlands &amp; Wright, 2022) ont des cons\u00e9quences profondes pour la bibliodiversit\u00e9 (Shearer et al., 2020 ; Albornoz et al., 2020). En \u00e9crivant d\u2019un point de vue africain, Bhakuni et Abimbola (2021) soulignent que le \u00ab surplus \u00bb de cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9 d\u2019un groupe social ou \u00e9pist\u00e9mique se fait au d\u00e9triment d\u2019un \u00ab d\u00e9ficit \u00bb de cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9 d\u2019un groupe marginalis\u00e9.  <\/p><p>\u00c0 l\u2019avenir, est-il probable que davantage de revues en sciences humaines et sociales africaines soient index\u00e9es suivant le chemin trac\u00e9 par Adonis et Abbey ? Scopus offre un soutien consultatif aux universit\u00e9s africaines pour pr\u00e9parer les revues \u00e0 l\u2019indexation, fournissant conseils, orientations et formations aux biblioth\u00e9caires, chercheurs et \u00e9diteurs. Cela pourrait \u00eatre une strat\u00e9gie commerciale astucieuse pour Elsevier au moment o\u00f9 les infrastructures de recherche du continent continuent de se d\u00e9velopper. Les dirigeants des universit\u00e9s africaines sont conscients des avantages en termes de r\u00e9putation qui d\u00e9coulent de l\u2019indexation des revues et certains sont pr\u00eats \u00e0 payer pour ce conseil consultatif. Web of Science et Scopus sont con\u00e7us pour soutenir les flux de connaissances \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale au lieu de nourrir les cultures de recherche nationales et les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de connaissance. Le d\u00e9fi est de concilier \u00e0 la fois le local et le global.     <\/p><p>Certains chercheurs et biblioth\u00e9caires orient\u00e9s vers l\u2019acc\u00e8s libre appellent \u00e0 \u00ab l\u2019\u00e9chelle r\u00e9duite \u00bb, rejetant les hypoth\u00e8ses orient\u00e9es vers le march\u00e9 selon lesquelles la publication n\u00e9cessite des \u00e9conomies d\u2019\u00e9chelle et favorise plut\u00f4t l\u2019\u00e9chelle \u00e0 travers des \u00ab collaborations intentionnelles entre projets communautaires qui promeut un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me bibliodiversifi\u00e9 \u00bb (Adema &amp; Moore, 2021, p. 27). C\u2019est une vision qui privil\u00e9gie la construction communautaire locale plut\u00f4t que le profit, favorisant la diversit\u00e9 et la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019alliances. Peut-\u00eatre que les bailleurs de fonds et les politiques de recherche doivent soutenir \u00e0 la fois les petites et les grandes initiatives en soutenant une gamme d\u2019initiatives de publication pour promouvoir la visibilit\u00e9 et la r\u00e9silience. \u00c0 court terme, un index de citations africain est peut-\u00eatre moins urgent qu\u2019un financement durable des infrastructures de recherche nationales et r\u00e9gionales.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d9184d e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2d9184d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7fd8c3 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a7fd8c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'auteur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38b0172 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-link-in-bio\" data-id=\"38b0172\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"link-in-bio.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio e-link-in-bio\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image e-link-in-bio__identity-image-profile has-style-circle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/David-Mills--225x300.png\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image-element\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/David-Mills--225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/David-Mills-.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"e-link-in-bio__heading\">David Mills<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"e-link-in-bio__title\">Professeur associ\u00e9, p\u00e9dagogie et sciences sociales<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-link-in-bio__description\">Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Oxford<\/p>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icons has-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon is-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a aria-label=\"Email\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-link\" href=\"mailto:david.mills@education.ox.ac.uk?subject=Contact%20from%20GA%20Bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-svg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__ctas has-type-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/david-mills\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener \" class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta is-type-button has-corners-rounded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVoir le profil complet\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bbf04f5 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-link-in-bio\" data-id=\"bbf04f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"link-in-bio.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio e-link-in-bio\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image e-link-in-bio__identity-image-profile has-style-circle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Toluwase-Asubiaro--225x300.png\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image-element\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Toluwase-Asubiaro--225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Toluwase-Asubiaro-.