{"id":10125,"date":"2024-12-01T14:59:11","date_gmt":"2024-12-01T14:59:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/actualites\/a-la-redecouverte-de-mahdi-elmandjra-reflexions-sur-le-sud-global-le-developpement-la-technopolitique-et-la-production-de-connaissances\/"},"modified":"2025-11-16T13:05:29","modified_gmt":"2025-11-16T13:05:29","slug":"a-la-redecouverte-de-mahdi-elmandjra-reflexions-sur-le-sud-global-le-developpement-la-technopolitique-et-la-production-de-connaissances","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/a-la-redecouverte-de-mahdi-elmandjra-reflexions-sur-le-sud-global-le-developpement-la-technopolitique-et-la-production-de-connaissances\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c0 la red\u00e9couverte de Mahdi Elmandjra R\u00e9flexions sur le Sud global, le d\u00e9veloppement, la technopolitique et la production de connaissances"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10125\" class=\"elementor elementor-10125\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-036a802 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"036a802\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1d7910 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d1d7910\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c21c9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c21c9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Num\u00e9ro 04 - (Re)d\u00e9couverte<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62d8bc1 elementor-author-box--link-yes ignoretoc elementor-author-box--avatar-yes elementor-author-box--name-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"62d8bc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/author\/abdelkarim-skouri\/\" class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/526d98_6d1f16fdb68843528b152455def4f33bmv2.jpg\" alt=\"Image de Abdelkarim 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class=\"wpml-elementor-ls\"><p class=\"wpml-ls-statics-post_translations wpml-ls\">This post is also available in: \n<span role=\"menu\">\n    <span class=\"wpml-ls-slot-post_translations wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-en wpml-ls-first-item wpml-ls-item-legacy-post-translations\" role=\"none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/\" class=\"wpml-ls-link\" role=\"menuitem\" aria-label=\"Passer \u00e0 Anglais(English)\" title=\"Passer \u00e0 Anglais(English)\"><img decoding=\"async\"\n            class=\"wpml-ls-flag\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/flags\/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg\"\n            alt=\"\"\n            width=18\n            height=12\n    \/><span class=\"wpml-ls-native\" lang=\"en\">English<\/span><span class=\"wpml-ls-display\"><span class=\"wpml-ls-bracket\"> (<\/span>Anglais<span class=\"wpml-ls-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span>    <span class=\"wpml-ls-slot-post_translations wpml-ls-item 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class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/cff1-9945\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER EN PDF<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2724b9e e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2724b9e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f03e25c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f03e25c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"\/?issues=Theorizing%20for%20the%20Present%20and%20the%20Future:%20Africa,%20Knowledge%20Creation,%20and%20Global%20Challenges%20\">04.2023<br>Th\u00e9oriser le pr\u00e9sent et le futur : Afrique, production de savoirs et enjeux globaux<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b07a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b07a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Publi\u00e9 le : 20 d\u00e9cembre 2023<br><\/strong><strong>ISSN: 3020-0458<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38d84bf elementor-align-center elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"38d84bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Global-Africa-Issue-04-Theorizing-for-the-Present-and-the-Future-Africa-Knowledge-creation-and-Global-Challenges.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER LE NUM\u00c9RO PDF<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5db791 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b5db791\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/GA-Issue-07-1.jpg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1240\" height=\"1754\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Global-Africa-Issue-04-Theorizing-for-the-Present-and-the-Future-Africa-Knowledge-Creation-and-Global-Challenges.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1280\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae2d51c e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ae2d51c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c8215e e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3c8215e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa2f8e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-adv-tabs\" data-id=\"fa2f8e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-adv-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div data-scroll-on-click=\"no\" data-scroll-speed=\"300\" id=\"eael-advance-tabs-fa2f8e7\" class=\"eael-advance-tabs eael-tabs-horizontal eael-tab-auto-active  responsive-vertical-layout\" data-tabid=\"fa2f8e7\">\n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-nav \">\n                <ul class=\"eael-tab-inline-icon\" role=\"tablist\">\n                                            <li id=\"abstract\" class=\"active-default eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"abstract-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Abstract<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"rsum\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"rsum-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_France.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"muhtasari\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"muhtasari-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_Kenya.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Muhtasari<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" viewBox=\"0 0 900 600\"><path id=\"green\" d=\"m0 600h900v-600h-900z\" fill=\"#005430\" stroke-width=\".375\"><\/path><g id=\"white\" transform=\"scale(.375)\"><g 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9.309 1.619-2.081 3.156-4.182 4.156-5.6 1.778-2.518 3.411-5.512 3.982-7.38 0.57-1.87 0.633-2.424 0.744-2.757s0.602 1.031 0.524 3.168\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><path id=\"sword\" d=\"m1558.8 1170.7c-1.1729-3.3554-4.7649-5.8169-9.0607-5.8169s-7.8806 2.4615-9.0608 5.8169h-40.678c-0.4105-4.5128-0.01-9.0477 1.2683-13.465l83.981-0.051 2.3385 3.9414c2.1113 3.5531 4.7797 6.7619 7.8731 9.5751zm55.596-39.026h-100.92c7.7559-5.5971 11.824-13.766 10.732-22.029-0.6964-5.2089-5.8571-9.099-12.147-9.6264h-3.1596c-7.6532 0.7472-13.203 6.2637-12.396 12.322l0.3079 2.3297 0.3738 3.5824c0.4106 4.4982 0.015 9.0183-1.2535 13.421h-745.97c11.077 16.117 31.273 26 53.082 25.985l680.71-0.4178c-7.7852 5.6044-11.868 13.788-10.769 22.066 0.8064 6.0585 7.6533 10.374 15.307 9.6263 7.6459-0.7472 13.195-6.2637 12.396-12.33l-0.3079-2.3223h40.004c0.7037 3.9048 4.6037 6.9011 9.354 6.9011s8.6502-2.9963 9.3613-6.9011h40.693v-0.095c8.4963 6.0294 19.294 9.4946 30.716 9.4946 10.747 0 19.456-7.4652 19.456-16.681v-4.8205c0-16.842-15.922-30.506-35.569-30.506\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                    \n                                  <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-content\">\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"abstract-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item active-default\" data-title-link=\"abstract-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>Mahdi Elmandjra is a pioneer of futures studies in Africa and the Global South. Over half a century and throughout a long career in international institutions, Elmandjra was an engaged scholar who tackled burning issues such as neo- and post-colonialism, globalization, development, values, cultural dialogue, education, etc. This paper rereads Elmandjra\u2019s work by engaging it with timely debates on the place and the role of Africa and the Global South in global governance, technolopolitics and knowledge production.  <\/p>\n<h5>Keywords<\/h5>\n<p>Mahdi Elmandjra, Africa, Futures Studies, Global South, Knowledge Production<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"rsum-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"rsum-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <div id=\"bgLayers_comp-lq4x0aay2__item1\" class=\"MW5IWV\">\n<div id=\"bgMedia_comp-lq4x0aay2__item1\" class=\"VgO9Yg\"> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-lq4x0ab0__item1\" class=\"HcOXKn c9GqVL QxJLC3 lq2cno comp-lq4x0ab0 wixui-rich-text\">\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Mahdi Elmandjra est un pionnier des \u00e9tudes prospectives en Afrique et dans le Sud global. Pendant plus d\u2019un demi-si\u00e8cle et sans rel\u00e2che durant une longue carri\u00e8re au sein d\u2019institutions internationales, Elmandjra a \u00e9t\u00e9 un chercheur engag\u00e9 qui s\u2019est attaqu\u00e9 \u00e0 des questions br\u00fblantes telles que le n\u00e9ocolonialisme et le postcolonialisme, la mondialisation, le d\u00e9veloppement, les valeurs, le dialogue culturel, l\u2019\u00e9ducation, etc. Cet article relit l\u2019\u0153uvre d\u2019Elmandjra en l\u2019associant \u00e0 des d\u00e9bats d\u2019actualit\u00e9 sur la place et le r\u00f4le de l\u2019Afrique et du Sud global dans la gouvernance mondiale, la technolopolitique et la production de connaissances.  <\/p>\n<h5 class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Mots-cl\u00e9s<\/h5>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Mahdi Elmandjra, Afrique, \u00e9tudes prospectives, Sud global, production de connaissances<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"muhtasari-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"muhtasari-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <div id=\"bgLayers_comp-lq4x0abh5\" class=\"MW5IWV\">\n<div id=\"bgMedia_comp-lq4x0abh5\" class=\"VgO9Yg\"> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-lq4x0abi6__eb52928d-97f6-46e4-be0f-24620511ec88\" class=\"HcOXKn c9GqVL QxJLC3 lq2cno comp-lq4x0abi6 wixui-rich-text\">\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\"><strong class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\">Ugunduzi Upya wa Mahdi Elmandjra: Tafakari juu ya Ulimwengu wa Kusini, maendeleo, teknolojia siasa na uzalishaji wa maarifa<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Mahdi Elmandjra ni mwanzilishi wa masomo yanayotarajiwa katika Afrika na Kusini. Kwa zaidi ya nusu karne na katika maisha marefu katika taasisi za kimataifa, Elmandjra amekuwa mtafiti aliyejitolea kushughulikia masuala motomoto kama vile ukoloni mamboleo na baada ya ukoloni, utandawazi, maendeleo, maadili, mazungumzo ya kitamaduni, elimu, n.k. Makala haya yanasoma upya kazi ya Elmandjra kwa kuihusisha na mijadala ya sasa kuhusu mahali na jukumu la Afrika na Kusini katika utawala wa kimataifa, teknolojia siasa na uzalishaji wa maarifa. <\/p>\n<h5 class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Maneno muhimu<\/h5>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Mahdi Elmandjra, Afrika, masomo yanayotarajiwa, kimataifa Kusini, uzalishaji wa maarifa<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <div id=\"bgLayers_comp-lq4x0ab8\" class=\"MW5IWV\">\n<div id=\"bgMedia_comp-lq4x0ab8\" class=\"VgO9Yg\"> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-lq4x0ab94__eb52928d-97f6-46e4-be0f-24620511ec88\" class=\"HcOXKn c9GqVL QxJLC3 lq2cno comp-lq4x0ab94 wixui-rich-text\">\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\"><strong class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\">\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627. \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641.  <\/p>\n<h5 class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d<\/h5>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0629- \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627- \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644- \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t                    <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4295a2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4295a2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff89d56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff89d56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De tout temps, les humains ont \u00e9t\u00e9 captiv\u00e9s par l\u2019id\u00e9e de pr\u00e9dire l\u2019avenir. Pourtant, ce n\u2019est qu\u2019apr\u00e8s-guerre que cette id\u00e9e a pris la forme d\u2019une discipline universitaire achev\u00e9e : les \u00e9tudes prospectives, avec un statut mondial, institutionnel et syst\u00e9mique (Krist\u00f3f &amp; Nov\u00e1ky, 2023). Au tournant du si\u00e8cle, les discussions sur le changement climatique ont constitu\u00e9 une v\u00e9ritable secousse morale, les signes d\u00e9concertants de la r\u00e9volution technologique, l\u2019accroissement exponentiel des connaissances dans un contexte de complexit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e, ainsi que les niveaux culminants d\u2019incertitude et d\u2019ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 ontologique ont tous renforc\u00e9 le besoin imminent de m\u00e9thodes et d\u2019outils de prospective. Un sentiment de vertige postmoderne et liminal, d\u00fb en partie \u00e0 la d\u00e9mat\u00e9rialisation de la fronti\u00e8re entre la fin du pr\u00e9sent et le commencement du futur, a encore accru l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat pour cette discipline.