{"id":10102,"date":"2024-12-01T14:59:15","date_gmt":"2024-12-01T14:59:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/actualites\/reduire-la-pollution-de-lair-a-abidjan-de-lambition-scientifique-a-la-fabrique-du-terrain\/"},"modified":"2025-11-22T12:48:26","modified_gmt":"2025-11-22T12:48:26","slug":"reduire-la-pollution-de-lair-a-abidjan-de-lambition-scientifique-a-la-fabrique-du-terrain","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/reduire-la-pollution-de-lair-a-abidjan-de-lambition-scientifique-a-la-fabrique-du-terrain\/","title":{"rendered":"R\u00e9duire la pollution de l\u2019air \u00e0 Abidjan De l\u2019ambition scientifique \u00e0 la fabrique du terrain"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10102\" class=\"elementor elementor-10102\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-036a802 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"036a802\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1d7910 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d1d7910\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c21c9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c21c9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Num\u00e9ro 04 - M\u00e9thodes<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa83d49 e-grid e-con-full wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aa83d49\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a0269e elementor-author-box--link-yes ignoretoc elementor-author-box--avatar-yes elementor-author-box--name-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"6a0269e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/author\/marine-scandella-fr\/\" class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Marie-Therese-Mengue-.webp\" alt=\"Image de Marine Scandella\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/author\/marine-scandella-fr\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-author-box__name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarine Scandella\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-author-box__button elementor-button elementor-size-xs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/author\/marine-scandella-fr\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTous les articles de l'auteur\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff2cfe6 ignoretoc elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"ff2cfe6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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l'auteur\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc9b253 ignoretoc elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"fc9b253\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/sylvia-becerra\" class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Sylvia-Becerra--225x300.webp\" alt=\"Image de Sylvia Becerra\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/sylvia-becerra\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-author-box__name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSylvia Becerra\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-author-box__button elementor-button elementor-size-xs\" href=\"\/authors\/sylvia-becerra\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTous les articles de l'auteur\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-180d61f ignoretoc elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"180d61f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/auteurs\/catherine-liousse\" class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Catherine-Liousse--225x300.jpg\" alt=\"Image de Catherine Liousse\" 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class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Geoffrey-Carrere--225x300.jpg\" alt=\"Image de Geoffrey Carr\u00e8re\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/geoffrey-carrere\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-author-box__name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGeoffrey Carr\u00e8re\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-author-box__button elementor-button elementor-size-xs\" href=\"\/authors\/geoffrey-carrere\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTous les articles de l'auteur\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db8b308 ignoretoc elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"db8b308\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/nwj8-mg47\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER EN PDF<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2724b9e e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2724b9e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f03e25c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f03e25c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"\/?issues=Theorizing%20for%20the%20Present%20and%20the%20Future:%20Africa,%20Knowledge%20Creation,%20and%20Global%20Challenges%20\">04.2023<br>Th\u00e9oriser le pr\u00e9sent et le futur : Afrique, production de savoirs et enjeux globaux<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b07a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b07a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Publi\u00e9 le : 20 d\u00e9cembre 2023<br><\/strong><strong>ISSN: 3020-0458<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38d84bf elementor-align-center elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"38d84bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Global-Africa-Issue-04-Theorizing-for-the-Present-and-the-Future-Africa-Knowledge-creation-and-Global-Challenges.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER LE NUM\u00c9RO PDF<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5db791 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b5db791\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/GA-Issue-07-1.jpg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1240\" height=\"1754\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Global-Africa-Issue-04-Theorizing-for-the-Present-and-the-Future-Africa-Knowledge-Creation-and-Global-Challenges.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1280\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div 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id=\"eael-advance-tabs-fa2f8e7\" class=\"eael-advance-tabs eael-tabs-horizontal eael-tab-auto-active  responsive-vertical-layout\" data-tabid=\"fa2f8e7\">\n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-nav \">\n                <ul class=\"eael-tab-inline-icon\" role=\"tablist\">\n                                            <li id=\"abstract\" class=\"active-default eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"abstract-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Abstract<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"rsum\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"rsum-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_France.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"muhtasari\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"muhtasari-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_Kenya.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Muhtasari<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" viewBox=\"0 0 900 600\"><path 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19.456-16.681v-4.8205c0-16.842-15.922-30.506-35.569-30.506\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                    \n                                  <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-content\">\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"abstract-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item active-default\" data-title-link=\"abstract-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">APIMAMA is a research program funded by France&rsquo;s Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR). It focuses on air pollution in West Africa, now recognized as a major public health issue by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is thought to be responsible for the deaths of a million people a year in Africa, against a backdrop of high demographic growth, which increases the number of polluting anthropogenic activities. Since the 2000s, scientific studies carried out in West African capitals have made it possible to characterize particularly polluting sources: wood and charcoal burning for domestic and professional cooking, automobile traffic, landfill fires, etc. This project is a continuation of studies on air pollution in Africa, focusing on particulate emissions from wood\/charcoal burning in Abidjan, C\u00f4te d&rsquo;Ivoire. However, the project involves a fundamental break with the past: the aim is not only to assess and quantify air pollution, but also to propose methods for reducing it. Underpinned by an interdisciplinary and participatory research methodology, APIMAMA is conducting a survey of around 100 women overexposed to fumes from wood burning, on their practices and social representations in relation to wood resources and pollution. This is the concrete entry into the field that the article proposes to discover: knowledge and representations on the subject of atmospheric pollution, modes of pollution management in the city, motives for using wood (complex motives that articulate precariousness, socialization effects, eating and consumption habits), the effects induced by research protocols on the researcher-investee relationship. The aim of these various demonstrations is to compare the issues at stake in the dialogue between scientists and respondents, with the changes in the actors&rsquo; modes of representation as a result of these discussions, and with the effects of pollution measurement methods (and their impact on health) on the way science is produced in the West African context.        <\/p>\n<h5 class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Keywords<\/h5>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Pollution, domestic fires, energy transition, interdisciplinarity, methodology in response to a world in transition.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"rsum-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"rsum-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">APIMAMA est un programme de recherche financ\u00e9 par l\u2019Agence nationale de la recherche (ANR) en France. Il s\u2019int\u00e9resse \u00e0 la pollution atmosph\u00e9rique en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest, reconnue aujourd\u2019hui comme un enjeu de sant\u00e9 publique majeur par l\u2019Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00e9 (OMS). Elle serait en effet responsable de la mort d\u2019un million de personnes par an en Afrique, sur fond de croissance d\u00e9mographique \u00e9lev\u00e9 qui augmente le nombre d\u2019activit\u00e9s anthropiques polluantes. Depuis les ann\u00e9es 2000, les \u00e9tudes scientifiques men\u00e9es dans les capitales ouest-africaines ont permis de caract\u00e9riser des sources particuli\u00e8rement polluantes : la combustion du bois et du charbon de bois pour la cuisson des aliments \u00e0 des fins domestiques et professionnelles, le trafic automobile, les feux de d\u00e9charge, etc. Ce projet s\u2019inscrit dans la continuit\u00e9 des \u00e9tudes sur la pollution de l\u2019air en Afrique : il s\u2019int\u00e9resse aux \u00e9missions de particules issues des usages de bois\/charbon de bois \u00e0 Abidjan en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. Toutefois, le projet engage une rupture fondamentale : l\u2019objectif n\u2019est pas seulement d\u2019\u00e9valuer et de quantifier la pollution atmosph\u00e9rique mais aussi de proposer des m\u00e9thodes de r\u00e9duction de cette derni\u00e8re.     <\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">\u00c9tay\u00e9 par une m\u00e9thodologie de recherche interdisciplinaire et participative, APIMAMA m\u00e8ne une enqu\u00eate aupr\u00e8s d\u2019une centaine de femmes surexpos\u00e9es aux fum\u00e9es issues de la combustion de bois, au sujet de leurs pratiques et repr\u00e9sentations sociales en lien avec les ressources en bois et la pollution. C\u2019est cette entr\u00e9e concr\u00e8te sur le terrain que l\u2019article propose de d\u00e9couvrir : les connaissances et repr\u00e9sentations au sujet de la pollution atmosph\u00e9rique, les modes de gestion des pollutions en ville, les motifs de recours au bois (des motifs complexes qui articulent pr\u00e9carit\u00e9, effets de socialisation, habitudes alimentaires et de consommation), les effets induits par les protocoles de recherche sur la relation chercheuses-enqu\u00eat\u00e9es. Ces diff\u00e9rentes d\u00e9monstrations ont pour vocation de confronter les enjeux de dialogue entre scientifiques et enqu\u00eat\u00e9es, aux \u00e9volutions des modes de repr\u00e9sentations des acteurs \u00e0 l\u2019issue de ces discussions et aux effets des m\u00e9thodes de mesure de la pollution (et ses impacts sur la sant\u00e9) sur la fa\u00e7on de produire des sciences dans le contexte ouest-africain.  <\/p>\n<h5 class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Mots-cl\u00e9s<\/h5>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Pollution, feux domestiques, transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, interdisciplinarit\u00e9, m\u00e9thodologie en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 un monde en transition<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"muhtasari-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"muhtasari-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <div id=\"bgLayers_comp-lq4x0abh5\" class=\"MW5IWV\">\n<div id=\"bgMedia_comp-lq4x0abh5\" class=\"VgO9Yg\"> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-lq4x0abi6__8ebfe6b7-6851-4406-955f-dce3de5f05ab\" class=\"HcOXKn c9GqVL QxJLC3 lq2cno comp-lq4x0abi6 wixui-rich-text\">\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\"><strong class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\">Kupunguza uchafuzi wa hewa mjini Abidjan<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\"><strong class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\">Kutoka kwa matarajio ya kisayansi hadi utengenezaji wa uwanja<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">APIMAMA[1] ni mpango wa utafiti unaofadhiliwa na Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Utafiti (ANR) nchini Ufaransa. Ana nia ya uchafuzi wa hewa katika Afrika Magharibi, inayotambuliwa leo kama suala kuu la afya ya umma na Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO). Kwa hakika inawajibika kwa vifo vya watu milioni moja kwa mwaka barani Afrika, dhidi ya hali ya juu ya ukuaji wa idadi ya watu ambayo huongeza idadi ya shughuli zinazochafua anthropogenic. Tangu miaka ya 2000, tafiti za kisayansi zilizofanywa katika miji mikuu ya Afrika Magharibi zimewezesha kubainisha vyanzo vya uchafuzi wa mazingira: uchomaji wa kuni na mkaa kwa ajili ya kupikia chakula kwa madhumuni ya nyumbani na kitaaluma, trafiki ya magari, moto wa kutokwa, nk. Mradi huu ni mwendelezo wa tafiti kuhusu uchafuzi wa hewa barani Afrika: unazingatia utoaji wa chembechembe kutoka kwa matumizi ya kuni\/mkaa huko Abidjan nchini Ivory Coast. Hata hivyo, mradi unahusisha kuondoka kwa kimsingi: lengo si tu kutathmini na kutathmini uchafuzi wa anga lakini pia kupendekeza mbinu za kupunguza.     <\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Ikiungwa mkono na mbinu ya utafiti wa kitaalamu na shirikishi, APIMAMA inafanya utafiti na takriban wanawake mia moja walio katika mazingira magumu kupita kiasi kutokana na mwako wa kuni, kuhusu desturi zao za kijamii na uwakilishi kuhusiana na rasilimali za kuni na uchafuzi wa mazingira. Ni kuingia kwa kweli kwenye uwanja ambao kifungu kinapendekeza kugundua: maarifa na uwakilishi juu ya uchafuzi wa anga, njia za kudhibiti uchafuzi wa mazingira katika jiji, sababu za kuamua kuni (sababu ngumu zinazoelezea hatari , athari za ujamaa, kula. na tabia za utumiaji), athari zinazotokana na itifaki za utafiti kwenye uhusiano uliofanyiwa utafiti na mtafiti. Maonyesho haya tofauti yanalenga kukabiliana na masuala ya mazungumzo kati ya wanasayansi na wahojiwa, mageuzi ya njia za uwakilishi za waigizaji mwishoni mwa majadiliano haya na athari za mbinu za kupima uchafuzi wa mazingira (na athari zake kwa afya) kuhusu jinsi ya kuzalisha sayansi katika mazingira ya Afrika Magharibi.  <\/p>\n<h5 class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Maneno muhimu<\/h5>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Uchafuzi wa mazingira, moto wa majumbani, mpito wa nishati, taaluma mbalimbali, mbinu katika kukabiliana na ulimwengu katika mpito<\/p>\n<p class=\"font_9 wixui-rich-text__text\">[1] Vitendo vya Kupunguza Uchafuzi wa Hewa kwa Megacities barani Afrika ni mradi unaofadhiliwa na Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Utafiti na matokeo ya ushirikiano kati ya Chuo Kikuu cha F\u00e9lix-Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny cha Abidjan na vyuo vikuu na maabara za Ufaransa (Toulouse, Paris). Kwa habari zaidi, angalia tovuti:  <u class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\"><\/u><u class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\"><a class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.apimama.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.apimama.org\/<\/a><\/u><u class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\"> <\/u>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <div id=\"bgLayers_comp-lq4x0ab8\" class=\"MW5IWV\">\n<div id=\"bgMedia_comp-lq4x0ab8\" class=\"VgO9Yg\"> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"comp-lq4x0ab94__8ebfe6b7-6851-4406-955f-dce3de5f05ab\" class=\"HcOXKn c9GqVL QxJLC3 lq2cno comp-lq4x0ab94 wixui-rich-text\">\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\"><strong class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u064a\u062f\u062c\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\"><strong class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 (APIMAMA)[1] \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0645\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b (ANR) \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u064f\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0651\u0629 (OMS). \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0651\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0651\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0646\u062c\u0632\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2000 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0637\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b[\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629].  <\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">\u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0632\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062a\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u064a\u062f\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u062a \u062f\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0627 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0651\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u062a\u0647. \u0641\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 (APIMAMA) \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0646\u0651 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b. \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 (\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0651\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 [\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629] \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0652\u0648\u064e\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0628\u064e\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 [\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646] \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b (\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u064e\u062c \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 [\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629] \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627.    <\/p>\n<h5 class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d<\/h5>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b- \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a- \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u2013 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u2013 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644<\/p>\n<p class=\"font_9 wixui-rich-text__text\">[1] \u0623\u064a\u0628\u0645\u0627\u0646 (APIMANA) \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 : \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 (Air) \u2013 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b (Pollution)- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b (Mitigation) \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 . \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u064f\u0645\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062b\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0647 (F\u00e9lix-Houphou\u00e9t-Boigny) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u064a\u062f\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0632. \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a:\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:   <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t                    <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38498fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"38498fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff89d56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff89d56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En Afrique de l\u2019Ouest, la pollution atmosph\u00e9rique au sein des grandes villes est un enjeu de sant\u00e9 publique majeur. Depuis une vingtaine d\u2019ann\u00e9es, des campagnes de mesure sur les aires urbaines ouest-africaines (\u00e0 Abidjan, Dakar, Cotonou, Conakry, par exemple) ont permis de mettre en \u00e9vidence que les populations de ces villes \u00e9taient soumises \u00e0 de hauts niveaux de pollution atmosph\u00e9rique, parfois largement sup\u00e9rieurs aux valeurs limites pr\u00e9conis\u00e9es par l\u2019OMS (Liousse et al., 2022). D\u2019apr\u00e8s des estimations, la pollution de l\u2019air ext\u00e9rieur, en particulier les particules fines PM2,5 (diam\u00e8tre inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 2,5 microm\u00e8tres), entra\u00eene la mort pr\u00e9matur\u00e9e d\u2019un million de personnes en Afrique (pers. com., N\u2019Datchoh et al., 2023). Les m\u00e9canismes d\u2019action des particules fines sur la sant\u00e9 se produisent \u00e0 plusieurs endroits du corps (les poumons, le sang, le c\u0153ur, le cerveau, le syst\u00e8me vasculaire) et peuvent conduire \u00e0 des maladies graves (bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive, maladies neurod\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ratives, syndromes respiratoires) (Medina et al., 2016). La combustion de la biomasse est l\u2019une des principales sources anthropiques de la pollution de l\u2019air en Afrique (Lelieveld et al., 2015), avec le trafic automobile, les industries, les feux de savane et le br\u00fblage des d\u00e9chets. Ces sources anthropiques s\u2019associent \u00e0 d\u2019autres sources naturelles telles que les poussi\u00e8res d\u00e9sertiques (Evans et al., 2018). L\u2019accroissement d\u00e9mographique tr\u00e8s important dans la r\u00e9gion devrait encore consid\u00e9rablement augmenter cette pollution (Liousse et al., 2014). En 1900, la densit\u00e9 de peuplement en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest \u00e9tait de cinq habitants par km\u00b2, en 2010 elle est pass\u00e9e \u00e0 cinquante et les projections montrent qu\u2019elle sera comprise entre quatre-vingt-dix et cent-quinze en 2030, ce qui \u00e9quivaut \u00e0 une multiplication par dix-huit en vingt ans2 . Selon les estimations, le nombre d\u2019habitants devrait \u00eatre de 7,773 millions \u00e0 Abidjan, 6,046 millions \u00e0 Dakar, 24,239 millions \u00e0 Lagos et 3,362 millions et 3,134 millions pour Accra et Conakry, respectivement (Doumbia et al., 2018).\u00a0<\/p><p>Afin de limiter la d\u00e9gradation de la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019air des m\u00e9tropoles d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest, le programme scientifique interdisciplinaire franco-ivoirien APIMAMA exp\u00e9rimente des solutions d\u2019att\u00e9nuation des polluants atmosph\u00e9riques en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. Il se focalise sur la pollution issue de la combustion de bois\/charbon de bois et r\u00e9alise des \u00e9tudes micro-\u00e9chelles \u00e0 Yopougon, la commune la plus peupl\u00e9e de la m\u00e9tropole d\u2019Abidjan3 . Le recours aux ressources en bois pour la cuisson domestique y est majoritaire et structure fortement le quotidien des habitants et de l\u2019\u00e9conomie locale. Nombreuses sont les professions qui d\u00e9pendent de sa production, de son transport et de sa vente. D\u2019apr\u00e8s une \u00e9tude r\u00e9alis\u00e9e en 2021, le bois\/charbon de bois repr\u00e9sente 86,4 % de la consommation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique des m\u00e9nages du pays (Commission africaine de l\u2019\u00e9nergie, 2021). D\u00e8s 1993, le gouvernement ivoirien a instaur\u00e9 une politique de \u00ab butanisation \u00bb afin de r\u00e9duire la consommation de bois et de diffuser largement le gaz au sein des foyers (Cedeao, 2016) par le biais de subventions (Kouadio, 2019). Les bouteilles de gaz, appel\u00e9es \u00ab fait-tout4 \u00bb, sont venues offrir une alternative \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique accessible, sans n\u00e9anmoins faire dispara\u00eetre le bois\/charbon de bois au sein de la capitale, toujours utilis\u00e9 pour des raisons \u00e9conomiques, culturelles, ou li\u00e9es aux pratiques culinaires.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p><p>Le programme APIMAMA se concentre sur trois cohortes de femmes utilisant des bioressources de fa\u00e7on quotidienne pour diff\u00e9rents usages : la cuisine domestique ou la restauration, le fumage du poisson sur sites traditionnels, la fabrication du charbon de bois. La perspective de travailler sur trois groupes diff\u00e9rents de femmes s\u2019explique, d\u2019une part, parce que la r\u00e9partition des t\u00e2ches domestiques et professionnelles en fonction du genre met les femmes au premier plan quant \u00e0 l\u2019achat, au transport et \u00e0 l\u2019usage des ressources (Coquery-Vidrovitch, 2013) ; d\u2019autre part, parce qu\u2019une \u00e9tude ant\u00e9rieure a montr\u00e9 que l\u2019appartenance \u00e0 un groupe professionnel ou \u00e0 un statut social avait des incidences sur l\u2019exposition aux fum\u00e9es et sur la perception du risque (Becerra et al., 2020). Enfin, APIMAMA opte pour une perspective d\u2019\u00e9tude dite de \u00ab recherche-action \u00bb, dans la mesure o\u00f9 le but est de tester l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 de foyers et de fours am\u00e9lior\u00e9s5 offerts par l\u2019\u00e9quipe de recherche pour r\u00e9duire l\u2019exposition aux fum\u00e9es, am\u00e9liorer l\u2019\u00e9tat de sant\u00e9 et diminuer les d\u00e9penses d\u2019achat de combustible pour ces femmes.<\/p><p>Dans cet article, le projet APIMAMA est abord\u00e9 via une posture de sociologie des sciences. Ses objets de recherche, ses m\u00e9thodes, ses objectifs et les modalit\u00e9s de production des r\u00e9sultats sont report\u00e9s et analys\u00e9s ici afin de mettre en exergue ce qu\u2019il incarne. Le projet s\u2019inscrit d\u2019abord dans une question scientifique r\u00e9cente (la pollution atmosph\u00e9rique des capitales africaines), o\u00f9 les coordinatrices du projet ont eu un r\u00f4le pr\u00e9curseur via leur participation et le pilotage de diff\u00e9rentes recherches d\u00e9di\u00e9es. Il a donc pour lignes directrices celles recommand\u00e9es par ses pr\u00e9d\u00e9cesseurs, dont il tire un certain h\u00e9ritage, mais engage toutefois une rupture importante : il ne se contentera plus d\u2019un \u00e9tat des lieux sur la pollution atmosph\u00e9rique, il ira comprendre comment elle s\u2019incarne sociologiquement, pour r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir, ensuite, \u00e0 des moyens de la r\u00e9duire. Une m\u00e9thodologie collaborative franco-ivoirienne, interdisciplinaire et participative a \u00e9t\u00e9 choisie parce que seule une approche crois\u00e9e des disciplines et des regards allait pouvoir r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 ces enjeux enchev\u00eatr\u00e9s de pratiques sociales, d\u2019expositions individuelles aux pollutions et de sant\u00e9 publique. La m\u00e9thode est int\u00e9ressante pour les possibilit\u00e9s de dialogues qu\u2019elle ouvre entre cultures, sciences et milieux sociaux. C\u2019est sur la base de ces diff\u00e9rents dialogues et du d\u00e9roulement du projet scientifique, restitu\u00e9s ici et utilis\u00e9s comme t\u00e9moignages, qu\u2019est propos\u00e9e l\u2019analyse.