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"e-link-in-bio__heading\">Toluwase Asubiaro<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"e-link-in-bio__title\">Docteur en philosophie\n\nAfrican Research Visibility Initiative, Calgary, Alberta, Canada\n\nD\u00e9partement des sciences de l\u2019information,<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-link-in-bio__description\">Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Afrique du Sud, Afrique du Sud<\/p>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icons has-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon is-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a aria-label=\"Email\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-link\" href=\"mailto:tasubiar@uwo.ca?subject=Contact%20from%20GA%20Bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-svg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__ctas has-type-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/toluwase-asubiaro-\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener \" class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta is-type-button has-corners-rounded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVoir le profil complet\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca44f9b ignoretoc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ca44f9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9galement dans ce num\u00e9ro<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08ab0bf elementor-grid-1 elementor-grid-tablet-1 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-posts--show-avatar elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"08ab0bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:27,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_tablet_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_mobile_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.posts_cards_pp_authors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-posts_cards_pp_authors elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15271 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-revue author-global-africa\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1200\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Issue-10-\u2013-Global-AfricaProtective-Knowledges-The-Wisdom-to-Protect-.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-15268\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tNum\u00e9ro 10 \u2013 Global Africa\u00ab Savoirs protecteurs, savoir prot\u00e9ger \u00bb\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Num\u00e9ro 10 \u2013 Global Africa\u00ab Savoirs protecteurs, savoir prot\u00e9ger \u00bb\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tGlobal Africa\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15509 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-analyses-critiques author-karine-collette-fr author-ibrahima-ba-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14990\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41.png 527w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41-210x300.png 210w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 527px) 100vw, 527px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tTerre-M\u00e8re : trace discursive d\u2019une \u00e9mancipation \u00e9cologique au Nord et au Sud ?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Terre-M\u00e8re : trace discursive d\u2019une \u00e9mancipation \u00e9cologique au Nord et au Sud ?\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tKarine Collette, Ibrahima Ba\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15517 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-champ author-cheikh-sadibou-sakho-fr author-masengesho-kamuzinzi-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.18.04.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14982\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\t\u00ab We Heal Together \u00bb, un savoir protecteur par excellence qui s\u2019inspire de l\u2019h\u00e9ritage africain, o\u00f9 les responsabilit\u00e9s envers soi et envers autrui sont indissociables\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur \u00ab We Heal Together \u00bb, un savoir protecteur par excellence qui s\u2019inspire de l\u2019h\u00e9ritage africain, o\u00f9 les responsabilit\u00e9s envers soi et envers autrui sont indissociables\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tCheikh Sadibou Sakho, Masengesho Kamuzinzi\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15523 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-analyses-critiques author-cheikh-sadibou-sakho-fr author-ndeye-laity-ndiaye-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.17.22.