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19da454 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"19da454\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En 2023, la F\u00e9d\u00e9ration mondiale des \u00e9tudes prospectives (WFSF), l\u2019organisation cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour promouvoir le d\u00e9veloppement de cette discipline, c\u00e9l\u00e8bre son 50e anniversaire. Au cours des cinquante derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, les \u00e9tudes prospectives se sont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es en termes quantitatifs et qualitatifs, et sont pass\u00e9es de la \u00ab pr\u00e9diction \u00bb de l\u2019avenir (au singulier) \u00e0 la \u00ab cartographie \u00bb et au \u00ab fa\u00e7onnage \u00bb d\u2019avenirs alternatifs (au pluriel) (Inayatullah, 2013). Mais ces \u00e9tudes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 largement limit\u00e9es au monde occidental \u2013 le Nord global. En Afrique, comme dans la plupart des r\u00e9gions du Sud, Olugbenga Adesida (1994) a \u00e9crit il y a pr\u00e8s de vingt ans ce qui est encore vrai d\u2019une certaine mani\u00e8re, que \u00ab l\u2019avenir [\u00e9tait] en fait vendu en raison de pr\u00e9occupations imm\u00e9diates li\u00e9es \u00e0 la gestion des crises et l\u2019absence de vision \u00bb.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d23c93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9d23c93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPour l\u2019Afrique, qui se trouve \u00e0 un moment charni\u00e8re de son d\u00e9veloppement, les \u00e9tudes prospectives sont d\u2019une importance capitale afin d\u2019accompagner la prise de d\u00e9cisions strat\u00e9giques. Pourtant, \u00e0 part quelques rares exceptions, la discipline n\u2019est pas encore \u00e9tablie dans les institutions acad\u00e9miques et de recherche du continent \u2013 une douzaine \u00e0 ce jour. En effet, jusqu\u2019au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1990, l\u2019Afrique ne disposait d\u2019aucun centre de recherche d\u00e9di\u00e9 \u00e0 cette discipline. \u00c0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle du continent, seuls quelques exercices de r\u00e9flexion prospective ont \u00e9t\u00e9 effectu\u00e9s, tels le colloque de Monrovia de 1979 sur les perspectives de d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019Afrique \u00e0 l\u2019horizon 2000 et le Plan d\u2019action de Lagos de 1980, principalement sous l\u2019impulsion de visionnaires agissant de leur propre initiative ou \u00e9voluant au sein de l\u2019Organisation des Nations unies (ONU) ou de l\u2019Organisation de l\u2019unit\u00e9 africaine (OUA).   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7255db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7255db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Parmi ces visionnaires figure Mahdi Elmandjra (1933-2014), l\u2019un des pionniers des \u00e9tudes prospectives du Maroc, de l\u2019Afrique voire du Sud global. Pendant plus d\u2019un demi-si\u00e8cle, et tout au long d\u2019une carri\u00e8re au sein d\u2019institutions internationales, Elmandjra a \u00e9t\u00e9 un chercheur engag\u00e9, assumant la <i>responsabilit\u00e9 des intellectuels<\/i> au sens chomskyen, puisqu\u2019il a consacr\u00e9 sa vie \u00e0 th\u00e9oriser le changement (et l\u2019\u00e9mancipation) dans ce que l\u2019on appelait alors le \u00ab tiers-monde \u00bb. Ses contributions ont toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 provocantes, abordant des questions br\u00fblantes telles que l\u2019imp\u00e9rialisme et le n\u00e9ocolonialisme, la mondialisation, la gouvernance mondiale et la justice, les valeurs culturelles et le dialogue, le d\u00e9veloppement, l\u2019\u00e9ducation et la production de connaissances, etc. Ainsi, Elmandjra, en tant qu\u2019entrepreneur normatif, est une porte d\u2019entr\u00e9e incontournable pour analyser la mani\u00e8re dont le continent fabrique son destin dans un ordre mondial en mutation.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8a8332 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f8a8332\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Courte biographie de Mahdi Elmandjra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24fec67 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"24fec67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMahdi Elmandjra a commenc\u00e9 sa carri\u00e8re dans les ann\u00e9es 1950 dans la fonction publique au Maroc, avant de rejoindre l\u2019ONU \u2013 un syst\u00e8me dont il deviendra plus tard un critique acerbe \u2013 o\u00f9 il a occup\u00e9 de hautes fonctions de 1961 \u00e0 1981, notamment au sein de l\u2019Organisation des Nations unies pour l\u2019\u00e9ducation, la science et la culture (Unesco) et du Programme des Nations unies pour le d\u00e9veloppement (PNUD)1 . Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u2019un des premiers pr\u00e9sidents de la WFSF (1977-1981), puis de Futuribles International (1981-1990), centre de recherche majeur au niveau mondial consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 la prospective. Il a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 le pr\u00e9sident fondateur de l\u2019Association marocaine de prospective et de l\u2019Organisation marocaine des droits de l\u2019homme, et a si\u00e9g\u00e9 au conseil d\u2019administration de diverses organisations marocaines, africaines et internationales, dont l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie du Royaume du Maroc, l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie mondiale des arts et des sciences, l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie mondiale de la prospective sociale, l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie africaine des sciences, le mouvement Pugwash et la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 pour le d\u00e9veloppement international.  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9f6451 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c9f6451\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Elmandjra a beaucoup \u00e9crit, que ce soit de longs essais ou de courts articles de journaux ou de revues, et plusieurs de ses publications ont \u00e9t\u00e9 traduites dans diff\u00e9rentes langues. Parmi ses nombreuses publications figurent les ouvrages suivants[2] : <i>Le syst\u00e8me des Nations unies<\/i> (1973), Pas de limites \u00e0 l\u2019apprentissage (rapport du Club de Rome) (1979), <i>Repenser l\u2019avenir : un manuel d\u2019\u00e9tudes prospectives pour les planificateurs africains<\/i> (pr\u00e9par\u00e9 pour le PNUD) (1986), <i>L\u2019Islam et l\u2019avenir<\/i> (1990), <i>La premi\u00e8re guerre de civilisation<\/i> (1991), <i>R\u00e9trospective de l\u2019avenir <\/i>(1992), <i>La diversit\u00e9 culturelle, cl\u00e9 de la survie<\/i> (1995), <i>La d\u00e9colonisation culturelle : le d\u00e9fi du 21e si\u00e8cle <\/i>(1996), <i>La r\u00e9gionalisation de la mondialisation<\/i> (1999), <i>Humiliation \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e8re du m\u00e9ga-imp\u00e9rialisme<\/i> (2003), <i>Le dialogue de la communication<\/i> (2005), <i>La valeur des valeurs<\/i> (2006)<i>.<\/i> <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e5e744 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e5e744\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tElmandjra a re\u00e7u plusieurs distinctions et prix, notamment le prix Curzon de litt\u00e9rature fran\u00e7aise de l\u2019universit\u00e9 Cornell (1953), le prix Rockefeller pour les relations internationales de la London School of Economics (1955), l\u2019Ordre de l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance du Royaume de Jordanie (1959), chevalier de l\u2019ordre des Arts et des Lettres (France, 1970), la grande m\u00e9daille de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise d\u2019architecture (1984), officier de l\u2019ordre des Arts et des Lettres (France, 1985), l\u2019ordre imp\u00e9rial du Soleil levant (III) (Japon, 1986), la m\u00e9daille de la Paix de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie internationale Albert Einstein (1991), et le prix de la F\u00e9d\u00e9ration mondiale des \u00e9tudes sur la prospective (1995).\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68b85f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"68b85f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La r\u00e9appropriation du (des) futur(s) de l\u2019Afrique<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e11d273 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e11d273\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Elmandjra a \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u2019une des premi\u00e8res voix \u00e0 remettre en question les fondations \u00e9pist\u00e9miques des \u00e9tudes prospectives en tant qu\u2019elles incarnent une \u00ab entit\u00e9 monolithique dirig\u00e9e par des int\u00e9r\u00eats occidentaux \u00bb (Slaughter, 1996). Son activisme a \u00e9t\u00e9 particuli\u00e8rement important pour soutenir la WFSF, sous les auspices du PNUD, dans la promotion de \u00ab futurs africains construits par les Africains \u00bb (Cole, 1994). Mais c\u2019est surtout gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 son rapport L\u2019opportunit\u00e9 et la faisabilit\u00e9 d\u2019un l\u2019institut sup\u00e9rieur africain d\u2019analyse et d\u2019\u00e9tude de prospective des politiques du secteur public, publi\u00e9 en 1980, que les dirigeants africains et les institutions acad\u00e9miques ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 s\u2019ouvrir \u00e0 la discipline (Rezrazi, 2023). Eleonora Barbieri Masini (1998), figure de proue des \u00e9tudes prospectives, a elle-m\u00eame rendu hommage \u00e0 Elmandjra pour ses efforts exceptionnels dans la diffusion des m\u00e9thodes de prospective en Afrique.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-333a897 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"333a897\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tout au long des ann\u00e9es 1980, Elmandjra s\u2019est employ\u00e9 \u00e0 encourager les initiatives africaines en mati\u00e8re d\u2019\u00e9tudes prospectives, comme il l\u2019a fait dans <i>Reconqu\u00e9rir le futur : manuel d\u2019\u00e9tudes prospectives \u00e0 l\u2019usage des planificateurs africains<\/i> pour le compte du PNUD. Il a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u2019un des premiers universitaires africains \u00e0 tirer la sonnette d\u2019alarme sur les dommages que les projets d\u2019\u00e9tudes prospectives men\u00e9s par des non-Africains pourraient causer \u00e0 la conscience africaine et \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9laboration des politiques. Pour se <i>r\u00e9approprier leur avenir<\/i>, Elmandjra pensait que les Africains devaient mener le d\u00e9bat sur leur futur (Adesida, 1994). Le panafricanisme avait \u00e9galement sa place dans la r\u00e9flexion prospective de ce pionnier (1984, p. 575). C\u2019est en ce sens qu\u2019il a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 :<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-954096d elementor-blockquote--skin-border elementor-widget elementor-widget-blockquote\" data-id=\"954096d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"blockquote.