<\/p><p>On d\u00e9couvre par exemple que la notion de \u00ab pollution atmosph\u00e9rique \u00bb est, sous cette formulation, inconnue des enqu\u00eat\u00e9es, ce qui r\u00e9v\u00e8le de prime abord un d\u00e9calage entre la repr\u00e9sentation du probl\u00e8me par les chercheurs et la leur. Mais cette m\u00e9connaissance ne signifie pas que le sens de pollution n\u2019existe pas dans leur quotidien, l\u2019enjeu devient ainsi de d\u00e9passer ces difficult\u00e9s de traduction et de questionner les repr\u00e9sentations du monde que portent en eux les concepts et les limites de leur utilisation. C\u2019est gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la r\u00e9appropriation par les femmes des sujets discut\u00e9s lors des entretiens que l\u2019on d\u00e9couvre leur rapport \u00e0 la pollution, aux bioressources et dans quelle mesure leur environnement social conditionne la gestion des pollutions urbaines. L\u2019article s\u2019int\u00e9resse enfin aux outils scientifiques, ici le capteur d\u2019analyse de qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019air, un prototype con\u00e7u pour mesurer l\u2019exposition des femmes aux particules fines polluantes contenues dans les fum\u00e9es de combustion auxquelles elles sont expos\u00e9es. Les caract\u00e9ristiques de ce capteur, ainsi que le protocole mis en place pour r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer les donn\u00e9es, ont contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 construire le rapport entre chercheurs et enqu\u00eat\u00e9es.\u00a0<\/p><p>Les informations pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es dans cet article proviennent de trois sources : des observations men\u00e9es lors de diff\u00e9rentes campagnes de terrain depuis mai 2022 jusqu\u2019\u00e0 aujourd\u2019hui, des extraits d\u2019entretiens semi-directifs r\u00e9alis\u00e9s en mai 2022 avec des femmes utilisant le bois\/charbon de bois pour des usages domestiques ou de commerce, enfin, d\u2019un entretien avec Catherine Liousse, coordinatrice du projet, directrice de recherche au CNRS, physico-chimiste en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest depuis une vingtaine d\u2019ann\u00e9es.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8dd8a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8dd8a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 4\"><div class=\"section\"><div class=\"layoutArea\"><div class=\"column\"><h2>He\u0301ritage scientifique<br \/>et singularite\u0301 d\u2019APIMAMA<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3>G\u00e9n\u00e9alogie des recherches sur la<br \/>pollution atmosph\u00e9rique en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest<\/h3><p>Les recherches sur la pollution atmosph\u00e9rique urbaine en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00e9merger fin des ann\u00e9es 1990, d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 2000. Jusqu\u2019alors, la recherche \u00e9tait principalement consacr\u00e9e \u00e0 la composition chimique de l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re ouest-africaine en lien avec les poussi\u00e8res d\u00e9sertiques et les feux de savane en milieu rural. C\u2019est ce qu\u2019explique Catherine Liousse, directrice de recherche au CNRS et coordinatrice d\u2019APIMAMA, lors d\u2019un entretien r\u00e9alis\u00e9 en mai 2023 :<\/p><blockquote><p><span style=\"font-style: normal;\">\u00ab Je suis repartie travailler en Afrique \u00e0 partir de 2000. En 2005, on a eu un gros projet qui s\u2019appelait Amma6 sur la mousson africaine et j\u2019y ai \u00e9t\u00e9 justement pour mes connaissances sur les \u00e9missions. On a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 un nouvel inventaire d\u2019\u00e9mission par les feux de savane, etc. On \u00e9tait toujours \u00e0 distance des villes, or, dans cette m\u00eame ann\u00e9e 2005, avec mes coll\u00e8gues, on a \u00e9t\u00e9 amen\u00e9s \u00e0 se dire : on atterrit dans des villes, l\u00e0 c\u2019\u00e9tait Cotonou au B\u00e9nin et on voit bien qu\u2019il y a un probl\u00e8me de la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019air. On a fait une exp\u00e9rience compl\u00e8tement opportune dans ces ann\u00e9es-l\u00e0 [\u2026] et on n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9\u00e7us des r\u00e9sultats : des concentrations tr\u00e8s importantes, une sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 des \u00e9missions africaines avec les deux-roues. \u00bb<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote><p>L\u2019\u00e9quipe de physico-chimistes de l\u2019actuel projet a particip\u00e9 aux premi\u00e8res grandes enqu\u00eates de mesures men\u00e9es dans les villes africaines7 , comme le programme Polca8 (2004) qui s\u2019int\u00e9ressait aux concentrations de polluants gazeux et particulaires \u00e0 Bamako et Dakar. Ses r\u00e9sultats ont montr\u00e9 des concentrations en PM2,5 et PM10 jusqu\u2019\u00e0 quatre fois sup\u00e9rieures aux valeurs limites de l\u2019OMS. Catherine Liousse codirigeait ce programme, ainsi qu\u2019une th\u00e8se (Doumbia, 2012) consacr\u00e9e aux effets sanitaires de l\u2019exposition aux polluants qui a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 des effets toxicologiques inflammatoires sur les cellules humaines. Elle commence alors \u00e0 alerter la communaut\u00e9 scientifique de la situation urbaine en Afrique lors de conf\u00e9rences internationales.<\/p><p>La m\u00eame \u00e9quipe a ensuite collabor\u00e9 sur le projet DACCIWA[9] . Financ\u00e9 par l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne et conduit par des laboratoires d\u2019Europe centrale et d\u2019Afrique, le programme s\u2019\u00e9tale sur quatre ans, entre 2014 et 2018. Plusieurs campagnes de terrain et collectes de donn\u00e9es sont men\u00e9es en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, au Ghana, au Togo, au B\u00e9nin et au Nig\u00e9ria. Elles prennent pour axes de recherches : les concentrations et les sources de pollution atmosph\u00e9rique, les impacts sur la sant\u00e9, la m\u00e9t\u00e9orologie et le climat, et enfin les perspectives \u00e0 long terme de l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re dans le sud de l\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest (Evans et al., 2018). Les r\u00e9sultats de DACCIWA ont directement influenc\u00e9 APIMAMA : des mesures de PM2,5 effectu\u00e9es \u00e0 Abidjan et Cotonou sur des sites de br\u00fblage des d\u00e9chets, aux abords des routes ou \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 de feux domestiques, ont montr\u00e9 que toutes les concentrations mesur\u00e9es d\u00e9passaient les seuils limites recommand\u00e9s par l\u2019OMS de 10 \u03bcg\/m-3 en moyenne annuelle et de 25 \u03bcg\/m-3 en moyenne journali\u00e8re, avec des variabilit\u00e9s selon les saisons s\u00e8ches et les saisons des pluies. En outre, l\u2019\u00e9quipe de sociologues arriv\u00e9e en cours de programme (Sylvia Becerra, Alain Bonnassieux et Marie Belland) montre que l\u2019exposition est directement li\u00e9e au statut social des femmes, la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des moyens de production (les fours) permettant \u00e0 celles plus ais\u00e9es de rel\u00e9guer les t\u00e2ches les plus directement en lien avec la pollution \u00e0 des aides salari\u00e9es ou non, de statut inf\u00e9rieur (Becerra et al., 2020).<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_16252\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16252\" style=\"width: 1590px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-16252 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Capture-decran-2025-11-16-a-13.56.17.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1590\" height=\"1122\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16252\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1 : Concentration moyenne mensuelle de PM2,5 observe\u0301e a\u0300 Abidjan et Cotonou.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e81e1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9e81e1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La ligne pointill\u00e9e indique la concentration limite recommand\u00e9e par l\u2019OMS en moyenne annuelle. La ligne en traits discontinus indique la concentration limite recommand\u00e9e par l\u2019OMS en moyenne sur 24 heures. Source : Evans et al. (2018) \u00ab Conclusion du projet DACCIWA \u00e0 l\u2019intention des d\u00e9cideurs \u00bb.<\/p><h3>L\u2019ide\u0301e de cre\u0301er APIMAMA,<br \/>un programme de recherche-action interdisciplinaire et participatif<\/h3><p>En 2018, apr\u00e8s DACCIWA, plusieurs chercheurs envisagent de faire \u00e9voluer leurs recherches et s\u2019int\u00e9ressent \u00e0 la possibilit\u00e9 de travailler sur des strat\u00e9gies de r\u00e9duction. Le futur projet APIMAMA est alors imagin\u00e9 et con\u00e7u sur les bases d\u2019une m\u00e9thodologie interdisciplinaire et participative. Au moment du premier d\u00e9p\u00f4t aupr\u00e8s d\u2019instituts de financements, le projet a \u00e9t\u00e9 qualifi\u00e9 par un \u00e9valuateur de \u00ab projet d\u2019ONG \u00bb. Il expliquait que conduire un travail visant \u00e0 tester l\u2019apport de solutions pour des populations \u00e9tait l\u2019apanage des ONG et pas celui des scientifiques. La critique a, en premi\u00e8re intention, fait r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir la coordinatrice sur sa posture de scientifique. Elle s\u2019est rassur\u00e9e lorsqu\u2019au second d\u00e9p\u00f4t, les retours \u00e9taient \u00e9logieux justement sur le protocole interdisciplinaire et participatif propos\u00e9. Sur le choix de la m\u00e9thode, elle explique :<\/p><blockquote><p><span style=\"font-style: normal;\">Par rapport \u00e0 la question pos\u00e9e, tu ne peux pas \u00eatre seul physico-chimiste \u00e0 y r\u00e9pondre, tu ne peux pas \u00eatre seul sociologue \u00e0 y r\u00e9pondre, etc. Je pense que c\u2019est ensemble qu\u2019on peut r\u00e9pondre [\u2026] Sur la mise en place de solutions : peut-\u00eatre qu\u2019un physico-chimiste va te dire que le foyer [am\u00e9lior\u00e9] est mieux, mais s\u2019il n\u2019est pas utilis\u00e9 et pourquoi, il ne le sait pas. Sur la sant\u00e9, on dit qu\u2019il y a un risque [\u2026], mais finalement on n\u2019a jamais fait des analyses de sang avant\/apr\u00e8s pour savoir [\u2026] L\u00e0 on va vraiment le mesurer dans le sang.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote><p>La participation des enqu\u00eat\u00e9es est imagin\u00e9e \u00e0 travers plusieurs m\u00e9canismes : faire s\u2019impliquer diff\u00e9rentes femmes dans la r\u00e9alisation du projet (pour la m\u00e9diation, la vulgarisation, la logistique) ; conduire ce dernier en partenariat avec un groupe pilote constitu\u00e9 de repr\u00e9sentants de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile et de diverses institutions de l\u2019\u00c9tat ; interroger les participantes au sujet de l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat des solutions techniques propos\u00e9es et sur leurs besoins en amont, pendant et en aval de l\u2019apport de ces solutions. Une derni\u00e8re dimension, non \u00e9crite dans le projet ANR, s\u2019est impos\u00e9e comme une valeur importante : la volont\u00e9 de cr\u00e9er une relation de confiance et de proximit\u00e9 avec les femmes enqu\u00eat\u00e9es. Pour la directrice de recherche, c\u2019est essentiel et cela participe au bon d\u00e9roul\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00e9tude. Elle pense que les femmes appr\u00e9cient de se sentir au sein d\u2019un groupe uni, solidaire, dans lequel elles s\u2019investissent et ont un r\u00f4le \u00e0 jouer :<\/p><blockquote><p><span style=\"font-style: normal;\">Enqu\u00eatrice : \u00ab Est-ce que la relation entre les chercheurs et les enqu\u00eat\u00e9es agit sur la fa\u00e7on de faire la science ? \u00bb <br \/>Catherine Liousse : \u00ab Oui [\u2026] tout \u00e0 fait. On est un groupe avec les m\u00eames ressentis [\u2026]. Quand on a distribu\u00e9 les foyers [am\u00e9lior\u00e9s], tu avais cette bienveillance collective qui \u00e9tait incroyable. Je m\u2019y attache [grandement], j\u2019ai [pens\u00e9] : \u00ab\u00a0on est un groupe et faut montrer qu\u2019on est un groupe uni\u00a0\u00bb, je pense que \u00e7a, elles appr\u00e9cient [beaucoup]. J\u2019ai entendu \u00ab\u00a0Pourquoi tu y vas \u00e0 6 heures du matin alors que c\u2019est des prises de sang ?\u00a0\u00bb Bah non, c\u2019est pas comme \u00e7a, les dames elles attendent que tu sois l\u00e0. [\u2026] M\u00eame si c\u2019est pas toi qui fais les prises de sang et que toi tu vas intervenir un peu plus tard. [\u2026] Je pense que les gens sont sensibles en face. \u00bb<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote><p>L\u2019investissement se manifeste aussi de fa\u00e7on spontan\u00e9e, \u00e0 l\u2019initiative des femmes elles-m\u00eames. Par exemple, lors d\u2019une r\u00e9union de pr\u00e9sentation de l\u2019\u00e9tude au groupe qui utilise le bois pour la cuisine domestique et la restauration, l\u2019une des femmes se l\u00e8ve, saisit un capteur d\u2019analyse de l\u2019air, le met autour de son bras et d\u00e9file devant les autres pour amuser la galerie (avec succ\u00e8s). En sortant de la r\u00e9union, on l\u2019interroge sur son geste et sur son envie de faire rire, elle r\u00e9pond :<\/p><blockquote><p><span style=\"font-style: normal;\">\u00ab Non, ce n\u2019\u00e9tait pas pour faire rire. En fait, je veux montrer \u00e0 mes s\u0153urs, tu sais [\u2026] c\u2019est l\u2019Afrique, hein. Quand il y a quelque chose, on dit \u00e7a prend beaucoup d\u2019ampleur. Donc j\u2019ai port\u00e9 \u00e7a pour leur montrer que ce n\u2019est pas quelque chose qui est lourd [\u2026], c\u2019est adaptable, tu fais tout ce que tu veux avec. [\u2026] En fait je veux les encourager de porter l\u2019appareil pour voir, pour nous-m\u00eames, notre sant\u00e9. \u00bb<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote><p>Ces moments d\u2019\u00e9coute et d\u2019observation des situations informelles, des techniques pour faire avancer le projet, de tous les ajustements, rebondissements, appuis et \u00e9checs, permettent de contextualiser les r\u00e9sultats produits dans une dynamique, une histoire, parce que, \u00ab il n\u2019y a rien dans la science faite, qui n\u2019ait \u00e9t\u00e9 un jour dans la science incertaine et vivante \u00bb (Latour, 2010).