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14992\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tIt Takes a Village! (R\u00e9)inventer la mise \u00e0 l\u2019abri des survivantes de violences sexuelles au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal<br>Pistes \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience du centre Kullimaaroo de Ziguinchor\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur It Takes a Village! (R\u00e9)inventer la mise \u00e0 l\u2019abri des survivantes de violences sexuelles au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal&lt;br&gt;Pistes \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience du centre Kullimaaroo de Ziguinchor\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tCheikh Sadibou Sakho, Nd\u00e8ye La\u00efty Ndiaye\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e590199 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e590199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dd1381 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-adv-tabs\" data-id=\"3dd1381\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-adv-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div data-scroll-on-click=\"no\" data-scroll-speed=\"300\" id=\"eael-advance-tabs-3dd1381\" class=\"eael-advance-tabs eael-tabs-horizontal eael-tab-auto-active  responsive-vertical-layout\" data-tabid=\"3dd1381\">\n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-nav \">\n                <ul class=\"eael-tab-inline-icon\" role=\"tablist\">\n                                            <li id=\"pour-citer-larticle-\" class=\"active-default eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-quote-left\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Pour citer l&rsquo;article :<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"notes\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"notes-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-notes-medical\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Notes<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"bibliographie\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"bibliographie-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-book\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Bibliographie<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                    \n                                  <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-content\">\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item active-default\" data-title-link=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <h5><strong>APA<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Mills, D., &amp; Asubiaro, T. (2024). L\u2019acad\u00e9mie africaine a-t-elle besoin de son propre index de citations ? Global Africa, (7), pp. 115-125.   <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/18yw-xv96\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/18yw-xv96<\/a><\/p>\n<h5><strong>MLA<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Mills, D. &amp; Asubiaro, T. \u00ab\u00a0L\u2019acad\u00e9mie africaine a-t-elle besoin de son propre index de citations ?\u00a0\u00bb. Global Africa, no. 7, 2024, p. 115-125. doi.org\/10.57832\/18yw-xv96  <\/p>\n<h5><strong>DOI<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/18yw-xv96\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/18yw-xv96<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00a9 2024 by author(s). This work is openly licensed via CC BY-NC 4.0 <\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"notes-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"notes-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <ol>\n<li>La revue a \u00e9galement fourni un lien vers sa validation Scopus : https:\/\/suggestor.step.scopus.com\/progressTracker\/?trackingID=87AEB0D2DB8706F3<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/clarivate.com\/blog\/unveiling-the-journal-citation-reports-2023-supporting-research-integrity-with-trusted-tools-and-data\/<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/blog.scopus.com\/posts\/scopus-now-includes-90-million-content-records<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/en-gb\/connect\/journal-indexation-why-does-it-matter<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/clarivate.com\/products\/scientific-and-academic-research\/research-discovery-and-workflow-solutions\/web-of-science\/core-collection\/editorial-selection-process\/editorial-selection-process\/<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/retractionwatch.com\/2023\/04\/05\/wiley-and-hindawi-to-retract-1200-more-papers-for-compromised-peer-review\/<\/li>\n<li>Il n\u2019existe pas d\u2019index de citations en langue fran\u00e7aise, mais les bases de donn\u00e9es de revues francophones incluent Cairn (avec plus de 630 revues en sciences humaines et sociales) et le portail de revues Pers\u00e9e .<\/li>\n<li>Conseil pour le d\u00e9veloppement de la recherche en sciences sociales en Afrique.<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/www.journalquality.info\/en\/<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"bibliographie-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"bibliographie-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p id=\"viewer-foo\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Adema, J., &amp; Moore S. (2021). Scaling Small; Or How to Envision New Relationalities for Knowledge Production <em>. Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture, 16<\/em>(1), 27-45.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-8ygwg796\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Adibe, J. (2024). From Adonis and Abbey &#8211; Commemorating 20 years of journal publishing: March 16 sent via email. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-03s4o798\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Albarillo, F. (2014). Language in Social Science Databases: English Versus Non-English Articles in JSTOR and Scopus, <em>Behavioral &amp; Social Sciences Librarian, 33<\/em>(2), 77-90. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-pz21l802\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Albornoz, D., Okune A., &amp; Chan, L. (2020). Can Open Scholarly Practices Redress Epistemic Injustice? In M. P. Eve &amp; J. Gray (eds), <em>Reassembling Scholarly Communications: Histories, Infrastructures, and Global Politics of Open Access.<\/em> MIT Press.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-m83oa806\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Archambault, \u00c9., Vignola-Gagn\u00e9, \u00c9., C\u00f4t\u00e9, G., Larivi\u00e8re, V., &amp; Gingras, Y. (2006). Benchmarking scientific output in the social sciences and humanities: The limits of existing databases, <em>Scientometrics<\/em>, <em>68<\/em>(3), 329\u201342. DOI: 10.1007\/s11192-006-0115-z. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-mfm95812\" class=\"o0STb GF80u joYDm HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Aronova, E. (2021). Scientometrics with and without computers: The cold war transnational journeys of the science citation index. In M. Solovey &amp; C. Day\u00e9 (Eds.), <em>Cold <\/em><em>W<\/em><em>ar <\/em><em>S<\/em><em>ocial <\/em><em>S<\/em><em>cience: Transnational entanglements<\/em> (pp. 73\u201398). 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(1999). <em>The citation culture<\/em> (Doctoral dissertation, Universiteit van Amsterdam).<\/span><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t                    <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aff930 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5aff930\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc34b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-off-canvas\" data-id=\"fc34b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"off-canvas.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"off-canvas-fc34b86\" class=\"e-off-canvas\" role=\"dialog\" aria-hidden=\"true\" 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class=\"eael-creative-button-wrapper\">\n\n            <a class=\"eael-creative-button eael-creative-button--default eael-cb-icon-position-\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Doff_canvas%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6ImZjMzRiODYiLCJkaXNwbGF5TW9kZSI6Im9wZW4ifQ%3D%3D\" data-text=\"Allez-y !\">\n            \t    \n                <div class=\"creative-button-inner\">\n\n                    \n                    <span class=\"cretive-button-text\">Table des mati\u00e8res<\/span>\n\n                                    <\/div>\n\t                        <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Num\u00e9ro 07 &#8211; Analyses critiques This post is also available in: English Fran\u00e7ais (French) T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER EN PDF 07.2024Publier la recherche africaine Publi\u00e9 le : 20 septembre 2024ISSN: 3020-0458 T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER LE NUM\u00c9RO PDF Abstract R\u00e9sum\u00e9 Muhtasari \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 Why does being indexed in Web of Science and Scopus matter so much for African journals? And why is getting indexed so difficult? In this paper we revisit the history of the first citation index, the logic behind its highly selective coverage, its persistent under-representation of Africa\u2019s journals, and its symbolic importance for many researchers. We ask if the solution is to create an alternative African citation index, or if there are other ways to promote the visibility and findability of African journals. Garfield\u2019s company, the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), launched the first Science Citation Index in 1963. An analysis of extant ISI documentation shows that 95% of the first 615 science journals indexed were published in Europe and America. This coverage changed author behavior and journal choices and reinforced existing status hierarchies. Garfield later justified journal selection decisions mathematically, defending his decision to prioritize \u2018core\u2019 journals, and coining what he called \u2018Garfield\u2019s law of concentration\u2019. In 1973, the ISI launched a Social Science Citation Index, indexing 1,000 core social science journals, again with no African representation. In the 1990s, the indexes were digitized, allowing their data to be mined. The creation of university rankings amplified the reputational importance and commercial value of the indexes. Today Web of Science and Scopus continue to use the \u2018citedness\u2019 of candidate journals by journals already within the index to inform selection decisions. As a result journals published in the global peripheries, in small fields, or in languages other than English, struggle to get indexed. In 2023, if one excludes South Africa, only around 60 of the 30,000 plus journals indexed in Web of Science were published from Sub Saharan Africa. One response is to create an alternative Africa-focused journal index and database. We end by describing the history of attempts to create such an index, including current initiatives. Another is to promote the international visibility and findability of African journals through the provision of high-quality metadata, the use of DOIs and hosting on international