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<blockquote class=\"elementor-blockquote\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-blockquote__content\">\n\t\t\t\tBien que chaque pays africain d\u00e9veloppe et affine progressivement ses m\u00e9canismes d\u2019\u00e9tudes prospectives, certains exercices n\u2019ont de sens et ne sont r\u00e9alisables qu\u2019aux niveaux r\u00e9gional et continental et ne peuvent \u00eatre pleinement appr\u00e9hend\u00e9s au niveau national. Des probl\u00e8mes tels que ceux de l\u2019autosuffisance alimentaire, des soins de sant\u00e9 primaires, de la recherche scientifique et technologique, de la formation de la main-d\u2019\u0153uvre, du d\u00e9veloppement rural, du commerce intra-africain et international, de l\u2019\u00e9nergie, de la d\u00e9sertification, de l\u2019industrialisation, des transports et de la communication, de l\u2019identit\u00e9 culturelle \u2013 pour ne citer que quelques exemples \u2013 exigent une approche unifi\u00e9e et un calendrier diff\u00e9rent de celui des op\u00e9rations de planification nationale. \t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cb887b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8cb887b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Militant contre l\u2019injustice \u00e9pist\u00e9mique, avec un penchant r\u00e9aliste, Elmandjra (1984, p. 576-577) consid\u00e8re que puisque \u00ab aucune science \u2013 dure ou molle \u2013 n\u2019est neutre, les \u00e9tudes prospectives ne peuvent jamais \u00eatre d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de valeurs \u00bb3 . Cela signifie que les Africains qui se lancent dans des \u00e9tudes prospectives doivent \u00ab red\u00e9couvrir leur pass\u00e9 par leurs propres yeux et lib\u00e9rer leur pr\u00e9sent par l\u2019affirmation de leur identit\u00e9 culturelle \u00bb, avant de pouvoir tenter de se r\u00e9approprier leur avenir. Pour lui, la raison en est la suivante : <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90a3b28 elementor-blockquote--skin-border elementor-widget elementor-widget-blockquote\" data-id=\"90a3b28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"blockquote.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<blockquote class=\"elementor-blockquote\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-blockquote__content\">\n\t\t\t\tNous avons plusieurs exemples de ce qui peut arriver lorsque les Africains ne prennent pas en main l\u2019examen de leur avenir. [For instance]Par exemple, le rapport Berg de la Banque mondiale de 1981 intitul\u00e9 <i>Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa]<\/i> \u00e9tait l\u2019antith\u00e8se m\u00eame du Plan d\u2019action de Lagos de l\u2019OUA et de la vision unanime de 50 chefs d\u2019\u00c9tat africains sur l\u2019avenir de leur continent. D\u2019o\u00f9 le probl\u00e8me urgent de la d\u00e9colonisation des futurs africains. C\u2019est aussi une question d\u2019\u00e9thique, [as]dans un monde o\u00f9 on se donne le droit de pr\u00e9dire l\u2019avenir des autres sans la consultation ou le consentement de ceux qui sont directement concern\u00e9s.\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1421fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b1421fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L\u2019identit\u00e9, les valeurs et la m\u00e9moire (collective) sont au c\u0153ur de la r\u00e9flexion prospective d\u2019Elmandjra. Il n\u2019est donc pas surprenant que Samuel Huntington, dans son c\u00e9l\u00e8bre ouvrage <i>The Clash of Civilizations<\/i> (1996, pp. 39, 246), le consid\u00e8re comme le futurologue qui a d\u00e9couvert l\u2019histoire mondiale non pas comme un processus, mais comme un choc constant des civilisations, en attirant l\u2019attention sur la recrudescence des fault line wars4 (Benkirane, 2002). Dans ce contexte de guerres de civilisation, Elmandjra a pr\u00e9vu l\u2019av\u00e8nement de la post-v\u00e9rit\u00e9 en inventant le terme \u00ab mensongecratie \u00bb, ou \u00ab la <i>gouvernance par le mensonge<\/i> \u00bb, il a soulign\u00e9 le risque d\u2019instrumentalisation des m\u00e9dias et de l\u2019explosion informationnelle dans le renforcement des dynamiques (n\u00e9o)coloniales et de domination. Se m\u00e9fiant de (l\u2019id\u00e9e de) l\u2019Occident, ce \u00ab bloc \u00bb civilisationnel qui l\u2019a accueilli pendant des d\u00e9cennies mais dont il est rest\u00e9 critique, Elmandjra a critiqu\u00e9 \u00e0 plusieurs reprises la fa\u00e7on dont les pays occidentaux \u00e9talent pompeusement et au grand jour leur supr\u00e9matie, et l\u2019impact que cela a sur la m\u00e9moire (collective) de ceux qui ont subi cette domination. \u00c0 cet \u00e9gard, comme le souligne Zhor Gourram (2019, pp. 64-66), \u00ab Elmandjra ne se contente pas de valoriser th\u00e9oriquement la m\u00e9moire, il \u00e9crit cette m\u00e9moire et lui donne une voix \u00bb, \u00e0 travers ses r\u00e9flexions originales sur le pass\u00e9, mais aussi \u00e0 travers des red\u00e9couvertes de savants, scientifiques et artistes marocains et africains d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9s auxquels il rend hommage dans ses livres. Pour lui, il n\u2019y a pas d\u2019avanc\u00e9e sans retour en arri\u00e8re.     <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2af2fee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2af2fee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD\u2019un point de vue m\u00e9thodologique, comme le souligne Yahya El Yehyaoui (2016), Elmandjra a con\u00e7u les \u00e9tudes prospectives \u00ab non pas [comme] un champ vertical autonome, mais plut\u00f4t comme une discipline acad\u00e9mique \u00ab\u00a0lat\u00e9rale\u00a0\u00bb qui impr\u00e8gne tous les autres champs existants \u00bb. En ce sens, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u2019un des premiers promoteurs d\u2019une m\u00e9thode interdisciplinaire et holistique dans les \u00e9tudes sur le futur, qui ne se limite pas \u00e0 une s\u00e9rie d\u2019indicateurs \u00e9conomiques ou sociaux sp\u00e9cifiques. Cette approche se refl\u00e8te \u00e9galement dans l\u2019aventure de ses derniers textes au-del\u00e0 du num\u00e9rique, vers des r\u00e9flexions plus philosophiques, directes et critiques[5].\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-007b088 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"007b088\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0 propos du Sud global et de la gouvernance mondiale<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f39860 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f39860\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La confrontation des textes d\u2019Elmandjra avec les d\u00e9bats contemporains nous am\u00e8ne \u00e0 parler des r\u00e9cits et des m\u00e9ta-cat\u00e9gories de la politique mondiale. Tout au long de ses textes, Elmandjra s\u2019est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 comme un citoyen du tiers-monde qui \u00e9crit sur le tiers-monde, <i>pour<\/i> le tiers-monde. <i>Apr\u00e8s<\/i> la fin de la guerre froide, <i>alors que<\/i> la terminologie \u00ab tiers-monde \u00bb commen\u00e7ait \u00e0 perdre de sa pertinence et qu\u2019une identit\u00e9 \u00ab sudiste \u00bb se d\u00e9veloppait, les textes d\u2019Elmandjra ont \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 adapt\u00e9s pour se concentrer sur le foss\u00e9\/dialogue Nord-Sud et sur le statut de la coop\u00e9ration Sud-Sud. Il consid\u00e9rait cette derni\u00e8re comme la seule et unique voie pour \u00ab une d\u00e9colonisation pacifique de l\u2019avenir \u00bb (1983, p. 51-53), soulignant que :   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80658ca elementor-blockquote--skin-border elementor-widget elementor-widget-blockquote\" data-id=\"80658ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"blockquote.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<blockquote class=\"elementor-blockquote\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-blockquote__content\">\n\t\t\t\tOn ne peut gu\u00e8re s\u2019attendre \u00e0 des progr\u00e8s dans les relations Sud-Sud tant que le Sud \u2013 individuellement et collectivement \u2013 ne tentera pas de se lib\u00e9rer de l\u2019h\u00e9g\u00e9monisme des sch\u00e9mas de pens\u00e9e et des syst\u00e8mes de valeurs du Nord. Cela serait \u00e9galement tr\u00e8s sain pour un Nord qui est pratiquement inconscient du degr\u00e9 de son ethnocentrisme. [\u2026] La plupart des discussions sur la coop\u00e9ration Sud-Sud tentent de trouver des solutions pour renforcer les liens horizontaux, sans s\u2019interroger s\u00e9rieusement sur l\u2019environnement du syst\u00e8me \u00e0 adapter. L\u2019objectif est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement d\u2019\u00bbadapter\u00bb le syst\u00e8me ou de le \u00abr\u00e9former\u00bb progressivement. Aussi utile que soit cette approche d\u2019un point de vue tactique, elle ne peut mener nulle part si elle ne s\u2019inscrit pas dans une strat\u00e9gie plus globale, tourn\u00e9e vers l\u2019avenir, qui vise non seulement \u00e0 adapter le syst\u00e8me, mais aussi \u00e0 le transformer en temps voulu. De telles strat\u00e9gies ne peuvent \u00eatre g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9es que par des visions, des r\u00eaves et des r\u00e9actions \u00e0 une oppression insupportable. [\u2026] Le Sud a besoin de sa propre vision du monde. Il ne peut pas se permettre de continuer \u00e0 emprunter celle du Nord. Il y a un Nord, mais y a-t-il un Sud sur la sc\u00e8ne internationale aujourd\u2019hui ?        \t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c25b66e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c25b66e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L\u2019optimisme d\u2019Elmandjra quant \u00e0 la coop\u00e9ration Sud-Sud n\u2019a pas tenu compte de l\u2019h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 des trajectoires de croissance \u00e9conomique du Sud : ces \u00e9volutions se sont produites principalement apr\u00e8s son exclusion et sa r\u00e9clusion, li\u00e9es \u00e0 la maladie et la censure. Aujourd\u2019hui encore, il existe peu d\u2019\u00e9tudes sur ce qu\u2019est <i>r\u00e9ellement<\/i> le Sud global et sur la mani\u00e8re dont l\u2019h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 politique et \u00e9conomique pourrait avoir un impact sur l\u2019avenir de l\u2019identit\u00e9 du Sud \u2013 si tant est qu\u2019il y en ait une singuli\u00e8re. N\u00e9anmoins, Elmandjra \u00e9tait conscient du fait que \u00ab les pays et les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de l\u2019Asie du Sud-Est, en plus de la Chine et du Japon, avaient une \u00ab\u00a0vision\u00a0\u00bb [ind\u00e9pendante de celle des puissances occidentales h\u00e9g\u00e9moniques] \u00bb, qui nous manque, \u00e0 nous Africains, et qui a caus\u00e9 \u00ab une profonde crise de confiance \u00bb entre nos citoyens et nos institutions (Elmandjra, 1999a, pp. 54-56), et rendant le Sud pris entre diverses luttes internes (Elmandjra, 1999a, p. 102).  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c70ee43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c70ee43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le probl\u00e8me de cette substitution lexicale (du \u00ab tiers monde \u00bb par le \u00ab Sud global \u00bb) est son incapacit\u00e9 \u00e0 rendre compte des fa\u00e7ons complexes dont la mondialisation a remis en question la notion de deux sph\u00e8res g\u00e9ographiques et \u00e9conomiques distinctes \u2013 et des mutations majeures dans les relations centre-p\u00e9riph\u00e9rie au niveau mondial (Hannerz, 2015). Dans une telle phase, des questions \u00e9mergent comme celle de savoir qui doit \u00eatre <i>admis<\/i> dans le Sud global, et sous quelles conditions. Par exemple, bien qu\u2019elle soit historiquement <i>ext\u00e9rieure<\/i> au tiers monde, la Chine a construit un r\u00e9cit qui la pr\u00e9sente comme \u00ab un membre naturel du Sud global \u00bb, un groupe qu\u2019elle consid\u00e8re comme contestant \u00ab l\u2019h\u00e9g\u00e9monie occidentale \u00bb6 . De telles affirmations ne tiennent pas compte du fait que, malgr\u00e9 l\u2019h\u00e9ritage du tiers-mondisme dans la formation d\u2019une identit\u00e9 Sud global, ce dernier n\u2019est pas le synonyme du tiers-monde de l\u2019apr\u00e8s-guerre froide. Tous deux [le Sud global et le tiers-monde] ont men\u00e9 une lutte \u00ab commune \u00bb contre l\u2019imp\u00e9rialisme, le colonialisme et l\u2019h\u00e9g\u00e9monisme. Pourtant, leurs voies de <i>d\u00e9veloppement<\/i> et leur statut sont diff\u00e9rents \u00e0 bien des \u00e9gards, ce qui implique diff\u00e9rents niveaux de <i>responsabilit\u00e9<\/i> dans les cadres internationaux \u2013 en ce qui concerne les principes anciens tels que la solidarit\u00e9 et les principes r\u00e9cents tels que la r\u00e9paration climatique (connue sous le terme \u00ab pertes et dommages \u00bb). Vu sous cet angle, le \u00ab Sud global \u00bb \u2013 tout comme le \u00ab Nord global \u00bb \u2013 est une m\u00e9tacat\u00e9gorie qui a une valeur normative croissante, car se rapprocher du \u00ab centre \u00bb implique une plus grande responsabilit\u00e9 ; un dilemme auquel le \u00ab tiers monde \u00bb n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 confront\u00e9, puisqu\u2019il \u00e9tait cens\u00e9 \u00ab se situer \u00bb \u00e0 la \u00ab p\u00e9riph\u00e9rie \u00bb.     <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04164c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"04164c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Il y a vingt ans, Elmandjra a pr\u00e9vu l\u2019arriv\u00e9e du moment critique actuel, caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par un changement d\u2019attitude \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la mondialisation, fond\u00e9 sur la conviction que ses effets sont \u00e0 la fois in\u00e9gaux et tr\u00e8s d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibr\u00e9s. Par cons\u00e9quent, s\u2019il \u00e9tait encore parmi nous, Elmandjra aurait certainement c\u00e9l\u00e9br\u00e9 le nouveau <i>paradoxe de la mondialisation<\/i>, \u00e0 savoir que le consensus sur le libre-\u00e9change n\u2019est plus rentable pour les pays du Nord (qui se replient maintenant sur de nouvelles formes de protectionnisme, ce qui complique davantage la compr\u00e9hension du fonctionnement futur des march\u00e9s mondiaux). Il aurait probablement aussi c\u00e9l\u00e9br\u00e9 la fa\u00e7on dont l\u2019Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) parle ouvertement d\u2019une d\u00e9mondialisation, et comment la direction de l\u2019organisation d\u00e9clare la nature liminale actuelle notre position \u00e0 la \u00ab crois\u00e9e des chemins \u00bb, plaidant pour une \u00ab remondialisation \u00bb apr\u00e8s une d\u00e9cennie de \u00ab ralentissement de la mondialisation \u00bb (Organisation mondiale du commerce, 2023).  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d2cae7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d2cae7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPourtant, je me demande ce qu\u2019il aurait pens\u00e9 des nouvelles hi\u00e9rarchies au sein m\u00eame du Sud global, semi-institutionnalis\u00e9es par des groupements tels que les BRICS7 . Elmandjra pr\u00e9conisait une m\u00e9thode \u00e0 double sens pour ceux qui se trouvent \u00e0 la p\u00e9riph\u00e9rie \u2013 s\u2019\u00e9tablir au centre, tout en s\u2019engageant \u00e0 la p\u00e9riph\u00e9rie. N\u2019\u00e9taitce pas un peu na\u00eff ? Les \u00e9conomies \u00e9mergentes du Sud utilisent-elles r\u00e9ellement leur statut de puissance \u00ab montante \u00bb pour d\u00e9fendre la cause de la solidarit\u00e9 du Sud ? N\u2019y a-t-il pas un risque d\u2019instrumentalisation de l\u2019identit\u00e9 du Sud \u2013 et pas seulement par les pays du Nord ?    \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-820f50b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"820f50b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00c0 l\u2019\u00e8re du multi-alignement et des partenariats non exclusifs, la dichotomie Nord-Sud s\u2019effiloche de mani\u00e8re complexe, et le r\u00f4le historique des \u00ab puissances montantes \u00bb (aujourd\u2019hui souvent associ\u00e9es au BRICS) prend de nouvelles significations, \u00e0 mesure que la rivalit\u00e9 grandit non seulement entre ces puissances du \u00ab Sud \u00bb et celles du \u00ab Nord \u00bb, mais aussi en leur sein (Gray &amp; Gills, 2016). Ces interrogations sont une remarque \u00e0 soi-m\u00eame et \u00e0 tous les chercheurs africains qui ressentent la <i>responsabilit\u00e9 des intellectuels<\/i> dans la contribution \u00e0 la d\u00e9finition du \u00ab Sud global \u00bb et dans l\u2019\u00e9limination du vernis rh\u00e9torique de la \u00ab solidarit\u00e9 du Sud \u00bb (en particulier en ce qui concerne un <i>pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 mais en voie de d\u00e9veloppement<\/i> comme la Chine [Benoit, 2023], mais aussi le groupe plus large des BRICS+[8] ). Il est peut-\u00eatre temps de penser un \u00ab Nouveau Sud \u00bb : un Sud qui laisse le pass\u00e9 et ses griefs id\u00e9ologiques derri\u00e8re, sans amn\u00e9sie, et ne se laisse pas instrumentaliser dans la comp\u00e9tition des puissances.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17dce15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"17dce15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tToutefois, Elmandjra se serait r\u00e9joui de l\u2019\u00e9mergence de voix qui s\u2019opposent \u00e0 la marchandisation et \u00e0 l\u2019occidentalisation des valeurs culturelles, et qui protestent contre les politiques de peur, d\u2019humiliation et d\u2019intimidation. En ce sens, il est une sorte de Gramscien mondialiste ; il proteste contre l\u2019h\u00e9g\u00e9monie culturelle non seulement de l\u2019\u00c9tat national, mais aussi des pays capitalistes du Nord global qui maintiennent leur pouvoir en contr\u00f4lant la culture. Comme Antonio Gramsci, Elmandjra esp\u00e8re \u00e9galement que la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile (du Sud) m\u00e8nera cette \u00ab guerre de position \u00bb. Elmandjra a \u00e9galement adopt\u00e9 un ethos poststructuraliste \u00e0 travers son appel \u00e0 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019une \u00ab d\u00e9- et remondialisation \u00bb (Elmandjra, 1999b). Cet ethos, \u00e9vocateur, est \u00e0 l\u2019origine de son surnom de \u00ab h\u00e9raut des souffrances du monde \u00bb (Al Jazeera Documentary, 2017).    \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-461ac02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"461ac02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIl \u00e9tait plus un altermondialiste qu\u2019un antimondialiste. La mondialisation, en principe, \u00e9tait la cl\u00e9 du projet de sa vie, qui consistait \u00e0 promouvoir la communication culturelle. Cependant, ce contre quoi il protestait \u00e9tait la \u00ab prise de contr\u00f4le s\u00e9mantique frauduleuse \u00bb par laquelle un tel \u00ab mot puissant dont le sens originel est plein de g\u00e9n\u00e9rosit\u00e9, de tol\u00e9rance et d\u2019amour universel des autres[is] est compl\u00e8tement transform\u00e9 pour atteindre l\u2019exact oppos\u00e9 \u00bb (Elmandjra, 1999b). Par cons\u00e9quent, selon ses termes, la \u00ab d\u00e9mondialisation \u00bb est un concept critique et r\u00e9fl\u00e9chi de la mondialisation, un m\u00e9canisme d\u2019autod\u00e9fense l\u00e9gitime contre l\u2019appropriation abusive d\u2019une \u00ab mondialisation \u00bb dans laquelle \u00ab ce qui est mondialis\u00e9 [\u2026] est la pauvret\u00e9, l\u2019injustice sociale, la corruption, l\u2019ali\u00e9nation culturelle, les limitations de la libert\u00e9 et des droits civils \u00bb. M\u00eame sceptique quant \u00e0 l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se d\u2019une d\u00e9mocratisation induite par la mondialisation, et quant au r\u00f4le que jouent l\u2019identit\u00e9 nationale et les entreprises multinationales dans cette \u00e9quation, son analyse (Elmandjra, 1999b) s\u2019est rapproch\u00e9e de ce que Dani Rodrik a appel\u00e9 plus tard le trilemme politique de l\u2019\u00e9conomie mondiale, soulignant un retour de b\u00e2ton contre la mondialisation.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db87dc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"db87dc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0 propos de la technopolitique et de la production de connaissances<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76c4a26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76c4a26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIl y a plusieurs d\u00e9cennies, Elmandjra a pr\u00e9dit \u00e0 juste titre que des monopoles de la connaissance \u00e9taient en train de se constituer, faisant valoir qu\u2019ils seraient directement li\u00e9s aux droits de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle et aux march\u00e9s mondiaux des licences, et que les barri\u00e8res qu\u2019ils cr\u00e9ent participent aux efforts d\u00e9ploy\u00e9s par le Sud pour entrer dans la course technologique. En fait, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u2019une des premi\u00e8res voix au sein du syst\u00e8me des Nations unies \u00e0 soutenir l\u2019approche de la science et de l\u2019innovation ouvertes, qui n\u2019avait pas encore de nom \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque (Elmandjra, 1975) : \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ad4521 elementor-blockquote--skin-border elementor-widget elementor-widget-blockquote\" data-id=\"4ad4521\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"blockquote.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<blockquote class=\"elementor-blockquote\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-blockquote__content\">\n\t\t\t\tLa r\u00e9ticence des pays avanc\u00e9s \u00e0 partager et \u00e0 mettre \u00e0 disposition une partie de leur savoir-faire technologique [est particuli\u00e8rement regrettable \u00e0 deux titres : en termes de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique, [mais aussi pour] la libre circulation des id\u00e9es. [\u2026] La connaissance devrait \u00eatre \u00e0 la disposition de toute l\u2019humanit\u00e9 sans limitation d\u2019aucune sorte[although with respect to the] sauf en ce qui concerne les droits de ceux qui l\u2019ont produite ou qui d\u00e9tiennent les brevets[it] qui doivent \u00eatre [which must be]indemnis\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re appropri\u00e9e. [\u2026] Mais ce qui se passe actuellement, c\u2019est que le prix de ces brevets est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement exorbitant et d\u00e9raisonnable. Il s\u2019agit souvent d\u2019une forme de monopole. Dans diff\u00e9rents domaines, il existe des monopoles purs et simples. \u00c0 mon avis, les monopoles, quels qu\u2019ils soient, sont toujours un obstacle au d\u00e9veloppement et au bien-\u00eatre des \u00eatres humains.\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-381bf68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"381bf68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tElmandjra \u00e9tait encore plus perplexe face aux effets de la singularit\u00e9 technologique, par laquelle le foss\u00e9 Nord-Sud se creusait plus rapidement que les efforts de rattrapage du Sud, soulignant par exemple que (Elmandjra, 1989) :\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a471fe elementor-blockquote--skin-border elementor-widget elementor-widget-blockquote\" data-id=\"7a471fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"blockquote.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<blockquote class=\"elementor-blockquote\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-blockquote__content\">\n\t\t\t\tL\u2019informatique et la t\u00e9l\u00e9matique ne sont pas seulement de nouvelles technologies et ne doivent pas non plus \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme un luxe pour les pays les plus pauvres du monde ; ce sont eux qui en ont le plus besoin pour faire le saut quantique qu\u2019ils ne pourront jamais r\u00e9aliser avec les seules technologies \u00abappropri\u00e9es\u00bb ou \u00abadapt\u00e9es\u00bb, ces derni\u00e8res pouvant m\u00eame devenir une cause de retard.\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-057b16f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"057b16f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 son exp\u00e9rience acquise au sein de l\u2019Unesco et du PNUD, Elmandjra \u00e9tait conscient que pour briser le cycle d\u2019inf\u00e9riorit\u00e9 technologique, il ne fallait rien de moins qu\u2019un mod\u00e8le \u00e9ducatif perturbateur, aucun transfert de technologie (s\u00e9lectif tout au plus) ne pouvant jamais donner au Sud une longueur d\u2019avance. C\u2019est pourquoi, par l\u2019interm\u00e9diaire du Club de Rome, Elmandjra s\u2019est engag\u00e9 depuis les ann\u00e9es 1970 dans des discussions sur la mani\u00e8re de placer l\u2019\u00eatre humain au centre de la r\u00e9flexion sur l\u2019avenir et de la r\u00e9forme de l\u2019\u00e9ducation. Dans le rapport du <i>Club No limits to learning<\/i> (Elmandjra et al., <i>1979<\/i>), Elmandjra a donc soutenu l\u2019inclusion de voix \u00e0 travers le Sud global9 , soulignant la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de se r\u00e9approprier les syst\u00e8mes \u00e9ducatifs et de les adapter aux contextes culturels, tout en r\u00e9examinant toutes les connaissances endog\u00e8nes rejet\u00e9es par le colonialisme. A travers ce rapport, Elmandjra a adress\u00e9 une critique particuli\u00e8rement s\u00e9v\u00e8re \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de l\u2019\u00e9ducation coloniale :   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e264e5 elementor-blockquote--skin-border elementor-widget elementor-widget-blockquote\" data-id=\"9e264e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"blockquote.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<blockquote class=\"elementor-blockquote\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-blockquote__content\">\n\t\t\t\tLes \u00e9coles \u00e0 pr\u00e9dominance fran\u00e7aise et britannique qui existent dans toute l\u2019Afrique et l\u2019Asie [are a]sont une r\u00e9miniscence d\u2019une \u00e9poque ant\u00e9rieure. Dans leurs pays d\u2019origine, les syst\u00e8mes \u00e9ducatifs ont subi des changements au fil des ans ; dans les pays d\u2019accueil, ces syst\u00e8mes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 conserv\u00e9s intacts \u00e0 tel point que de nombreux pays se retrouvent aujourd\u2019hui avec un syst\u00e8me scolaire de type r\u00e9trospectif dont la perspective commence au dix-neuvi\u00e8me si\u00e8cle. Les pays d\u2019accueil semblent chroniquement accuser un retard d\u2019au moins une ou deux r\u00e9formes par rapport aux anciennes puissances coloniales.