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3bcf1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c3bcf1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les e\u0301tudes coloniales et postcoloniales<br>sur la production des savoirs occidentaux en Afrique<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b5abdc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3b5abdc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les \u00e9tudes coloniales et postcoloniales se sont saisies de la question de la production des savoirs en Afrique. Plusieurs postures critiques, n\u00e9es avec l\u2019\u00e9mancipation issue des colonisations, sont \u00e9voqu\u00e9es ici. Elles mettent au jour la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de questionner le scientifique sur la port\u00e9e de ses \u00e9tudes, ses objectifs, ses r\u00e9f\u00e9rences et les conditions de sa r\u00e9alisation. Aux 19e et 20e si\u00e8cles, \u00ab le d\u00e9veloppement des connaissances scientifiques est \u00e9troitement associ\u00e9 au processus de colonisation, le premier devant assurer l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 du second \u00bb. N\u00e9anmoins \u00ab l\u2019approfondissement de la connaissance du terrain et le d\u00e9veloppement de r\u00e9seaux scientifiques ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 une prise de distance critique vis-\u00e0-vis des repr\u00e9sentations et des politiques coloniales \u00bb (Blanc, 2022, p. 309). En parall\u00e8le, les scientifiques, litt\u00e9raires et penseurs africains se sont lev\u00e9s contre les repr\u00e9sentations de l\u2019Afrique v\u00e9hicul\u00e9es par les sciences occidentales. Ils d\u00e9non\u00e7aient ces sciences comme une entrave \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9mancipation et au respect des cultures africaines. L\u2019une des critiques port\u00e9es par les mouvements de d\u00e9colonisation visait l\u2019ethnocentrisme occidental des savoirs produits, en l\u2019occurrence : \u00ab L\u2019apport original des recherches postcoloniales, c\u2019est de nous rappeler \u00e0 l\u2019ordre : aussi lucide et rigoureux soit-on, il est quasi impossible de se d\u00e9faire de sa propre subjectivit\u00e9 qui rel\u00e8ve aussi du point de vue o\u00f9 l\u2019on est situ\u00e9 dans le temps et dans l\u2019espace. \u00bb (Coquery-Vidrovitch, 2012, p. 7). Pour Florian Alix (2008), il y aurait une filiation entre les th\u00e8ses de Michel Foucault, qui : \u00ab cherchant \u00e0 d\u00e9finir les conditions de possibilit\u00e9 du savoir, [\u2026] montre qu\u2019elles sont d\u00e9termin\u00e9es par une situation du \u00abchamp \u00e9pist\u00e9mologique\u00bb, qui se transforme avec le temps \u00bb et Edward Wadie Sa\u00efd, dans la mesure o\u00f9 : \u00ab l\u2019un des arguments clefs des recherches d\u2019E. W. Said [\u2026] r\u00e9side dans la collusion entre le discours scientifique et le pouvoir colonial : non seulement l\u2019orientalisme et l\u2019africanisme viennent justifier la conqu\u00eate et la colonisation, mais ils sont plus profond\u00e9ment ce qui les rend intelligibles. \u00bb (Alix, 2008).<\/p><p>Le savoir est donc une entit\u00e9 d\u00e9pendante d\u2019un champ \u00e9pist\u00e9mologique, r\u00e9sultante d\u2019une collusion entre discours scientifique et pouvoir, et il est tr\u00e8s difficile (voire impossible ?) de se d\u00e9tacher de sa propre subjectivit\u00e9 lorsque l\u2019on produit de la science. C\u2019est \u00e0 partir de ces diff\u00e9rents constats qu\u2019il a sembl\u00e9 indispensable d\u2019engager une analyse du projet scientifique dans lequel des sociologues \u00e9taient engag\u00e9s. Le projet se consacre \u00e0 la pollution atmosph\u00e9rique en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, dans un contexte politique et social au sein duquel cet objet n\u2019a pas la m\u00eame histoire qu\u2019en contexte europ\u00e9en ou fran\u00e7ais. Si l\u2019on prend en consid\u00e9ration les \u00e9tudes cit\u00e9es pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment, situer les savoirs permet de mettre en avant les formes de repr\u00e9sentations du monde qu\u2019ils pr\u00e9supposent. Dans la mesure o\u00f9 le projet APIMAMA vise \u00e0 promouvoir des solutions concr\u00e8tes au probl\u00e8me de la pollution atmosph\u00e9rique, il confronte des scientifiques africains et occidentaux aux modes de repr\u00e9sentations sp\u00e9cifiques des populations auxquelles ils souhaitent apporter des solutions. La confrontation de ces ordres de repr\u00e9sentations donne naissance \u00e0 des situations d\u2019incompr\u00e9hension o\u00f9 les mots ne nomment pas les choses de la m\u00eame fa\u00e7on, de d\u00e9calage entre les probl\u00e8mes sur lesquels on se propose d\u2019agir (ici la pollution) et ceux qui sont les plus urgents pour les populations (pr\u00e9carit\u00e9, ins\u00e9curit\u00e9). Le d\u00e9passement de ces paradoxes devient alors un moyen de communication entre ces mondes, ceux de la recherche et de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile, ceux africains et europ\u00e9ens, ceux des milieux ais\u00e9s et des milieux pr\u00e9caires, qui tirent de l\u2019effort d\u2019avoir cherch\u00e9 une traduction, un t\u00e9moignage du fait que leurs propres savoirs sont situ\u00e9s selon la position qu\u2019ils occupent. L\u2019enjeu qui vient par la suite est de donner une repr\u00e9sentativit\u00e9 au savoir d\u2019autrui, dans la constitution de son propre savoir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-736125e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"736125e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Questionner ses savoirs,<br>repr\u00e9senter ceux d\u2019autrui et \u00e9valuer ses outils<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4884238 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4884238\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les savoirs sur la pollution atmosph\u00e9rique,<br>des enjeux linguistiques et de qu\u00eate de sens<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ed64e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0ed64e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En avril 2022 a eu lieu la premi\u00e8re campagne de sociologie. Une trentaine d\u2019entretiens ont \u00e9t\u00e9 men\u00e9s avec des femmes r\u00e9sidant dans diff\u00e9rents quartiers de Yopougon \u00e0 Abidjan. Lors des entretiens, diff\u00e9rentes questions ont \u00e9t\u00e9 pos\u00e9es : \u00ab Pour vous, qu\u2019est-ce que la pollution de l\u2019air ? \u00bb ; \u00ab O\u00f9 respire-t-on le moins bien \u00e0 Abidjan ? \u00bb ; \u00ab Quelles sont les principales causes de la pollution ? \u00bb ; \u00ab Quels peuvent \u00eatre les effets de la pollution sur l\u2019environnement ? \u00bb. Rapidement, les questions sur la pollution et l\u2019environnement ont sembl\u00e9 inappropri\u00e9es. Le mot \u00ab pollution \u00bb \u00e9tait souvent inconnu pour elles, plusieurs \u00e9taient perdues, g\u00ean\u00e9es, se sentaient m\u00eame parfois en situation d\u2019inf\u00e9riorit\u00e9. Elles disaient ne pas \u00ab ma\u00eetriser le langage des blancs \u00bb ou le \u00ab gros fran\u00e7ais \u00bb, le fran\u00e7ais qui d\u00e9signe, selon elles, celui parl\u00e9 en France ou dans les beaux quartiers d\u2019Abidjan. Elles nous percevaient comme des chercheuses blanches \u00e9loign\u00e9es de leur monde[9]. Nous avons d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de mener ces entretiens en bin\u00f4mes fran\u00e7ais-ivoiriens pour pr\u00e9venir ces incompr\u00e9hensions. Cette strat\u00e9gie s\u2019est montr\u00e9e efficace et a pu faciliter le dialogue. La \u00ab pollution de l\u2019air \u00bb a laiss\u00e9 place \u00e0 \u00ab l\u2019air qui est g\u00e2t\u00e9 \u00bb : \u00ab g\u00e2t\u00e9 \u00bb est un mot commun\u00e9ment utilis\u00e9 pour d\u00e9signer des choses en mauvais \u00e9tat.<\/p><p>L\u2019utilisation de stratag\u00e8mes de traduction n\u2019a pas r\u00e9solu l\u2019enjeu plus complexe de faire parler ces femmes au sujet de probl\u00e9matiques ou de constats qu\u2019elles ne connaissent pas. Par exemple, plusieurs autres questions portaient sur les cons\u00e9quences de l\u2019air ambiant et urbain[10]\u00a0sur la sant\u00e9 en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral. Quasiment aucune d\u2019entre elles ne savait que l\u2019air ambiant \u00e9tait un risque chronique qui avait des cons\u00e9quences sur la sant\u00e9, ni que leur ville \u00e9tait concern\u00e9e. En revanche, elles ont senti que la fum\u00e9e est un danger pour elles, pour les autres, et elles souffrent de plusieurs effets : g\u00eanes, douleurs physiques, cons\u00e9quences relationnelles, maladies[11]. Elles se plaignent surtout de douleurs thoraciques et de probl\u00e8mes aux yeux qui sont des sympt\u00f4mes caract\u00e9ristiques de l\u2019exposition aux particules pr\u00e9sentes dans les fum\u00e9es de combustion selon la litt\u00e9rature scientifique (Kafando et al., 2019). L\u2019une t\u00e9moigne des cons\u00e9quences \u00e0 long terme, visibles chez les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es : \u00ab C\u2019est au village que je peux faire exemple parce que nos mamans, leurs cuisines c\u2019est fum\u00e9e, donc fum\u00e9e fait que \u00e7a casse leurs yeux. [\u2026] Fum\u00e9e l\u00e0, \u00e7a donne la toux, \u00e7a peut te tuer, \u00e7a fait que nos mamans [ne] vieillissent pas et puis voil\u00e0, [c\u2019est] la mort[12]. \u00bb\u00a0<\/p><p>L\u2019outil principal de ces enqu\u00eates \u00e9tait une grille d\u2019entretien visant \u00e0 produire un \u00ab indice de culture du risque \u00bb (ICR) au sujet de la pollution atmosph\u00e9rique (Becerra et al., 2020). La d\u00e9marche d\u2019analyse de la culture du risque est un travail fr\u00e9quent des institutions aupr\u00e8s des populations (Girard, 2013). L\u2019indice, dans le cas pr\u00e9sent, est une note attribu\u00e9e \u00e0 des individus et des groupes qui traduit leurs connaissances, repr\u00e9sentations, strat\u00e9gies de protection et visions du futur vis-\u00e0-vis de certains risques ou enjeux, recueillis dans des entretiens approfondis. Il est possible d\u2019aboutir ensuite \u00e0 des comparaisons interpersonnelles, intergroupes et de donner, \u00e0 partir de d\u00e9terminants socioculturels, une explication aux attitudes risqu\u00e9es ou pr\u00e9ventives des groupes et des individus. Compte tenu des d\u00e9calages expliqu\u00e9s pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment entre l\u2019objet des questions des entretiens ICR et les r\u00e9ponses obtenues (m\u00e9connaissance de la pollution atmosph\u00e9rique urbaine et de ses cons\u00e9quences sanitaires, entre autres), nous avons adapt\u00e9 l\u2019outil initial. Plut\u00f4t que de persister \u00e0 leur poser des questions dont elles ne comprenaient pas le sens, nous avons d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de laisser les \u00e9changes prendre de nouvelles orientations, plus ax\u00e9es sur les pollutions qu\u2019elles consid\u00e8rent comme importantes et envers lesquelles elles agissent, avec les r\u00e8gles de leur environnement social.\u00a0<\/p><p>Les principales sources de pollution cit\u00e9es sont les suivantes : la remont\u00e9e des eaux sales et la stagnation des eaux (ce sont des r\u00e9servoirs \u00e0 bact\u00e9ries et \u00e0 moustiques avec un risque pour la sant\u00e9), les d\u00e9chets vers\u00e9s au sol et le d\u00e9bordement des containers par manque de ramassage (les d\u00e9chets attirent des animaux ind\u00e9sirables : mouches, rats, insectes, tout en d\u00e9gageant de mauvaises odeurs, bouchant les canalisations et emp\u00eachant l\u2019\u00e9vacuation des eaux us\u00e9es), les v\u00e9hicules vieillissants (surtout ceux qui rejettent des fum\u00e9es noires) et la criminalit\u00e9, l\u2019ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 (risques d\u2019agressions et de vols). Elles \u00e9voquent aussi les traumatismes v\u00e9cus lors de la guerre civile ivoirienne de 2002-2011, Yopougon ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 le th\u00e9\u00e2tre d\u2019affrontements et de meurtriers entre les camps Gbagbo et Ouattara (Pal\u00e9, 2017) :<\/p><blockquote><p><span style=\"font-style: normal;\">Enqu\u00eatrice : \u00ab Connaissez-vous des personnes malades \u00e0 cause de la pollution de l\u2019air ? \u00bb<br \/>Enqu\u00eat\u00e9e : \u00ab Quand il y a eu la guerre l\u00e0 [\u2026] j\u2019ai eu une maladie de cadavres, l\u2019odeur m\u2019a pris, je toussais. Je tousse, toute ma t\u00eate sent comme pourriture de corps, viande. Je sens l\u2019odeur de l\u2019homme qui est entr\u00e9e dans moi. [\u2026] Yopougon \u00e9tait grave. Pendant la crise, ils ont tu\u00e9 des personnes, il y avait des personnes pourries de partout. Il y avait des odeurs qui montaient. Ils ne ramassaient pas les cadavres. \u00bb<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote><p>Souvent, elles ont recours \u00e0 l\u2019expression : \u00ab On est dedans \u00bb, comme pour d\u00e9signer un tout : le fait d\u2019habiter un quartier pr\u00e9caire, d\u2019\u00eatre oblig\u00e9es d\u2019utiliser du bois\/ charbon de bois par manque d\u2019argent pour s\u2019offrir du gaz, de faire des activit\u00e9s qui n\u2019ouvrent pas de perspectives de sortie de la pr\u00e9carit\u00e9. L\u2019expression utilis\u00e9e montre que cette situation est v\u00e9cue comme un ensemble dont les parties s\u2019influencent :<\/p><blockquote><p><span style=\"font-style: normal;\">Tu peux pas \u00eatre l\u00e0 et quelqu\u2019un va quitter ailleurs pour venir nous voler[13]. Souvent on prend des bouteilles de gaz\u2026 en tous cas le mat\u00e9riel qu\u2019on prend pour travailler, on va venir nous le voler. On va s\u2019adresser \u00e0 qui ? On a pas un coin o\u00f9 aller s\u2019adresser pour qu\u2019on vient nous aider. Les bouteilles de gaz, y\u2019en avaient deux, ils les ont vol\u00e9es, c\u2019est la raison pour laquelle nous sommes sur l\u2019utilisation du bois. Si on avait une deuxi\u00e8me bouteille de gaz, on aurait pu avancer vite vite[14], mais l\u2019autre bouteille, ils l\u2019ont pris[15].