portals. Keywords Citation indexes, Open Science, journal publishing, Africa, bibliodiversity Pourquoi l\u2019indexation dans Web of Science (WoS) et Scopus est-elle si importante pour les revues africaines ? Et pourquoi est-il si difficile d\u2019obtenir cette indexation ? Dans cet article, nous revisitons l\u2019histoire du premier index de citations, la logique de sa couverture tr\u00e8s s\u00e9lective, la sous-repr\u00e9sentation persistante des revues africaines et son importance symbolique pour de nombreux chercheurs. Nous nous demandons \u00e9galement si la solution consiste \u00e0 cr\u00e9er un index de citations alternatif ax\u00e9 sur l\u2019Afrique, ou s\u2019il existe d\u2019autres moyens de promouvoir la visibilit\u00e9 et l\u2019accessibilit\u00e9 des revues africaines. L\u2019entreprise d\u2019Eugene Garfield, l\u2019Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), a lanc\u00e9 le premier Science Citation Index (SCI) en 1963 (Garfield, 1963). Une analyse de la documentation de l\u2019ISI montre que 95 % des 615 premi\u00e8res revues scientifiques index\u00e9es \u00e9taient publi\u00e9es en Europe et en Am\u00e9rique. Cette couverture a modifi\u00e9 le comportement des auteurs et le choix des revues, et a renforc\u00e9 les hi\u00e9rarchies existantes. Garfield a ensuite justifi\u00e9 math\u00e9matiquement la s\u00e9lection des revues, privil\u00e9giant des revues \u00ab centrales \u00bb, et a formul\u00e9 la \u00ab loi de concentration de Garfield \u00bb. En 1973, l\u2019ISI a lanc\u00e9 un Social Science Citation Index, indexant 1 000 revues centrales en sciences sociales, encore une fois sans repr\u00e9sentation africaine. Dans les ann\u00e9es 1990, les index ont \u00e9t\u00e9 num\u00e9ris\u00e9s, permettant l\u2019exploitation de leurs donn\u00e9es. La cr\u00e9ation de classements des universit\u00e9s a amplifi\u00e9 l\u2019importance de la r\u00e9putation et la valeur commerciale des index.Aujourd\u2019hui, Web of Science et Scopus continuent d\u2019utiliser la \u00ab citabilit\u00e9 \u00bb des revues candidates par les revues d\u00e9j\u00e0 pr\u00e9sentes dans l\u2019index pour orienter les d\u00e9cisions de s\u00e9lection. Par cons\u00e9quent, les revues publi\u00e9es en p\u00e9riph\u00e9rie mondiale, dans des domaines restreints ou dans des langues autres que l\u2019anglais, ont du mal \u00e0 \u00eatre index\u00e9es. En 2023, si on exclut l\u2019Afrique du Sud, seulement environ 60 sur plus de 30 000 revues index\u00e9es dans Web of Science \u00e9taient publi\u00e9es en Afrique subsaharienne. Une r\u00e9ponse possible consisterait \u00e0 cr\u00e9er un index et une base de donn\u00e9es alternatifs de revues ax\u00e9es sur l\u2019Afrique. Nous concluons en d\u00e9crivant l\u2019historique des tentatives de cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un tel index, y compris les initiatives actuelles. Une autre r\u00e9ponse est de promouvoir la visibilit\u00e9 internationale et la disponibilit\u00e9 des revues africaines par la fourniture de m\u00e9tadonn\u00e9es de haute qualit\u00e9, l\u2019utilisation de DOI et l\u2019h\u00e9bergement sur des portails internationaux. Mots-cl\u00e9s Index de citations, science ouverte, publication de revues, Afrique, bibliodiversit\u00e9 Kwa nini kuorodhesha katika Mtandao wa Sayansi (WoS) na Scopus ni muhimu sana kwa majarida ya Kiafrika? Na kwa nini ni vigumu kupata indexing hii? Katika makala haya, tunapitia upya historia ya faharasa ya kwanza ya manukuu, mantiki iliyo nyuma ya uandishi wake wa kuchagua sana, uwakilishi unaoendelea wa majarida ya Kiafrika, na umuhimu wake wa kiishara kwa watafiti wengi. Pia tunashangaa kama suluhu ni kuunda fahirisi mbadala ya manukuu inayolenga Afrika, au ikiwa kuna njia zingine za kukuza mwonekano na ufikiaji wa majarida ya Kiafrika.Kampuni ya Eugene Garfield, Taasisi ya Habari za Kisayansi (ISI), ilizindua Fahirisi ya Manukuu ya Sayansi ya kwanza (SCI) mnamo 1963 (Garfield, 1963). Uchambuzi wa nyaraka za ISI unaonyesha kuwa 95% ya majarida 615 ya kwanza ya kisayansi yaliyoorodheshwa yalichapishwa Ulaya na Amerika. Chanjo hii imebadilisha tabia ya mwandishi na chaguo la jarida, na kuimarisha safu zilizopo. Kisha Garfield alihalalisha kihisabati uteuzi wa majarida, akipendelea majarida ya &#8220;msingi&#8221;, na kuunda &#8220;sheria ya umakini ya Garfield&#8221;. Mnamo mwaka wa 1973, ISI ilizindua Fahirisi ya Manukuu ya Sayansi ya Jamii, ikiorodhesha majarida 1,000 ya msingi ya sayansi ya kijamii, tena bila uwakilishi wa Waafrika. Katika miaka ya 1990, faharisi ziliwekwa kidijitali, kuruhusu unyonyaji wa data zao. Kuundwa kwa viwango vya vyuo vikuu kumeongeza umuhimu wa sifa na thamani ya kibiashara ya faharasa.Leo, Mtandao wa Sayansi na Scopus unaendelea kutumia &#8220;uwezo&#8221; wa majarida ya wagombea na<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":6346,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[200],"tags":[],"issues3":[],"post_folder":[],"ppma_author":[449,450],"class_list":["post-10267","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analyses-critiques","author-david-mills-fr","author-toluwase-asubiaro-fr"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>L\u2019acad\u00e9mie africaine a-t-elle besoin de son propre index de citations ? | Global Africa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"L\u2019acad\u00e9mie africaine a-t-elle besoin de son propre index de citations ? 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