\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e73a132 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e73a132\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dans de nombreuses situations coloniales, la scolarisation \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger a \u00e9t\u00e9 privil\u00e9gi\u00e9e par les classes sup\u00e9rieures comme alternative aux \u00e9coles publiques inadapt\u00e9es. Ces \u00e9coles internationales sont donc devenues centrales dans la formation d\u2019une (identit\u00e9 d\u2019) \u00e9lite \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque coloniale et postcoloniale. Mais en m\u00eame temps, cela a conduit \u00e0 une ext\u00e9riorit\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00e9lite, \u00e0 une discontinuit\u00e9 du syst\u00e8me \u00e9ducatif et, pour ceux qui ne s\u2019int\u00e8grent pas dans le syst\u00e8me, \u00e0 une fuite co\u00fbteuse du capital humain \u2013 une situation qu\u2019Elmandjra avait connue au lyc\u00e9e Lyautey, un lyc\u00e9e fran\u00e7ais de Casablanca, et qu\u2019il a d\u00e9crite \u00e0 plusieurs reprises de mani\u00e8re n\u00e9gative, comme un \u00ab formatage \u00bb. Comme beaucoup d\u2019autres publications d\u2019Elmandjra, le rapport du Club de Rome aborde \u00e9galement la question de la langue de production des connaissances et de sa sensibilit\u00e9 au contexte culturel. Il soulignait comment \u00ab la sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9 pr\u00e9sum\u00e9e de l\u2019enseignement, des examens et des dipl\u00f4mes \u00e9trangers pour l\u2019obtention d\u2019un emploi \u2013 ainsi que la sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9 pr\u00e9sum\u00e9e de l\u2019information, des m\u00e9dias et de la formation technique dans les superpuissances postcoloniales \u2013 a conduit \u00e0 une d\u00e9valuation de l\u2019apprentissage traditionnel et indig\u00e8ne, [\u2026] au d\u00e9triment de l\u2019identit\u00e9 culturelle et de l\u2019int\u00e9gration sociale, et contraire \u00e0 une p\u00e9dagogie appropri\u00e9e \u00bb.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e4f0b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1e4f0b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00c0 cet \u00e9gard, Elmandjra a \u00e9galement parl\u00e9 \u00e0 plusieurs reprises de l\u2019interface entre les valeurs et la connaissance, r\u00e9sum\u00e9e dans cette s\u00e9rie d\u2019interrogations : \u00ab Le savoir peut-il sauver le monde ? L\u2019universit\u00e9 peut-elle sauver le savoir ? Le savoir peut-il sauver les valeurs ? Les valeurs peuvent-elles sauver la valeur de la connaissance ? \u00bb, qui envisage les syst\u00e8mes \u00e9ducatifs \u2013 en particulier les universit\u00e9s \u2013 comme \u00ab une force humanisante qui transcende le chauvinisme acad\u00e9mique, le carri\u00e9risme et la technocratie \u00bb (Elmandjra, 2000, pp. 85, 92). Sur cet aspect, on ne peut qu\u2019\u00eatre s\u00fbr que, s\u2019il \u00e9tait encore parmi nous, Elmandjra aurait particip\u00e9 \u2013 comme il l\u2019a fait \u00e0 titre personnel \u2013 au d\u00e9bat acad\u00e9mique sur les \u00e9pist\u00e9mologies alternatives, telles que les \u00ab \u00e9pist\u00e9mologies du Sud \u00bb qui d\u00e9noncent des d\u00e9cennies, voire des si\u00e8cles, d\u2019\u00ab \u00e9pist\u00e9micide \u00bb (Santos, 2014). Ces postures appellent non seulement de nouvelles m\u00e9thodologies (non extractives), mais aussi de nouvelles ontologies : une remise en question fondamentale de l\u2019\u00e9thique de la production des connaissances. Apr\u00e8s tout, c\u2019est sur des bases similaires qu\u2019Elmandjra consid\u00e9rait la d\u00e9colonisation culturelle comme un projet inachev\u00e9.   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fba54e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fba54e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0 propos du d\u00e9veloppement<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-453e321 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"453e321\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL\u2019un des principaux arguments d\u2019Elmandjra est que la situation socio-\u00e9conomique insatisfaisante de l\u2019Afrique est \u00e0 la fois cause et sympt\u00f4me de son incapacit\u00e9 \u00e0 investir dans le capital humain, la production de connaissances et la technologie (Elmandjra, 1999a, p. 103). Il attribue cette situation \u00e0 une combinaison de dynamiques n\u00e9ocoloniales soutenues par des m\u00e9canismes d\u2019influence des cr\u00e9anciers multilat\u00e9raux et des partenaires bilat\u00e9raux, et \u00e0 un leadership africain m\u00e9diocre\/corrompu. Il consid\u00e8re en particulier que la coop\u00e9ration Nord-Sud, les pi\u00e8ges de la dette, l\u2019aide \u00e9trang\u00e8re et les programmes de d\u00e9veloppement qui ne sont pas produits et dirig\u00e9s par les Africains sont \u00ab mort-n\u00e9s \u00bb (Elmandjra, 1987 ; 1988). Ainsi, Elmandjra a progressivement d\u00e9plac\u00e9 son attention vers la critique des Nations unies et des institutions de Bretton Woods. Il consid\u00e8re que les mod\u00e8les de d\u00e9veloppement \u00ab dict\u00e9s \u00bb par ces institutions manquent de sensibilit\u00e9 historique et culturelle et servent un programme d\u2019\u00ab occidentalisation \u00bb \u2013 une position qu\u2019il a maintenue tout au long des ann\u00e9es, faisant de lui l\u2019une des premi\u00e8res voix en faveur de la r\u00e9invention de la gouvernance mondiale ainsi que de l\u2019architecture financi\u00e8re et mon\u00e9taire.   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec5b9c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ec5b9c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dans des textes tels que \u00ab The Africanization of Africa \u00bb, Elmandjra (1986) \u00e9tait particuli\u00e8rement attentif \u00e0 la construction d\u2019un contre-r\u00e9cit sur l\u2019\u00ab exceptionnalisme \u00bb du d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019Afrique. Son texte d\u00e9peint une \u00ab Afrique [qui] s\u2019oriente r\u00e9solument vers un nouveau style de d\u00e9veloppement fond\u00e9 sur la satisfaction de ses besoins \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires \u00bb. C\u2019est \u00e9galement dans le contexte de cette bataille de r\u00e9cits qu\u2019Elmandjra a pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 l\u2019une des rares \u00e9valuations dissidentes du Programme d\u2019action des Nations unies pour le redressement \u00e9conomique et le d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019Afrique (1986-1990) (PANUREDA), qu\u2019il consid\u00e9rait comme insensible aux appels africains \u00e0 la r\u00e9vision de la lourde dette ext\u00e9rieure du continent, \u00e0 son ing\u00e9rence dans les priorit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques nationales de l\u2019Afrique et \u00e0 la d\u00e9pendance Nord-Sud[10]. Au contraire, Elmandjra penchait pour la coop\u00e9ration interafricaine (et Sud-Sud), car il pensait que l\u2019int\u00e9gration \u00e9conomique r\u00e9gionale \u00e9tait l\u2019un des seuls moyens pour sortir de l\u2019inf\u00e9riorit\u00e9 technologique, puisqu\u2019elle pouvait aider \u00e0 partager le fardeau du processus long et co\u00fbteux de la Recherche et du D\u00e9veloppement et \u00e0 cr\u00e9er des march\u00e9s pour les produits locaux.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f2f8d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1f2f8d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSoucieux d\u2019approfondir sa compr\u00e9hension des liens entre d\u00e9veloppement et identit\u00e9 et d\u2019explorer des mod\u00e8les alternatifs au mod\u00e8le occidental, Elmandjra s\u2019est tourn\u00e9 plus tard dans sa vie, vers l\u2019Est, vers le pays du Soleil levant[11]. L\u00e0, Elmandjra a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9cor\u00e9 de l\u2019ordre imp\u00e9rial du Soleil levant (1986) et a entam\u00e9 un nouveau chapitre professionnel en tant que professeur d\u2019universit\u00e9, avant de rejoindre un projet de recherche sur la diversit\u00e9 culturelle et la communication, et de devenir professeur invit\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Tokyo (1998) et chercheur invit\u00e9 de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 japonaise pour la promotion de la science (JSPS) \u00e0 l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Tokyo Keizai (1999). L\u2019exp\u00e9rience japonaise a exerc\u00e9 une grande influence sur les r\u00e9flexions d\u2019Elmandjra concernant les mod\u00e8les de d\u00e9veloppement, la production de connaissances, les langues locales et les valeurs culturelles. Malgr\u00e9 son alignement politique sur l\u2019Occident, ses valeurs d\u00e9mocratiques et sa croissance \u00e9conomique qui en ont fait un pays du \u00ab premier monde \u00bb, le Japon \u00e9tait, dans son noyau civilisationnel, un cas unique. La vision du monde de la culture japonaise, qui a permis \u00e0 la nation de devenir une superpuissance majeure par des moyens non militaires, et le fait que le Japon se consid\u00e8re comme une puissance non occidentale, lui ont permis d\u2019entretenir des relations particuli\u00e8res avec les pays du tiers-monde (Sud global actuel) et ont renforc\u00e9 l\u2019attrait de l\u2019approche japonaise, par rapport aux mod\u00e8les de d\u00e9veloppement \u00ab copi\u00e9s de l\u2019Occident \u00bb en cours en Afrique.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0d13b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b0d13b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87a8627 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87a8627\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le 27 mai 2023, Rabat a accueilli un <i>colloque sur l\u2019\u00e9tat des \u00e9tudes prospectives dans le monde<\/i> (Policy Center for the New South, 2023) o\u00f9 Sohail Inayatullah, le premier titulaire de la chaire Unesco d\u2019\u00e9tudes prospectives, a commenc\u00e9 son discours en remerciant Mahdi Elmandjra de l\u2019avoir invit\u00e9 il y a pr\u00e8s de trois d\u00e9cennies \u2013 alors qu\u2019Inayatullah \u00e9tait \u00e2g\u00e9 d\u2019une vingtaine d\u2019ann\u00e9es \u2013 \u00e0 venir <i>repenser l\u2019avenir mondial<\/i> \u00e0 partir du Maroc. Cet hommage posthume montre \u00e0 lui seul le r\u00f4le central qu\u2019a jou\u00e9 Elmandjra en inspirant et en promouvant des voix issues de milieux non occidentaux dans les \u00e9tudes prospectives, chacune \u00e9tant impr\u00e9gn\u00e9e d\u2019un ethos culturel particulier. Elmandjra doit \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme le pionnier des \u00e9tudes prospectives en Afrique, un chercheur engag\u00e9, un homme de conviction et un entrepreneur de normes qui a plaid\u00e9 pour un changement dans la dynamique de la domination mondiale, pour la d\u00e9colonisation culturelle et pour un syst\u00e8me de connaissances dans lequel l\u2019avenir est illimit\u00e9 et les choix infinis. Ses textes sont donc un point de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence dans un monde qui semble avoir perdu sa boussole morale. Red\u00e9couvrir Elmandjra, revenir sur ce qu\u2019il a \u00e9crit au cours du dernier demi-si\u00e8cle, constitue un point de d\u00e9part pour toute r\u00e9flexion sur l\u2019avenir de l\u2019Afrique.    <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d9184d e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2d9184d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7fd8c3 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a7fd8c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les auteurs<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38b0172 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-link-in-bio\" data-id=\"38b0172\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"link-in-bio.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio e-link-in-bio\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image e-link-in-bio__identity-image-profile has-style-circle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/526d98_6d1f16fdb68843528b152455def4f33bmv2-225x300.jpg\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image-element\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/526d98_6d1f16fdb68843528b152455def4f33bmv2-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/526d98_6d1f16fdb68843528b152455def4f33bmv2.