<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote><p>Cette restauratrice explique qu\u2019\u00e0 cause du vol de sa bouteille de gaz, elle est oblig\u00e9e de cuisiner sur du bois. Cette situation est insatisfaisante pour elle dans la mesure o\u00f9 le bois n\u2019est pas efficace et la restreint dans la quantit\u00e9 de nourriture qu\u2019elle va pouvoir produire. Elle ne souhaite pas investir de nouveau dans une bouteille de gaz parce qu\u2019elle est convaincue qu\u2019elle finira par \u00eatre vol\u00e9e. De plus, elle n\u2019a nulle part o\u00f9 aller pour d\u00e9noncer ce vol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0fc9a9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0fc9a9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Modes de r\u00e9gulation de la pollution<br>en ville et strat\u00e9gies de pr\u00e9vention<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e284375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e284375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La gestion des sources de pollution en ville est prise en charge par les habitants et habitantes du quartier. \u00c0 chaque foyer revient la responsabilit\u00e9 de nettoyer devant sa porte et un peu plus loin devant chez soi afin que le quartier soit propre. Dans les cas o\u00f9 \u00ab un coin est sale \u00bb, certaines femmes du quartier peuvent s\u2019adresser aux habitantes aux alentours pour leur demander de nettoyer, m\u00eame si la plupart \u00e9vitent parce qu\u2019elles ne veulent pas \u00ab faire de palabres \u00bb [cr\u00e9er de disputes]. Les fum\u00e9es de cuisson aussi sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme des nuisances de voisinage, lorsqu\u2019en allumant le fourneau, le d\u00e9part de feu produit trop de fum\u00e9es. Nettoyer devant chez soi, ne pas verser d\u2019eau partout, jeter ses d\u00e9chets aux endroits appropri\u00e9s, ces pratiques sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9es par les femmes qui les r\u00e9alisent comme des pratiques de bonne \u00e9ducation[16].    <\/p>\n<p>Les femmes fumeuses de poisson ne disposent pas de moyens de protection ou d\u2019\u00e9quipement leur permettant de se prot\u00e9ger de la fum\u00e9e des fours. Elles tentent d\u2019apaiser les sympt\u00f4mes et pr\u00e9venir les risques de maladie en buvant du lait concentr\u00e9 ou du lait naturel. Lors des entretiens, le lait produit par la marque \u00ab Bonnet Rouge \u00bb est fr\u00e9quemment cit\u00e9. C\u2019est ce que relataient d\u00e9j\u00e0 Becerra et al. (2020) dans leur article issu d\u2019enqu\u00eates sociologiques conduites pendant le projet DACCIWA. Il est difficile \u00e0 ce jour de savoir d\u2019o\u00f9 provient cette croyance au sujet du lait, puisqu\u2019aucune campagne promotionnelle faisant mention de propri\u00e9t\u00e9s th\u00e9rapeutiques envers la fum\u00e9e n\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 retrouv\u00e9e (Belland, 2017). Les femmes fumeuses expliquent le recours au lait parce que ce dernier \u00ab lave le c\u0153ur \u00bb (Belland, 2017) et \u00ab fait cesser la toux \u00bb (Jossinet, 2021). Au cours de cette enqu\u00eate, les sociologues avaient constat\u00e9 une autre strat\u00e9gie, celle de \u00ab transfert du risque \u00bb. Les femmes fumeuses propri\u00e9taires des fours et install\u00e9es durablement dans la profession emploient des contractuelles et apprenties qui fument le poisson pour elles. Cela leur permet de passer moins de temps au-dessus du four et de se consacrer \u00e0 d\u2019autres activit\u00e9s, la vente du poisson fum\u00e9 notamment.        <\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3008\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3008\" style=\"width: 1920px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3007 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/526d98_fb54d3bce7e449ffbd8575ce7f6019d8mv2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/526d98_fb54d3bce7e449ffbd8575ce7f6019d8mv2.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/526d98_fb54d3bce7e449ffbd8575ce7f6019d8mv2-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/526d98_fb54d3bce7e449ffbd8575ce7f6019d8mv2-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/526d98_fb54d3bce7e449ffbd8575ce7f6019d8mv2-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/526d98_fb54d3bce7e449ffbd8575ce7f6019d8mv2-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3008\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo 1 : Le lait de la marque \u00ab Bonnet Rouge \u00bb.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3963e25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3963e25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cr\u00e9dit : Marine Scandella, march\u00e9 de Sipores, Yopougon, d\u00e9cembre 2022. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6972da3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6972da3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>La pr\u00e9carit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique comme facteur d\u2019exposition<br>aux risques urbains et de d\u00e9pendance aux bioressources<\/h3>\n<p>\u00c0 Yopougon et comme par ailleurs \u00e0 Abidjan, les motifs du recours au bois et au charbon de bois sont tr\u00e8s vari\u00e9s : au sein des classes les plus privil\u00e9gi\u00e9es, le bois et le charbon de bois qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 abandonn\u00e9s au quotidien au profit du gaz peuvent \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s ponctuellement pour la pr\u00e9paration de certains plats traditionnels africains ; au sein des classes pr\u00e9caires, certains m\u00e9nages se servent uniquement du gaz, d\u2019autres utilisent les deux simultan\u00e9ment, choisissant le gaz pour les cuissons rapides et le charbon pour les cuissons lentes ; et pour les personnes les plus pauvres, le co\u00fbt d\u2019achat d\u2019une bouteille de gaz repr\u00e9sente un investissement trop important dont elles ne disposent pas. Bois et charbon de bois sont aussi des ressources indispensables pour plusieurs secteurs professionnels artisanaux, de restauration et de vente (Diarrassouba &amp; Tahoux Touao, 2006). Les usages li\u00e9s \u00e0 ces ressources se produisent donc dans diff\u00e9rents milieux sociaux qui leur attribuent des qualit\u00e9s tr\u00e8s distinctes. Dans le cas des femmes pr\u00e9caires de Yopougon, le bois et le charbon de bois sont \u00e0 la fois un symbole de leur pr\u00e9carit\u00e9 et un indispensable \u00e0 leur survie. Mais ils sont aussi un marqueur culturel fort : le bois \u00e9tait utilis\u00e9 par leurs m\u00e8res, il permet de pr\u00e9parer leurs plats quotidiens, elles en ach\u00e8tent dans les march\u00e9s o\u00f9 la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 se rencontre, etc. La perspective d\u2019apporter des foyers am\u00e9lior\u00e9s peut \u00eatre, \u00e0 ce titre, un moyen de ne pas les couper de ces racines culturelles, ils permettraient seulement de r\u00e9duire leurs d\u00e9penses pour qu\u2019elles soient allou\u00e9es \u00e0 des achats dont elles se priveraient.     <\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3010\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3010\" style=\"width: 1920px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3009 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/526d98_11c4eccdabca41bca1b1964cf67b1228mv2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/526d98_11c4eccdabca41bca1b1964cf67b1228mv2.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/526d98_11c4eccdabca41bca1b1964cf67b1228mv2-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/526d98_11c4eccdabca41bca1b1964cf67b1228mv2-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/526d98_11c4eccdabca41bca1b1964cf67b1228mv2-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/526d98_11c4eccdabca41bca1b1964cf67b1228mv2-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3010\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo 2 : Une vendeuse de charbon de bois pr\u00e9pare un sac de 500 francs CFA. Cette quantit\u00e9 permet de pr\u00e9parer quelques repas.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f3eb6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f3eb6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cr\u00e9dit : Marine Scandella, march\u00e9 de Sipores, Yopougon, d\u00e9cembre 2022.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e25c88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7e25c88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les outils scientifiques constitutifs<br>des rapports entre scientifiques et enqu\u00eat\u00e9es<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76a2838 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76a2838\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Au cours d\u2019une campagne de terrain de d\u00e9cembre 2022, les femmes ont effectu\u00e9 le premier cycle du protocole de recherche interdisciplinaire : examens et questionnaires de sant\u00e9, mesures physico-chimiques, enqu\u00eates sociologiques. L\u2019ensemble des exp\u00e9riences seront reproduites un an apr\u00e8s avoir re\u00e7u les foyers am\u00e9lior\u00e9s, pour comparer, apr\u00e8s introduction de ces outils de cuisson, si la quantit\u00e9 de polluants auxquelles elles sont expos\u00e9es a baiss\u00e9, si leur \u00e9tat de sant\u00e9 s\u2019est am\u00e9lior\u00e9, si l\u2019apport de nouvelles solutions de cuisson a modifi\u00e9 leurs pratiques, et en quoi la participation \u00e0 l\u2019enqu\u00eate a modifi\u00e9 leur perception des dangers des fum\u00e9es de cuisson. Elles ont re\u00e7u \u00e0 cette occasion le capteur individuel d\u2019analyse de la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019air, \u00e0 porter sur le bras pendant un mois, qui permet de mesurer en continu la quantit\u00e9 de PM2,5 respir\u00e9e.<\/p><p>Ces types de capteurs sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement reli\u00e9s \u00e0 internet pour leur d\u00e9marrage, la r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration des donn\u00e9es, etc. L\u2019\u00e9quipe scientifique a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 des capteurs adapt\u00e9s sp\u00e9cialement pour le projet APIMAMA, consid\u00e9rant que la majorit\u00e9 des femmes ne disposaient ni de smartphones, ni de cr\u00e9dit, ni de r\u00e9seau fiable sur les zones qu\u2019elles fr\u00e9quentent, des conditions indispensables au transfert des donn\u00e9es. En pratique, cela n\u00e9cessitait que les scientifiques se rendent souvent sur place pour deux raisons : v\u00e9rifier l\u2019\u00e9tat de fonctionnement des appareils et r\u00e9aliser le d\u00e9chargement des donn\u00e9es. Une \u00ab permanence APIMAMA \u00bb a donc \u00e9t\u00e9 mise en place, ouverte tous les lundis et les jeudis matin pendant un mois dans la salle commune de la chefferie.<\/p><p>Ces permanences consistaient \u00e0 demander aux femmes les activit\u00e9s quotidiennes qu\u2019elles avaient effectu\u00e9es et si le capteur semblait avoir dysfonctionn\u00e9[17]. Elles recevaient aussi leurs indemnit\u00e9s de participation \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude. Jug\u00e9 initialement comme un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 contraignant par l\u2019\u00e9quipe, la crainte \u00e9tait que ces permanences soient mal v\u00e9cues par les femmes. L\u2019une des physico-chimistes qui ont tenu ces permanences atteste, au contraire, que le fait de demander aux femmes leurs activit\u00e9s quotidiennes avait \u00e9t\u00e9 per\u00e7u par plusieurs comme une manifestation de notre int\u00e9r\u00eat pour elles. La fr\u00e9quence des \u00e9changes a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 renforcer les liens et \u00e0 cr\u00e9er des formes de sympathie. Pour d\u2019autres femmes et selon cette m\u00eame chercheuse, raconter syst\u00e9matiquement leur journ\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9tail pouvait \u00eatre difficile, surtout pour les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es.<\/p><p>\u00c0 travers ce r\u00e9cit, on constate que les outils sont aussi repr\u00e9sentatifs des savoirs qu\u2019ils produisent. Ils ont la capacit\u00e9 d\u2019engendrer des relations entre chercheurs et enqu\u00eat\u00e9es, et agissent sur la perception que ces derni\u00e8res ont de l\u2019\u00e9tude \u00e0 laquelle elles participent.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3012\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3012\" style=\"width: 847px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3011 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/526d98_79d656aa1dab461d98fde8d1ee9d3ae0mv2.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"847\" height=\"1505\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/526d98_79d656aa1dab461d98fde8d1ee9d3ae0mv2.webp 847w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/526d98_79d656aa1dab461d98fde8d1ee9d3ae0mv2-169x300.webp 169w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/526d98_79d656aa1dab461d98fde8d1ee9d3ae0mv2-576x1024.webp 576w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/526d98_79d656aa1dab461d98fde8d1ee9d3ae0mv2-768x1365.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 847px) 100vw, 847px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3012\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo 3 : Kouadio Antoinette, repr\u00e9sentante du quartier au sein de la commune de Yopougon pr\u00e9sente le capteur d\u2019analyse de l\u2019air lors d\u2019une assembl\u00e9e.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff70f00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff70f00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cr\u00e9dit : Marine Scandella, Yopougon, d\u00e9cembre 2022.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3365ee4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3365ee4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f8d677 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f8d677\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La baisse de la consommation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique dans le contexte du changement climatique est un enjeu central car les \u00e9nergies fa\u00e7onnent les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s qui en d\u00e9pendent et conditionnent leur existence. Qu\u2019est-ce que les femmes de Yopougon apportent \u00e0 cette r\u00e9flexion ? Cette enqu\u00eate sur le bois et le charbon de bois \u00e0 Abidjan montre qu\u2019au sein des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s urbaines d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest, l\u2019\u00e9nergie n\u2019est pas compl\u00e8tement d\u00e9sincarn\u00e9e. Elle occupe une place importante dans le quotidien des habitants. Les femmes se d\u00e9placent pour aller chercher du charbon, elles le payent cher, s\u2019exposent \u00e0 des dangers \u00e0 long terme en faisant la cuisine, et beaucoup sont d\u00e9pendantes de ces ressources parce qu\u2019elles sont vuln\u00e9rables \u00e9conomiquement. Cette perspective ouest-africaine est pr\u00e9cieuse pour penser le futur \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique dans un contexte de changements globaux.     <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d9184d e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2d9184d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7fd8c3 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a7fd8c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les auteurs<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38b0172 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-link-in-bio\" data-id=\"38b0172\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"link-in-bio.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio e-link-in-bio\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image e-link-in-bio__identity-image-profile has-style-circle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Marine-Scandella--225x300.jpg\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image-element\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Marine-Scandella--225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Marine-Scandella-.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"e-link-in-bio__heading\">Marine Scandella<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"e-link-in-bio__title\">Doctoral student in sociology of risks and the Environment, CNRS, GET laboratory (G\u00e9osciences Environnement Toulouse),<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-link-in-bio__description\">Certop laboratory (Work Organization Power Study and Research Center), Toulouse, France<\/p>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icons has-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon is-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a aria-label=\"Email\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-link\" href=\"mailto:marine.scandella@get.omp.eu?subject=Contact%20from%20GA%20Bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-svg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__ctas has-type-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/marine-scandella\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener \" class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta is-type-button has-corners-rounded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVoir le profil complet\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99b2da1 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-link-in-bio\" data-id=\"99b2da1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"link-in-bio.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio e-link-in-bio\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image e-link-in-bio__identity-image-profile has-style-circle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Veronique-Yoboue--225x300.jpg\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image-element\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Veronique-Yoboue--225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Veronique-Yoboue-.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"e-link-in-bio__heading\">V\u00e9ronique Yobou\u00e9<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"e-link-in-bio__title\">Professeure et vice-pr\u00e9sidente de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix-Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icons has-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon is-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a aria-label=\"Email\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-link\" href=\"mailto:yobouev@hotmail.com?subject=Contact%20from%20GA%20Bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-svg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__ctas has-type-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/veronique-yoboue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener \" class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta is-type-button has-corners-rounded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVoir le profil complet\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d1736b ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-link-in-bio\" data-id=\"7d1736b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"link-in-bio.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio e-link-in-bio\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image e-link-in-bio__identity-image-profile has-style-circle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Sylvia-Becerra--225x300.jpg\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image-element\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Sylvia-Becerra--225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Sylvia-Becerra-.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"e-link-in-bio__heading\">Sylvia Becerra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"e-link-in-bio__title\">Sociologue des risques et de l\u2019environnement, charg\u00e9e de recherche, CNRS, laboratoire GET, Toulouse, France<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icons has-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon is-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a aria-label=\"Email\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-link\" href=\"mailto:sylvia.becerra@get.omp.eu?subject=Contact%20from%20GA%20Bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-svg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__ctas has-type-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/sylvia-becerra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener \" class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta is-type-button has-corners-rounded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVoir le profil complet\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9939678 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-link-in-bio\" data-id=\"9939678\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"link-in-bio.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio e-link-in-bio\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image e-link-in-bio__identity-image-profile has-style-circle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Catherine-Liousse--225x300.jpg\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image-element\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Catherine-Liousse--225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Catherine-Liousse-.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"e-link-in-bio__heading\">Catherine Liousse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"e-link-in-bio__title\">Directrice de recherche au CNRS, affect\u00e9e au Laero, laboratoire d\u2019a\u00e9rologie, Observatoire Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es, Toulouse, France<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icons has-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon is-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a aria-label=\"Email\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-link\" href=\"mailto:cathy.leal-liousse@aero.obs-mip.fr?subject=Contact%20from%20GA%20Bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-svg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__ctas has-type-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/authors\/catherine-liousse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener \" class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta is-type-button has-corners-rounded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVoir le profil complet\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fa1844 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-link-in-bio\" data-id=\"8fa1844\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"link-in-bio.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio e-link-in-bio\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image e-link-in-bio__identity-image-profile has-style-circle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Geoffrey-Carrere--225x300.jpg\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image-element\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Geoffrey-Carrere--225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Geoffrey-Carrere-.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"e-link-in-bio__heading\">Geoffrey Carr\u00e8re<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"e-link-in-bio__title\">Ma\u00eetre de conf\u00e9rences en sociologie \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Toulouse 2 Jean-Jaur\u00e8s, laboratoire Certop, Toulouse, France<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icons has-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon is-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a aria-label=\"Email\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-link\" href=\"mailto:geoffrey.carrere@univ-tlse2.fr?subject=Contact%20from%20GA%20Bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-svg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__ctas has-type-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/geoffrey-carrere\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener \" class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta is-type-button has-corners-rounded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVoir le profil complet\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c026f9b ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-link-in-bio\" data-id=\"c026f9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"link-in-bio.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio e-link-in-bio\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image e-link-in-bio__identity-image-profile has-style-circle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Ruth-Vanie--225x300.jpg\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image-element\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Ruth-Vanie--225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Ruth-Vanie-.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"e-link-in-bio__heading\">Ruth Vani\u00e9<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"e-link-in-bio__title\">\u00c9tudiante en master de g\u00e9ographie humaine et \u00e9conomique, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix-Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icons has-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon is-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a aria-label=\"Email\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-link\" href=\"mailto:victoiredivine2019@gmail.com?subject=Contact%20from%20GA%20Bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-svg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__ctas has-type-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/ruth-vanie\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener \" class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta is-type-button has-corners-rounded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVoir le profil complet\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca44f9b ignoretoc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ca44f9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9galement dans ce num\u00e9ro<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08ab0bf elementor-grid-1 elementor-grid-tablet-1 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-posts--show-avatar elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"08ab0bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:27,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_tablet_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_mobile_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.posts_cards_pp_authors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-posts_cards_pp_authors elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15271 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-revue author-global-africa\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1200\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Issue-10-\u2013-Global-AfricaProtective-Knowledges-The-Wisdom-to-Protect-.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-15268\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tNum\u00e9ro 10 \u2013 Global Africa\u00ab Savoirs protecteurs, savoir prot\u00e9ger \u00bb\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Num\u00e9ro 10 \u2013 Global Africa\u00ab Savoirs protecteurs, savoir prot\u00e9ger \u00bb\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tGlobal Africa\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15509 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-analyses-critiques author-karine-collette-fr author-ibrahima-ba-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14990\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41.png 527w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41-210x300.png 210w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 527px) 100vw, 527px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tTerre-M\u00e8re : trace discursive d\u2019une \u00e9mancipation \u00e9cologique au Nord et au Sud ?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Terre-M\u00e8re : trace discursive d\u2019une \u00e9mancipation \u00e9cologique au Nord et au Sud ?\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tKarine Collette, Ibrahima Ba\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15517 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-champ author-cheikh-sadibou-sakho-fr author-masengesho-kamuzinzi-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.18.04.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14982\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\t\u00ab We Heal Together \u00bb, un savoir protecteur par excellence qui s\u2019inspire de l\u2019h\u00e9ritage africain, o\u00f9 les responsabilit\u00e9s envers soi et envers autrui sont indissociables\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur \u00ab We Heal Together \u00bb, un savoir protecteur par excellence qui s\u2019inspire de l\u2019h\u00e9ritage africain, o\u00f9 les responsabilit\u00e9s envers soi et envers autrui sont indissociables\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tCheikh Sadibou Sakho, Masengesho Kamuzinzi\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15523 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-analyses-critiques author-cheikh-sadibou-sakho-fr author-ndeye-laity-ndiaye-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.17.22.