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"e-link-in-bio__heading\">Abdelkarim Skouri<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"e-link-in-bio__title\">Chercheur associ\u00e9, Luiss Mediterranean Platform, School of Government, Luiss University \u2013 Rome<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icons has-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon is-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a aria-label=\"Email\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-link\" href=\"mailto:abdelkarim.skouri@alumni.luiss.it?subject=Contact%20from%20GA%20Bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-svg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__ctas has-type-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/abdelkarim-skouri\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener \" class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta is-type-button has-corners-rounded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVoir le profil complet\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca44f9b ignoretoc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ca44f9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9galement dans ce num\u00e9ro<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08ab0bf elementor-grid-1 elementor-grid-tablet-1 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-posts--show-avatar elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"08ab0bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:27,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_tablet_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_mobile_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.posts_cards_pp_authors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-posts_cards_pp_authors elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15271 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-revue author-global-africa\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1200\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Issue-10-\u2013-Global-AfricaProtective-Knowledges-The-Wisdom-to-Protect-.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-15268\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tNum\u00e9ro 10 \u2013 Global Africa\u00ab Savoirs protecteurs, savoir prot\u00e9ger \u00bb\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Num\u00e9ro 10 \u2013 Global Africa\u00ab Savoirs protecteurs, savoir prot\u00e9ger \u00bb\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tGlobal Africa\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15509 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-analyses-critiques author-karine-collette-fr author-ibrahima-ba-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14990\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41.png 527w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41-210x300.png 210w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 527px) 100vw, 527px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tTerre-M\u00e8re : trace discursive d\u2019une \u00e9mancipation \u00e9cologique au Nord et au Sud ?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Terre-M\u00e8re : trace discursive d\u2019une \u00e9mancipation \u00e9cologique au Nord et au Sud ?\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tKarine Collette, Ibrahima Ba\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15517 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-champ author-cheikh-sadibou-sakho-fr author-masengesho-kamuzinzi-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.18.04.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14982\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\t\u00ab We Heal Together \u00bb, un savoir protecteur par excellence qui s\u2019inspire de l\u2019h\u00e9ritage africain, o\u00f9 les responsabilit\u00e9s envers soi et envers autrui sont indissociables\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur \u00ab We Heal Together \u00bb, un savoir protecteur par excellence qui s\u2019inspire de l\u2019h\u00e9ritage africain, o\u00f9 les responsabilit\u00e9s envers soi et envers autrui sont indissociables\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tCheikh Sadibou Sakho, Masengesho Kamuzinzi\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15523 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-analyses-critiques author-cheikh-sadibou-sakho-fr author-ndeye-laity-ndiaye-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.17.22.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14992\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tIt Takes a Village! (R\u00e9)inventer la mise \u00e0 l\u2019abri des survivantes de violences sexuelles au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal<br>Pistes \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience du centre Kullimaaroo de Ziguinchor\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur It Takes a Village! (R\u00e9)inventer la mise \u00e0 l\u2019abri des survivantes de violences sexuelles au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal&lt;br&gt;Pistes \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience du centre Kullimaaroo de Ziguinchor\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tCheikh Sadibou Sakho, Nd\u00e8ye La\u00efty Ndiaye\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e590199 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e590199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dd1381 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-adv-tabs\" data-id=\"3dd1381\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-adv-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div data-scroll-on-click=\"no\" data-scroll-speed=\"300\" id=\"eael-advance-tabs-3dd1381\" class=\"eael-advance-tabs eael-tabs-horizontal eael-tab-auto-active  responsive-vertical-layout\" data-tabid=\"3dd1381\">\n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-nav \">\n                <ul class=\"eael-tab-inline-icon\" role=\"tablist\">\n                                            <li id=\"pour-citer-larticle-\" class=\"active-default eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-quote-left\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Pour citer l&rsquo;article :<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"notes\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"notes-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-notes-medical\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Notes<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"bibliographie\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"bibliographie-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-book\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Bibliographie<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                    \n                                  <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-content\">\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item active-default\" data-title-link=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <h5>APA<\/h5>\n<p>Skouri, A. (2023). \u00c0 la red\u00e9couverte de Mahdi Elmandjra : r\u00e9flexions sur le Sud global, le d\u00e9veloppement, la technopolitique et la production de connaissances. Global Africa, 4, pp. 100-112   <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/cff-9945\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/cff-9945<\/a><\/p>\n<h5>MLA<\/h5>\n<p>Skouri, Abdelkarim. \u00ab \u00c0 la red\u00e9couverte de Mahdi Elmandjra : r\u00e9flexions sur le Sud global, le d\u00e9veloppement, la technopolitique et la production de connaissances \u00bb. Global Africa, 4, 2023, p. 100-112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/d2kd-1d89   <\/p>\n<h5>DOI<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/cff1-9945\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/cff1-9945<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00a9 2023 by author(s). This work is openly licensed via CC BY-NC 4.0 <\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"notes-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"notes-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>[1] Sa biographie d\u00e9taill\u00e9e est disponible sur le site internet : https:\/\/atom.archives.unesco.org\/elmandjra-mahdi   <\/p>\n<p>[3] En ce qui concerne le r\u00f4le central de la normativit\u00e9 dans les \u00e9tudes prospectives, Jordi Serra (2005, p. 84) \u00e9crit qu\u2019il a \u00e9t\u00e9 soutenu par des auteurs tels qu\u2019Eleonora Barbieri Masini et Enric Bas et lui-m\u00eame, \u00ab mais la contribution la plus forte \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard est celle de penseurs non occidentaux tels que Sohail Inayatullah, Ziauddin Sardar et Mahdi Elmandjra, qui ont soulign\u00e9 que la prospective est essentiellement une activit\u00e9 politique et, par cons\u00e9quent, l\u2019importance des aspects normatifs lorsqu\u2019on travaille avec elle \u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>[5] C\u2019est notamment le cas de ses ouvrages Humiliation \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e8re du m\u00e9ga-imp\u00e9rialisme (2003) et La valeur des valeurs (2006). Dans le premier, il adopte une position tr\u00e8s critique vis-\u00e0-vis de l\u2019\u00e9chec du syst\u00e8me des Nations unies \u00e0 soutenir les trajectoires de d\u00e9veloppement des pays nouvellement ind\u00e9pendants, des r\u00e9formes et des mod\u00e8les de d\u00e9veloppement impos\u00e9s par les institutions de Bretton Woods, de la brutalit\u00e9 du capitalisme, et de l\u2019incapacit\u00e9 et de l\u2019opportunisme des dirigeants arabes et africains. Dans le second, il s\u2019engage dans une r\u00e9flexion sur les valeurs et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, et discute du r\u00f4le des intellectuels et des artistes dans le changement des syst\u00e8mes de valeurs, ainsi que de la place de la m\u00e9moire en tant que valeur qui refuse l\u2019amn\u00e9sie.  <\/p>\n<p>[6] Cette autoproclamation s\u2019est r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9e audacieuse lors de l\u2019assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des Nations unies de 2023 et lors du sommet parall\u00e8le du G77 + Chine \u00e0 La Havane (le sommet du Sud). Voir par exemple Anthony (2023) et The Economist (2023).       https:\/\/www.economist.com\/china\/2023\/09\/21\/china-wants-to-be-the-leader-of-the-global-south.<\/p>\n<p>[5] See: World Trade Organization. (2023). World Trade Report 2023: Re-globalization for a Secure, Inclusive and Sustainable Future. https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/res_e\/publications_e\/wtr23_e.html<\/p>\n<p>[6] Voir : Benoit, P. (23 mai 2023). La Chine se d\u00e9veloppe et s&rsquo;est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e en m\u00eame temps.  Foreign Policy. https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2023\/05\/23\/china-is-developing-and-developed-at-the-same-time\/<\/p>\n<p>[8] En ao\u00fbt 2023, le 15e sommet des BRICS a vu l\u2019\u00e9largissement du groupe \u00e0 six nouveaux pays (l\u2019Arabie saoudite, l\u2019Argentine, l\u2019\u00c9gypte, les \u00c9mirats arabes unis, l\u2019\u00c9thiopie et l\u2019Iran) et le groupe s\u2019est auto-proclam\u00e9 leader du Sud global.<\/p>\n<p>[8] See: Al Jazeera Documentary \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0629. (2017, January 2017). Mahdi Elmandjra \u2013 The Herald of the World\u2019s Sufferings (video) [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0629 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0630\u0631 \u0628\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645]. YouTube.    https:\/\/youtu.be\/-V0qAhNgQG8<\/p>\n<p>[9] Le rapport est le r\u00e9sultat d\u2019un projet de deux ans auquel ont particip\u00e9 un grand nombre d\u2019universitaires de pays du Sud : Maroc, Sri Lanka, Argentine, Ghana, \u00c9gypte, Inde, Mexique, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, etc.<\/p>\n<p>[10] La critique d\u2019Elmandjra \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard du PANUREDA se trouve dans Bortot (1990).   http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/23027204<\/p>\n<p>[11] Bien qu\u2019il ait \u00e9galement entretenu des relations avec certains cercles intellectuels chinois, c\u2019est le Japon qui l\u2019int\u00e9ressait le plus. En 1988, lorsque la WFSF a tenu pour la premi\u00e8re fois sa conf\u00e9rence annuelle en Chine, sur le th\u00e8me de l\u2019avenir du d\u00e9veloppement, Elmandjra \u00e9tait l\u2019un des trois seuls Africains \u00e0 participer \u00e0 ce \u00ab mouvement \u00bb qui croyait que l\u2019essentiel de l\u2019avenir d\u00e9pendait du choix des mod\u00e8les de d\u00e9veloppement et de leur impact sur les relations Nord-Sud, les deux autres \u00e9tant l\u2019\u00c9gyptien Ibrahim Helmi Abdel-Rahman et le K\u00e9nyan Henry Odera Oruka. <\/p>\n<p>[12] See: Policy Center for the New South. (2023, May 27). Symposium \u201cThe State of Foresight Studies in the World\u201d (video playlist). YouTube.    https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/playlist?list=PLWvidnYAHJJSP7lOdTCm650vqCYcIgIO0<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"bibliographie-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"bibliographie-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p id=\"viewer-foo\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\"><strong>Mahdi Elmandjra<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-ricmc2812\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Elmandjra, M. (1975). Mahdi Elmandjra. <em>In O. Willem (Ed.), On Growth II: The Crisis of Exploding Population and Resource Depletion<\/em> (pp. 339\u2013345). Capricorn Books.   <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dbnl.org\/tekst\/oltm003ongr02_01\/oltm003ongr02_01_0046.php\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.dbnl.org\/tekst\/oltm003ongr02_01\/oltm003ongr02_01_0046.php<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-7hg0x2819\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Elmandjra, M. (1983, November\/December). South-South Cooperation: A Peaceful Decolonization of the Future. Dossier 38 (pp. 51-53). <em>International Foundation for Development Alternatives<\/em> (IFDA). <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/www.burmalibrary.org\/sites\/burmalibrary.org\/files\/obl\/docs19\/ifda_dossier-38.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.burmalibrary.org\/sites\/burmalibrary.org\/files\/obl\/docs19\/ifda_dossier-38.pdf<\/a>   <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-ik0db2826\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Elmandjra, M. (1984). Reclaiming the future: Futures studies in Africa. <em>Futures<\/em>, 16(6), 547-578. <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0016-3287(84)90119-8\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0016-3287(84)90119-8<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-tbuj42833\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Elmandjra, M. (1986). The Africanization of Africa. <em>Futures<\/em>, 18(2), 222\u2013229. <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0016-3287(86)90100-X\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0016-3287(86)90100-X<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-9cie62842\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Elmandjra, M. (1987). L&rsquo;aide ext\u00e9rieure : un obstacle au d\u00e9veloppement. <em>Futuribles<\/em>, 115. <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/laide-exterieure-un-obstacle-au-developpement\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/laide-exterieure-un-obstacle-au-developpement\/<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-bes3r2847\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Elmandjra, M. (1988). Trois sc\u00e9narios pour l&rsquo;avenir de la coop\u00e9ration internationale. <em>Futuribles<\/em>, 121. <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/trois-scenarios-pour-lavenir-de-la-cooperation-int\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/trois-scenarios-pour-lavenir-de-la-cooperation-int\/<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-w606g2852\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Elmandjra, M. (\u200e1989)\u200e. Informatics and telematics: The future. <em>World health<\/em>, 28-29. <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/47026\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/47026<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-ynkjj2857\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Elmandjra, M. (1990, May 4\u20137). <em>Futures of the Islamic World Future Studies: Needs, Facts and Prospects<\/em> [Conference session]. Symposium on The Future of the Islamic World, Alger, Algeria. <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/www.archipress.org\/?page_id=402\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.archipress.org\/?page_id=402<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-97x4n2862\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Elmandjra, M. (1991). La premi\u00e8re guerre civilisationnelle [The First Civilisation War].  <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-sj1lb2864\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Elmandjra, M. (1999a). Reglobalization of Globalization. Manshurat al-zaman. [\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629. \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646]    <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-c5oir2868\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Elmandjra, M. (1999b). The Need for a \u2018Deglobalization\u2019 of \u2018Globalization\u2019. In C. Pierson &amp; S. Tormey (Eds.), <em>Politics at the Edge<\/em> (pp. 29\u201339). Political Studies Association Yearbook Series. Palgrave Macmillan. <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1057\/9780333981689_3\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1057\/9780333981689_3<\/a> [published initially as a conference proceeding: <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/wfsf.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/Need-for-a-Reglobalisation-of-Globalisation-Mahdi-Elmandjra.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/wfsf.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/Need-for-a-Reglobalisation-of-Globalisation-Mahdi-Elmandjra.pdf<\/a>]     <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-9lbmq2876\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Elmandjra, M. (2000). Changing Priorities &#8211; Contant Values. <em>Journal of Futures Studies<\/em>, 5(2), 85\u201394. <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/jfsdigital.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/052-A06.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/jfsdigital.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/052-A06.pdf<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-moldl2883\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Elmandjra, M. (2003). <em>Humiliation \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e8re du m\u00e9ga-imp\u00e9rialisme<\/em>. Maisonneuve et Larose. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-8rvt32887\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Elmandjra, M. (2006). <em>Valeur des valeurs<\/em>. Ennajah Al Jadida. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-as6482891\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Elmandjra, M., Borkin J. W., &amp; Malitza M. (1979). <em>No Limits to Learning. Bridging the Human Gap <\/em>. Club of Rome. <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000037511\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000037511<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"viewer-hpxhb2896\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\"> <\/span><\/div>\n<p id=\"viewer-8xoow3272\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\"><strong>Autres<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-zhwxz2898\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Adesida, O. (1994). <em>Futures<\/em> studies in Africa. <em>Futures<\/em>, 26(9), 884\u2013890. <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0016-3287(94)90116-3\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0016-3287(94)90116-3<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-dhk412905\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Anthony, T. (2023, september 22). China, at UN, presents itself as a member of the Global South as alternative to a Western model.<em> Associated Press<\/em>. <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/un-china-global-south-general-assembly-d8620e4502757c4de9ab41543f14eccb\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/un-china-global-south-general-assembly-d8620e4502757c4de9ab41543f14eccb<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-z8djj2911\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Barbieri Masini, E. (1998). Futures Studies from the Experience of a Sociologist Who Tries to Be a Futurist. <em>American Behavioral Scientis<\/em>t, 42(3), 340-346. <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0002764298042003005\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0002764298042003005<\/a>  <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-ipepm2919\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Benkirane, R. (2002, February). On the origins of the \u201cClash of civilizations\u201d. <em>Behind the News: Visions for peace &#8211; Voices of faith<\/em> [Bulletin of the World Council of Churches], 13. <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/www.archipress.org\/reda\/?page_id=531\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.archipress.org\/reda\/?page_id=531<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-ra7lj2924\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Benoit, P. (2023, May 23). China Is Developing and Developed at the Same. <em>Foreign Policy<\/em>. <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2023\/05\/23\/china-is-developing-and-developed-at-the-same-time\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2023\/05\/23\/china-is-developing-and-developed-at-the-same-time\/<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-9rn2z2929\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Bortot, F. (1990). ECA-OAU and World Bank Analyses and Strategies on African Development: the Converging Alternatives. <em>African Review of Money Finance and Banking<\/em>, 1, 81-116. <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/23027204\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/23027204<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-5b51f2936\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Cole, S. (1994). A conflict of visions: Reflections on African futures studies. <em>Futures<\/em>, 26(3), 259\u201374. <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0016-3287(94)90014-0\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0016-3287(94)90014-0<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-chop22943\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">El Yehyaoui, Y. (2016) The \u2018Future\u2019 according to Mahdi Elmandjra. <em>Istishraf<\/em>, 1(1), 226\u2013251. <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/istishraf.dohainstitute.org\/en\/issue001\/Pages\/art09.aspx\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/istishraf.dohainstitute.org\/en\/issue001\/Pages\/art09.aspx<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-pwqvb2950\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">F\u00e9d\u00e9ration mondiale pour les \u00e9tudes sur le futur, Futuribles, Association mondiale de prospective sociale. (1987). <em>Reconqu\u00e9rir le futur : manuel d\u2019\u00e9tudes prospectives \u00e0 l\u2019usage des planificateurs africains<\/em>. Paris, Futuribles ; Bruxelles, La Longue vue, 224 p.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-jo8ej2954\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Gourram, Z. (2019). <em>Mahdi Elmandjra: Le futurologue marocain<\/em>. Centre Culturel du Livre (Casablanca). <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/www.imarabe.org\/en\/file\/351227\/download?token=RHvGmnAS\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.imarabe.org\/en\/file\/351227\/download?token=RHvGmnAS<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-terew2959\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Gray K., &amp; Gills B. K. (2016). South\u2013South cooperation and the rise of the Global South. <em>Third World Quarterly<\/em>, 37(4), 557\u201374. <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01436597.2015.1128817\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01436597.2015.1128817<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-2atzb2966\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Hannerz, U. (2015). Center\u2013Periphery Relationships. Dans James D. W. (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social &amp; Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed, pp. 308\u201311). Elsevier.    <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-08-097086-8.12031-8\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-08-097086-8.12031-8<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-po5m32973\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Huntington, S. (1996). <em>The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order<\/em>. New York, Simon &amp; Schuster. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-q15i02977\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Inayatullah, S. (2013). Futures Studies: Theories and Methods. In There\u2019s a Future: Visions for a Better World. OpenMind BBVA.    <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbvaopenmind.com\/en\/articles\/futures-studies-theories-and-methods\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.bbvaopenmind.com\/en\/articles\/futures-studies-theories-and-methods\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-kdw2u2982\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Krist\u00f3f T., &amp; Nov\u00e1ky E. (2023). The Story of Futures Studies: An Interdisciplinary Field Rooted in Social Sciences. <em>Social Sciences<\/em>, 12(3), 192. <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci12030192\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci12030192<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-vvrvv2989\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Rezrazi, M. (2023). The South and the Future of Foresight Studies in the Age of Artificial General Intelligence. Research Paper 04\/23. Policy Center for the New South.    <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/www.policycenter.ma\/publications\/aljnwb-wmstqbl-aldrasat-alastshrafyt-fy-zmn-aldhka-alastnay-alam\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.policycenter.ma\/publications\/aljnwb-wmstqbl-aldrasat-alastshrafyt-fy-zmn-aldhka-alastnay-alam<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-w6mcb2992\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Santos B. S. (2014).<em> Epistemologies of the South. Justice Against Epistemicide <\/em>. Routeldge.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-y7mwq2996\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Serra, J. (2005). Territorial Foresight: More than Planning Less than Prospective. <em>Journal of Futures Studies<\/em>, 9(3), 81\u201388. <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/jfsdigital.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/93-E02.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/jfsdigital.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/93-E02.pdf<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-6m7zq3003\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Slaughter, R. A. (1996). The knowledge base of futures studies as an evolving process. <em>Futures<\/em>. 28(9), 799\u2013812.   <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0016-3287(96)00043-2\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0016-3287(96)00043-2<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-xhooe3008\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">World Futures Studies Federation et al. (1986). <em>Reclaiming the future: A manual on futures studies for African planners<\/em>. Tycooly International.  <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000073505\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000073505<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-4963y3014\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">The Economist (2023, september 21). China wants to be the leader of the global south. <em>The Economist<\/em>. <\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"viewer-5lf8o3018\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\"> <\/span><\/div>\n<p id=\"viewer-o8r5g3196\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\"><strong>R\u00e9f\u00e9rences audiovisuelles<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-kspci3020\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Al Jazeera Documentary \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0629. (January 2017). Mahdi Elmandjra \u2013 The Herald of the World\u2019s Sufferings (video) [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0629 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0630\u0631\u0628\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645]. YouTube.    <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/-V0qAhNgQG8\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/-V0qAhNgQG8<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"viewer-rhco13023\" class=\"o0STb GF80u gaH2j HjRUP\"><span class=\"B-fpk\">Policy Center for the New South. (2023, May 27). Symposium \u201cThe State of Foresight Studies in the World\u201d (video playlist). YouTube. <a class=\"_5VzWt lfO3I\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/playlist?list=PLWvidnYAHJJSP7lOdTCm650vqCYcIgIO0\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/playlist?list=PLWvidnYAHJJSP7lOdTCm650vqCYcIgIO0<\/u><\/a>   <\/span><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t                    <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aff930 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5aff930\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc34b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-off-canvas\" data-id=\"fc34b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"off-canvas.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"eael-creative-button-wrapper\">\n\n            <a class=\"eael-creative-button eael-creative-button--default eael-cb-icon-position-\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Doff_canvas%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6ImZjMzRiODYiLCJkaXNwbGF5TW9kZSI6Im9wZW4ifQ%3D%3D\" data-text=\"Allez-y !\">\n            \t    \n                <div class=\"creative-button-inner\">\n\n                    \n                    <span class=\"cretive-button-text\">Table des mati\u00e8res<\/span>\n\n                                    <\/div>\n\t                        <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Num\u00e9ro 04 &#8211; (Re)d\u00e9couverte This post is also available in: English Fran\u00e7ais (French) T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER EN PDF 04.2023Th\u00e9oriser le pr\u00e9sent et le futur : Afrique, production de savoirs et enjeux globaux Publi\u00e9 le : 20 d\u00e9cembre 2023ISSN: 3020-0458 T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER LE NUM\u00c9RO PDF Abstract R\u00e9sum\u00e9 Muhtasari \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 Mahdi Elmandjra is a pioneer of futures studies in Africa and the Global South. Over half a century and throughout a long career in international institutions, Elmandjra was an engaged scholar who tackled burning issues such as neo- and post-colonialism, globalization, development, values, cultural dialogue, education, etc. This paper rereads Elmandjra\u2019s work by engaging it with timely debates on the place and the role of Africa and the Global South in global governance, technolopolitics and knowledge production. Keywords Mahdi Elmandjra, Africa, Futures Studies, Global South, Knowledge Production Mahdi Elmandjra est un pionnier des \u00e9tudes prospectives en Afrique et dans le Sud global. Pendant plus d\u2019un demi-si\u00e8cle et sans rel\u00e2che durant une longue carri\u00e8re au sein d\u2019institutions internationales, Elmandjra a \u00e9t\u00e9 un chercheur engag\u00e9 qui s\u2019est attaqu\u00e9 \u00e0 des questions br\u00fblantes telles que le n\u00e9ocolonialisme et le postcolonialisme, la mondialisation, le d\u00e9veloppement, les valeurs, le dialogue culturel, l\u2019\u00e9ducation, etc. Cet article relit l\u2019\u0153uvre d\u2019Elmandjra en l\u2019associant \u00e0 des d\u00e9bats d\u2019actualit\u00e9 sur la place et le r\u00f4le de l\u2019Afrique et du Sud global dans la gouvernance mondiale, la technolopolitique et la production de connaissances. Mots-cl\u00e9s Mahdi Elmandjra, Afrique, \u00e9tudes prospectives, Sud global, production de connaissances Ugunduzi Upya wa Mahdi Elmandjra: Tafakari juu ya Ulimwengu wa Kusini, maendeleo, teknolojia siasa na uzalishaji wa maarifa Mahdi Elmandjra ni mwanzilishi wa masomo yanayotarajiwa katika Afrika na Kusini. Kwa zaidi ya nusu karne na katika maisha marefu katika taasisi za kimataifa, Elmandjra amekuwa mtafiti aliyejitolea kushughulikia masuala motomoto kama vile ukoloni mamboleo na baada ya ukoloni, utandawazi, maendeleo, maadili, mazungumzo ya kitamaduni, elimu, n.k. Makala haya yanasoma upya kazi ya Elmandjra kwa kuihusisha na mijadala ya sasa kuhusu mahali na jukumu la Afrika na Kusini katika utawala wa kimataifa, teknolojia siasa na uzalishaji wa maarifa. Maneno muhimu Mahdi Elmandjra, Afrika, masomo yanayotarajiwa, kimataifa Kusini, uzalishaji wa maarifa \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0629 : \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0651\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628. \u0641\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062a\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627. \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0629- \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627- \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644- \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 Introduction De tout temps, les humains ont \u00e9t\u00e9 captiv\u00e9s par l\u2019id\u00e9e de pr\u00e9dire l\u2019avenir. Pourtant, ce n\u2019est qu\u2019apr\u00e8s-guerre que cette id\u00e9e a pris la forme d\u2019une discipline universitaire achev\u00e9e : les \u00e9tudes prospectives, avec un statut mondial, institutionnel et syst\u00e9mique (Krist\u00f3f &amp; Nov\u00e1ky, 2023). Au tournant du si\u00e8cle, les discussions sur le changement climatique ont constitu\u00e9 une v\u00e9ritable secousse morale, les signes d\u00e9concertants de la r\u00e9volution technologique, l\u2019accroissement exponentiel des connaissances dans un contexte de complexit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e, ainsi que les niveaux culminants d\u2019incertitude et d\u2019ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 ontologique ont tous renforc\u00e9 le besoin imminent de m\u00e9thodes et d\u2019outils de prospective. Un sentiment de vertige postmoderne et liminal, d\u00fb en partie \u00e0 la d\u00e9mat\u00e9rialisation de la fronti\u00e8re entre la fin du pr\u00e9sent et le commencement du futur, a encore accru l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat pour cette discipline. En 2023, la F\u00e9d\u00e9ration mondiale des \u00e9tudes prospectives (WFSF), l\u2019organisation cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour promouvoir le d\u00e9veloppement de cette discipline, c\u00e9l\u00e8bre son 50e anniversaire. Au cours des cinquante derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, les \u00e9tudes prospectives se sont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es en termes quantitatifs et qualitatifs, et sont pass\u00e9es de la \u00ab pr\u00e9diction \u00bb de l\u2019avenir (au singulier) \u00e0 la \u00ab cartographie \u00bb et au \u00ab fa\u00e7onnage \u00bb d\u2019avenirs alternatifs (au pluriel) (Inayatullah, 2013). Mais ces \u00e9tudes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 largement limit\u00e9es au monde occidental \u2013 le Nord global. En Afrique, comme dans la plupart des r\u00e9gions du Sud, Olugbenga Adesida (1994) a \u00e9crit il y a pr\u00e8s de vingt ans ce qui est encore vrai d\u2019une certaine mani\u00e8re, que \u00ab l\u2019avenir [\u00e9tait] en fait vendu en raison de pr\u00e9occupations imm\u00e9diates li\u00e9es \u00e0 la gestion des crises et l\u2019absence de vision \u00bb. Pour l\u2019Afrique, qui se trouve \u00e0 un moment charni\u00e8re de son d\u00e9veloppement, les \u00e9tudes prospectives sont d\u2019une importance capitale afin d\u2019accompagner la prise de d\u00e9cisions strat\u00e9giques. Pourtant, \u00e0 part quelques rares exceptions, la discipline n\u2019est pas encore \u00e9tablie dans les institutions acad\u00e9miques et de recherche du continent \u2013 une douzaine \u00e0 ce jour. En effet, jusqu\u2019au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1990, l\u2019Afrique ne disposait d\u2019aucun centre de recherche d\u00e9di\u00e9 \u00e0 cette discipline. \u00c0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle du continent, seuls quelques exercices de r\u00e9flexion prospective ont \u00e9t\u00e9 effectu\u00e9s, tels le colloque de Monrovia de 1979 sur les perspectives de d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019Afrique \u00e0 l\u2019horizon 2000 et le Plan d\u2019action de Lagos de 1980, principalement sous l\u2019impulsion de visionnaires agissant de leur propre initiative ou \u00e9voluant au sein de l\u2019Organisation des Nations unies (ONU) ou de l\u2019Organisation de l\u2019unit\u00e9 africaine (OUA). Parmi ces visionnaires figure Mahdi Elmandjra (1933-2014), l\u2019un des pionniers des \u00e9tudes prospectives du Maroc, de l\u2019Afrique voire du Sud global. Pendant plus d\u2019un demi-si\u00e8cle, et tout au long d\u2019une carri\u00e8re au sein d\u2019institutions internationales, Elmandjra a \u00e9t\u00e9 un chercheur engag\u00e9, assumant la responsabilit\u00e9 des intellectuels au sens chomskyen, puisqu\u2019il a consacr\u00e9 sa vie \u00e0 th\u00e9oriser le changement (et l\u2019\u00e9mancipation) dans ce que l\u2019on appelait alors le \u00ab tiers-monde \u00bb. Ses contributions ont toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 provocantes, abordant des questions br\u00fblantes telles que l\u2019imp\u00e9rialisme et le n\u00e9ocolonialisme, la mondialisation, la gouvernance mondiale et la justice, les valeurs culturelles et le dialogue, le d\u00e9veloppement, l\u2019\u00e9ducation et la production de connaissances, etc. Ainsi, Elmandjra, en tant qu\u2019entrepreneur normatif, est une porte d\u2019entr\u00e9e incontournable pour analyser la mani\u00e8re dont le continent fabrique son destin dans un ordre mondial en mutation. Courte biographie de Mahdi Elmandjra Mahdi Elmandjra<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":6653,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[205],"tags":[],"issues3":[],"post_folder":[],"ppma_author":[273],"class_list":["post-10125","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-redecouverte","author-abdelkarim-skouri"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u00c0 la red\u00e9couverte de Mahdi Elmandjra R\u00e9flexions sur le Sud global, le d\u00e9veloppement, la technopolitique et la production de connaissances | Global Africa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u00c0 la red\u00e9couverte de Mahdi Elmandjra R\u00e9flexions sur le Sud global, le d\u00e9veloppement, la technopolitique et la 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