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14992\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tIt Takes a Village! (R\u00e9)inventer la mise \u00e0 l\u2019abri des survivantes de violences sexuelles au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal<br>Pistes \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience du centre Kullimaaroo de Ziguinchor\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur It Takes a Village! (R\u00e9)inventer la mise \u00e0 l\u2019abri des survivantes de violences sexuelles au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal&lt;br&gt;Pistes \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience du centre Kullimaaroo de Ziguinchor\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tCheikh Sadibou Sakho, Nd\u00e8ye La\u00efty Ndiaye\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e590199 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e590199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dd1381 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-adv-tabs\" data-id=\"3dd1381\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-adv-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div data-scroll-on-click=\"no\" data-scroll-speed=\"300\" id=\"eael-advance-tabs-3dd1381\" class=\"eael-advance-tabs eael-tabs-horizontal eael-tab-auto-active  responsive-vertical-layout\" data-tabid=\"3dd1381\">\n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-nav \">\n                <ul class=\"eael-tab-inline-icon\" role=\"tablist\">\n                                            <li id=\"pour-citer-larticle-\" class=\"active-default eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-quote-left\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Pour citer l&rsquo;article :<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"notes\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"notes-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-notes-medical\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Notes<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"bibliographie\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"bibliographie-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-book\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Bibliographie<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                    \n                                  <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-content\">\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item active-default\" data-title-link=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <h5 class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">APA<\/h5>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Scandella, M., Yobou\u00e9, V., Becerra, S., Liousse, C., Carr\u00e8re, G., &amp; Vani\u00e9, R. (2023). R\u00e9duire la pollution de l\u2019air \u00e0 Abidjan : de l\u2019ambition scientifique \u00e0 la fabrique du terrain. <em class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\">Global Africa<\/em>, (4), pp. 229-242. <\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\"><a class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/nwj8-mg47\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/nwj8-mg47<\/a><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">MLA<\/h5>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Scandella, Marine et al. \u00ab R\u00e9duire la pollution de l\u2019air \u00e0 Abidjan : de l\u2019ambition scientifique \u00e0 la fabrique du terrain \u00bb. <em class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\">Global Africa<\/em>, no. 4, 2023, p. 229-242. doi.org\/10.57832\/nwj8-mg47  <\/p>\n<h5 class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">DOI<\/h5>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\"><a class=\"wixui-rich-text__text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/nwj8-mg47\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/nwj8-mg47<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">\u00a9 2023 by author(s). This work is openly licensed via CC BY-NC 4.0 <\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"notes-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"notes-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <ol>\n<li>[1] \u00ab Par contraste, l\u2019Europe et la Chine ont vu leurs populations multipli\u00e9es seulement par cinq en quatre si\u00e8cles (entre 1500 et 1900), ce qui, dans un contexte d\u2019espace disponible important (Am\u00e9riques, Afrique\u2026), leur a laiss\u00e9 le temps et l\u2019espace pour s\u2019adapter. \u00bb (Courtin &amp; Guengant, 2011).<\/li>\n<li>Yopougon is home to 1.5 million of the 5 million inhabitants of the Abidjan metropolis (Institut national de la statistique [INS], C\u00f4te d&rsquo;Ivoire, 2021).<\/li>\n<li>[3] Des bouteilles de gaz surmont\u00e9es d\u2019un repose-plat sur lequel est dispos\u00e9e directement la marmite.<\/li>\n<li>[4] \u00ab Un foyer am\u00e9lior\u00e9 est un dispositif de cuisson des aliments construit pour utiliser le bois-\u00e9nergie tout comme le foyer ouvert traditionnel, mais plus \u00e9conome en bois-\u00e9nergie et moins polluant. \u00bb (Kitoto, 2018, p. 3).<\/li>\n<li>[5] Analyse multidisciplinaire de la mousson africaine. \u00ab Le projet international Amma d\u2019initiative fran\u00e7aise a pour objectif d\u2019am\u00e9liorer la connaissance et la compr\u00e9hension de la mousson d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest [\u2026]. Le projet est motiv\u00e9 par la forte variabilit\u00e9 des pr\u00e9cipitations associ\u00e9e \u00e0 ce syst\u00e8me de mousson, une s\u00e9cheresse d\u2019une ampleur in\u00e9gal\u00e9e ailleurs dans le monde au cours de la fin du 20e si\u00e8cle et notre incapacit\u00e9 \u00e0 rendre compte correctement de ces ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes dans les mod\u00e8les de climat. \u00bb (Lebel &amp; Redelsperger, 2007).  <\/li>\n<li>[6] Il y avait n\u00e9anmoins et simultan\u00e9ment d\u2019autres travaux pionniers faits par des r\u00e9seaux de scientifiques anglophones, comme au Ghana. Voir Arku et al., 2008. <\/li>\n<li>[7] Pollution des capitales africaines.<\/li>\n<li>[8] Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud-Interactions in West Africa.<\/li>\n<li>[9] Ce que nous sommes, \u00e0 plusieurs titres.<\/li>\n<li>[10] Parfois appel\u00e9 \u00ab smog \u00bb.<\/li>\n<li>[11] Plusieurs femmes fumeuses de poisson ont t\u00e9moign\u00e9 du fait qu\u2019en finissant leur travail elles portaient encore une odeur de fum\u00e9e, forte et difficile \u00e0 faire partir, avec des cons\u00e9quences sur leur relation de couple.<\/li>\n<li>[12] Extrait d\u2019entretien r\u00e9alis\u00e9 le 18 mai 2022 \u00e0 Yopougon aupr\u00e8s d\u2019une femme au foyer \u00e2g\u00e9e de 60 ans.<\/li>\n<li>[14] Quand elle parle d\u2019\u00ab avancer vite \u00bb, elle fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 son travail de femme restauratrice. Le vol de la bouteille de gaz l\u2019emp\u00eache de pouvoir vendre plus de plats. <\/li>\n<li>[15] Extrait d\u2019entretien r\u00e9alis\u00e9 le 10 mai 2022 \u00e0 Yopougon aupr\u00e8s d\u2019une femme de 32 ans, restauratrice au sein du quartier.<\/li>\n<li>[16] Compte-rendu d\u2019entretiens men\u00e9s en mai 2022 sur les modalit\u00e9s de gestion de la pollution en ville.<\/li>\n<li>[17] Les descriptions des activit\u00e9s quotidiennes sont recueillies afin d\u2019\u00eatre mises en discussion avec les mesures de PM2,5. Cette m\u00e9thode va permettre d\u2019identifier les lieux et les activit\u00e9s qui les exposent \u00e0 un air plus ou moins pollu\u00e9. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"bibliographie-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"bibliographie-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Alix, F. (2008). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Foucault d\u00e9plac\u00e9\u202f: R\u00e9\u00e9criture chez E.W. Said et V.Y. Mudimbe.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> ENS Lyon. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/malfini.ens-lyon.fr\/document.php?id=124#ftn1)\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">http:\/\/malfini.ens-lyon.fr\/document.php?id=124 &#8211; ftn1)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <\/span> <\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Arku, R. E., Vallarino, J., Dionisio, K. L., Willis, R., Choi, H., Wilson, J. G., Hemphill, C., Agyei-Mensah, S., Spengler, J. D., Ezzati, M., (2008). Characterizing air pollution in two low-income neighborhoods in Accra, Ghana.  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Science of the Total Environment<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">402<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(2-3), 217-31. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.04.042\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.04.042<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Becerra, S., Belland, M., Bonnassieux, A., Liousse, C. (2020). \u00ab\u00a0Living with\u00a0\u00bb air pollution in Abidjan (Ivory Coast): A study of risk culture and silent suffering in three occupational areas.  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Health, Risk &amp; Society<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">22<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(1), 86-106. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13698575.2020.1721443\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13698575.2020.1721443<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Belland, M. (2017). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pollution de l\u2019air et culture du risque \u00e0 Abidjan. \u00c9tude de trois professions \u00e9voluant sur des sites fortement pollu\u00e9s \u00e0 Abidjan <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> [M\u00e9moire, Science Po Toulouse, Geosciences Environnement Toulouse, Laboratoire d\u2019A\u00e9rologie, Universit\u00e9 Paul Sabatier].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ECOWAS Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency. (2016).  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National action plan for renewable energies (PANER)<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Ivory Coast. Period 2016-2020\/2030.  <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.se4allafrica.org\/fileadmin\/uploads\/se4all\/Documents\/Country_PANER\/CO%CC%82TE_D%E2%80%99IVOIRE_Plan_d_Actions_National_pour_les_Energies_Renouvelables.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.se4allafrica.org\/fileadmin\/uploads\/se4all\/Documents\/Country_PANER\/CO%CC%82TE_D%E2%80%99IVOIRE_Plan_d_Actions_National_pour_les_Energies_Renouvelables.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">African Energy Commission (Afrec). (2021).  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">African Energy Balances and Indicators<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. African Union, p. 68. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/au.int\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/41603-doc-Bilans_Energetiques_Africains_FR_24-02-20221.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/au.int\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/41603-doc-Bilans_Energetiques_Africains_FR_24-02-20221.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Coquery-Vidrovitch, C. (2013). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">African Women: History of Sub-Saharan African Women from the 19<\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">th<\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the 20<\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">th<\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Century<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. La D\u00e9couverte. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/dec.coque.2013.02\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/dec.coque.2013.02<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Courtin, F., &amp; Guengant, J.-P. (2011). A Century of Settlement in West Africa. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Natures Sciences Societies<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">19<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(3), 256-265. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/nss\/2011146\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/nss\/2011146<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Diarrassouba, D., &amp; Tahoux Touao, M. (2006). The Commercialization of Charcoal in the Abidjan Department.  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Revue de G\u00e9ographie tropicale et d\u2019Environnement<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, (6), pp. 99-124. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/docplayer.fr\/35757524-La-commercialisation-du-charbon-de-bois-dans-le-departement-d-abidjan-summary.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/docplayer.fr\/35757524-La-commercialisation-du-charbon-de-bois-dans-le-departement-d-abidjan-summary.html<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Doumbia, E. H. T. (2012). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Physico-chemical characterization of urban atmospheric pollution in West Africa and health impact study<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Theses, Paul Sabatier University &#8211; Toulouse III.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Doumbia, M., Tour\u00e9, N., Silu\u00e9, S., Yobou\u00e9, V., Diedhiou, A., Hauhouot, C. (2018). Emissions from the Road Traffic of West African Cities: Assessment of Vehicle Fleet and Fuel Consumption.  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Energies<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">11<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(9), 2300. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en11092300\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en11092300<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/theses.hal.science\/tel-00803545\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/theses.hal.science\/tel-00803545<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Evans, M., Knippertz, P., Akpo, A., Allan, R. P., Amekudzi, L., Brooks, B., Chiu, J. C., Coe, H., Fink, A. H., Flamant, C., Jegede, O. O., Leal-Liousse, C., Lohou, F., Kalthoff, N., Mari, C., Marsham, J. H., Yobou\u00e9, V., Zumsprekel, C. R. (2018). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Policy findings from the DACCIWA Project. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Version 1, Zenodo. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/ZENODO.1476843\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/ZENODO.1476843<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Girard, T. (2013). How does Mary Douglas think? Risk, culture and power. French ethnology,    <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">43<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(1), 137-145, Cairn.info. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/ethn.131.0137\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/ethn.131.0137<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jossinet, M. (2021). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Urban Air Pollution. Artisanal Fish Smoking in Abidjan. The Resistant Emergence of a Public Problem.  <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> [Unpublished Master&rsquo;s Thesis, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est-Cr\u00e9teil-Val-de-Marne, Universit\u00e9 Gustave-Eiffel].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kitoto, P. A. O. (June 15, 2018). Factors influencing the adoption of improved stoves in Cameroonian Sahelian urban environments.  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sustainable Development and Territories<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">9<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(2). <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/developpementdurable.12182\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/developpementdurable.12182<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kouadio, A. (2019). Approvisionnement en \u00e9nergie domestique et probl\u00e8mes environnementaux dans le district de Yamoussoukro en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire.  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Espace g\u00e9ographique et soci\u00e9t\u00e9 marocaine<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Les \u00e9nergies renouvelables<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">26. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34874\/IMIST.PRSM\/EGSM\/15048\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34874\/IMIST.PRSM\/EGSM\/15048<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kafando, B., Windinpsidi Savadogo, P., Sana, A., Bagnoa, V., Sanon, S., Kouanda, S., &amp; Sondo, B. (2019). Pollution int\u00e9rieure par les PM2,5 issues des combustibles utilis\u00e9s pour la cuisson des repas et risques sanitaires dans la ville de Ouagadougou.  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Environnement, Risques &amp; Sant\u00e9<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, 18, 245-253. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-environnement-risques-et-sante-2019-3-page-245.htm&amp;wt.src=pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-environnement-risques-et-sante-2019-3-page-245.htm&amp;wt.src=pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Latour, B. (2010). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">La science en action\u202f: Introduction \u00e0 la sociologie des sciences<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. La D\u00e9couverte\/Poche.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lebel, T., &amp; Redelsperger, J.-L. (2007, 27-28 mars). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Le projet AMMA un exemple d\u2019\u00e9tude int\u00e9gr\u00e9 et multidisciplinaire sur un syst\u00e8me climatique r\u00e9gional (Afrique de l\u2019Ouest)<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> [Conf\u00e9rence]<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 29<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">es<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> journ\u00e9es de l\u2019Hydraulique, congr\u00e8s de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 hydrotechnique de France, Lyon, Variations climatiques et hydrologie. Le climat, ses variations s\u00e9culaires et ses changements pronostiqu\u00e9s : quel impact sur l\u2019hydrologie (ressources en eau et \u00e9v\u00e9nements rares, \u00e9tiages &#8211; crues).  <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/jhydr_0000-0001_2007_act_29_1_991\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/jhydr_0000-0001_2007_act_29_1_991<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lelieveld, J., Evans, J., Fnais, M., Giannadaki, D., &amp; Pozzer, A. (2015). The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale.  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nature<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">525<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(7569), 367-371. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature15371\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature15371<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Liousse, C., Yoboue, V., Keita, S., Doumbia, T., Leon, J.-F., Adon, J., Gnamien, S., N\u2019Datchoh Toure, E., Baeza-Squiban, A., Annesi-Maesano, I., Becerra, S., Belland, M., Akpo, A., Djossou, J., Kouame, M., Ouafo, M., Assamoi, E., Bahino, J., Bonnassieux, A., Cachier, H., Dias-Alves, M., Doumbia, M., Galy-Lacaux, C., Gardrat, E., Granier, C., Ossohou, G., Roblou, L., Solmon, F., &amp; Xu, H. (2022). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Anthropogenic emissions, aerosol pollution and health in Western Africa. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[Conf\u00e9rence]<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Actes du 35<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">e<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> colloque annuel de l\u2019Association internationale de climatologie, Toulouse. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.meteo.fr\/cic\/meetings\/2022\/aic\/resumes\/sante_air_energie_liousse.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">http:\/\/www.meteo.fr\/cic\/meetings\/2022\/aic\/resumes\/sante_air_energie_liousse.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Liousse, C., Assamoi, E., Criqui, P., Granier, C., &amp; Rosset, R. (2014). Explosive growth in African combustion emissions from 2005 to 2030.  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Environmental Research Letters<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">9<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(3), 035003. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/3\/035003\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/3\/035003<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Medina, S., Pascal, M., Tillier, C. (2016). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Impacts de l\u2019exposition chronique aux particules fines sur la mortalit\u00e9 en France continentale et analyse des gains de sant\u00e9 de plusieurs sc\u00e9narios de r\u00e9duction de la pollution atmosph\u00e9rique.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Sant\u00e9 publique France, p. 12. Consult\u00e9 le 18\/02\/2023 sur  <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.santepubliquefrance.fr\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.santepubliquefrance.fr<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pal\u00e9, T. (2017). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">R\u00e9silience de victimes \u00e0 Abidjan : d\u00e9brouille de femmes apr\u00e8s la guerre civile ivoirienne<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. 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3020-0458 T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER LE NUM\u00c9RO PDF Abstract R\u00e9sum\u00e9 Muhtasari \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 APIMAMA is a research program funded by France&#8217;s Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR). It focuses on air pollution in West Africa, now recognized as a major public health issue by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is thought to be responsible for the deaths of a million people a year in Africa, against a backdrop of high demographic growth, which increases the number of polluting anthropogenic activities. Since the 2000s, scientific studies carried out in West African capitals have made it possible to characterize particularly polluting sources: wood and charcoal burning for domestic and professional cooking, automobile traffic, landfill fires, etc. This project is a continuation of studies on air pollution in Africa, focusing on particulate emissions from wood\/charcoal burning in Abidjan, C\u00f4te d&#8217;Ivoire. However, the project involves a fundamental break with the past: the aim is not only to assess and quantify air pollution, but also to propose methods for reducing it. Underpinned by an interdisciplinary and participatory research methodology, APIMAMA is conducting a survey of around 100 women overexposed to fumes from wood burning, on their practices and social representations in relation to wood resources and pollution. This is the concrete entry into the field that the article proposes to discover: knowledge and representations on the subject of atmospheric pollution, modes of pollution management in the city, motives for using wood (complex motives that articulate precariousness, socialization effects, eating and consumption habits), the effects induced by research protocols on the researcher-investee relationship. The aim of these various demonstrations is to compare the issues at stake in the dialogue between scientists and respondents, with the changes in the actors&#8217; modes of representation as a result of these discussions, and with the effects of pollution measurement methods (and their impact on health) on the way science is produced in the West African context. Keywords Pollution, domestic fires, energy transition, interdisciplinarity, methodology in response to a world in transition. APIMAMA est un programme de recherche financ\u00e9 par l\u2019Agence nationale de la recherche (ANR) en France. Il s\u2019int\u00e9resse \u00e0 la pollution atmosph\u00e9rique en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest, reconnue aujourd\u2019hui comme un enjeu de sant\u00e9 publique majeur par l\u2019Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00e9 (OMS). Elle serait en effet responsable de la mort d\u2019un million de personnes par an en Afrique, sur fond de croissance d\u00e9mographique \u00e9lev\u00e9 qui augmente le nombre d\u2019activit\u00e9s anthropiques polluantes. Depuis les ann\u00e9es 2000, les \u00e9tudes scientifiques men\u00e9es dans les capitales ouest-africaines ont permis de caract\u00e9riser des sources particuli\u00e8rement polluantes : la combustion du bois et du charbon de bois pour la cuisson des aliments \u00e0 des fins domestiques et professionnelles, le trafic automobile, les feux de d\u00e9charge, etc. Ce projet s\u2019inscrit dans la continuit\u00e9 des \u00e9tudes sur la pollution de l\u2019air en Afrique : il s\u2019int\u00e9resse aux \u00e9missions de particules issues des usages de bois\/charbon de bois \u00e0 Abidjan en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. Toutefois, le projet engage une rupture fondamentale : l\u2019objectif n\u2019est pas seulement d\u2019\u00e9valuer et de quantifier la pollution atmosph\u00e9rique mais aussi de proposer des m\u00e9thodes de r\u00e9duction de cette derni\u00e8re. \u00c9tay\u00e9 par une m\u00e9thodologie de recherche interdisciplinaire et participative, APIMAMA m\u00e8ne une enqu\u00eate aupr\u00e8s d\u2019une centaine de femmes surexpos\u00e9es aux fum\u00e9es issues de la combustion de bois, au sujet de leurs pratiques et repr\u00e9sentations sociales en lien avec les ressources en bois et la pollution. C\u2019est cette entr\u00e9e concr\u00e8te sur le terrain que l\u2019article propose de d\u00e9couvrir : les connaissances et repr\u00e9sentations au sujet de la pollution atmosph\u00e9rique, les modes de gestion des pollutions en ville, les motifs de recours au bois (des motifs complexes qui articulent pr\u00e9carit\u00e9, effets de socialisation, habitudes alimentaires et de consommation), les effets induits par les protocoles de recherche sur la relation chercheuses-enqu\u00eat\u00e9es. Ces diff\u00e9rentes d\u00e9monstrations ont pour vocation de confronter les enjeux de dialogue entre scientifiques et enqu\u00eat\u00e9es, aux \u00e9volutions des modes de repr\u00e9sentations des acteurs \u00e0 l\u2019issue de ces discussions et aux effets des m\u00e9thodes de mesure de la pollution (et ses impacts sur la sant\u00e9) sur la fa\u00e7on de produire des sciences dans le contexte ouest-africain. Mots-cl\u00e9s Pollution, feux domestiques, transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, interdisciplinarit\u00e9, m\u00e9thodologie en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 un monde en transition Kupunguza uchafuzi wa hewa mjini Abidjan Kutoka kwa matarajio ya kisayansi hadi utengenezaji wa uwanja APIMAMA[1] ni mpango wa utafiti unaofadhiliwa na Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Utafiti (ANR) nchini Ufaransa. Ana nia ya uchafuzi wa hewa katika Afrika Magharibi, inayotambuliwa leo kama suala kuu la afya ya umma na Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO). Kwa hakika inawajibika kwa vifo vya watu milioni moja kwa mwaka barani Afrika, dhidi ya hali ya juu ya ukuaji wa idadi ya watu ambayo huongeza idadi ya shughuli zinazochafua anthropogenic. Tangu miaka ya 2000, tafiti za kisayansi zilizofanywa katika miji mikuu ya Afrika Magharibi zimewezesha kubainisha vyanzo vya uchafuzi wa mazingira: uchomaji wa kuni na mkaa kwa ajili ya kupikia chakula kwa madhumuni ya nyumbani na kitaaluma, trafiki ya magari, moto wa kutokwa, nk. Mradi huu ni mwendelezo wa tafiti kuhusu uchafuzi wa hewa barani Afrika: unazingatia utoaji wa chembechembe kutoka kwa matumizi ya kuni\/mkaa huko Abidjan nchini Ivory Coast. Hata hivyo, mradi unahusisha kuondoka kwa kimsingi: lengo si tu kutathmini na kutathmini uchafuzi wa anga lakini pia kupendekeza mbinu za kupunguza. Ikiungwa mkono na mbinu ya utafiti wa kitaalamu na shirikishi, APIMAMA inafanya utafiti na takriban wanawake mia moja walio katika mazingira magumu kupita kiasi kutokana na mwako wa kuni, kuhusu desturi zao za kijamii na uwakilishi kuhusiana na rasilimali za kuni na uchafuzi wa mazingira. Ni kuingia kwa kweli kwenye uwanja ambao kifungu kinapendekeza kugundua: maarifa na uwakilishi juu ya uchafuzi wa anga, njia za kudhibiti uchafuzi wa mazingira katika jiji, sababu za kuamua kuni (sababu ngumu zinazoelezea hatari , athari za ujamaa, kula. na tabia za utumiaji), athari zinazotokana na itifaki za utafiti kwenye<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":73,"featured_media":6664,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[212],"tags":[],"issues3":[],"post_folder":[],"ppma_author":[478,480,479,476,477],"class_list":["post-10102","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-methodes","author-marine-scandella-fr","author-veronique-yoboue-fr","author-sylvia-becerra-fr","author-catherine-liousse-fr","author-geoffrey-carrere-fr"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - 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