{"id":10097,"date":"2024-12-01T14:02:51","date_gmt":"2024-12-01T14:02:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/actualites\/lagos-1980-et-le-droit-des-africain-e-s-a-la-science\/"},"modified":"2025-05-15T15:27:34","modified_gmt":"2025-05-15T15:27:34","slug":"lagos-1980-et-le-droit-des-africain-e-s-a-la-science","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/lagos-1980-et-le-droit-des-africain-e-s-a-la-science\/","title":{"rendered":"Lagos 1980 et le droit des Africain.e.s \u00e0 la science"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10097\" class=\"elementor elementor-10097\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-036a802 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"036a802\" 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href=\"\/?issues=Pan-africanism,%20African%20Research,%20and%20Global%20Challenges%20\">03.2023<br>Panafricanisme, recherche africaine et enjeux globaux<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b07a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b07a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Publi\u00e9 le : 20 septembre 2023<\/strong><br><strong>ISSN: 3020-0458<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38d84bf elementor-align-center elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"38d84bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1240\" height=\"1754\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Global-Africa-Issue-03-Pan-africanism-African-Research-and-Global-Challenges.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1087\" alt=\"Lagos 1980 and the Right of Africans to Science\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Global-Africa-Issue-03-Pan-africanism-African-Research-and-Global-Challenges.jpg 1240w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Global-Africa-Issue-03-Pan-africanism-African-Research-and-Global-Challenges-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Global-Africa-Issue-03-Pan-africanism-African-Research-and-Global-Challenges-724x1024.jpg 724w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Global-Africa-Issue-03-Pan-africanism-African-Research-and-Global-Challenges-768x1086.jpg 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa2f8e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-adv-tabs\" data-id=\"fa2f8e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-adv-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div data-scroll-on-click=\"no\" data-scroll-speed=\"300\" id=\"eael-advance-tabs-fa2f8e7\" class=\"eael-advance-tabs eael-tabs-horizontal eael-tab-auto-active  responsive-vertical-layout\" data-tabid=\"fa2f8e7\">\n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-nav \">\n                <ul class=\"eael-tab-inline-icon\" role=\"tablist\">\n                                            <li id=\"abstract\" class=\"active-default eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"abstract-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Abstract<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"rsum\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"rsum-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_France.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"muhtasari\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"muhtasari-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_Kenya.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Muhtasari<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"\" class=\"inactive 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25.985l680.71-0.4178c-7.7852 5.6044-11.868 13.788-10.769 22.066 0.8064 6.0585 7.6533 10.374 15.307 9.6263 7.6459-0.7472 13.195-6.2637 12.396-12.33l-0.3079-2.3223h40.004c0.7037 3.9048 4.6037 6.9011 9.354 6.9011s8.6502-2.9963 9.3613-6.9011h40.693v-0.095c8.4963 6.0294 19.294 9.4946 30.716 9.4946 10.747 0 19.456-7.4652 19.456-16.681v-4.8205c0-16.842-15.922-30.506-35.569-30.506\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                    \n                                  <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-content\">\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"abstract-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item active-default\" data-title-link=\"abstract-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>\/\/\/<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"rsum-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"rsum-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>\/\/\/<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"muhtasari-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"muhtasari-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>\/\/\/\n <\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>\/\/\/<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t                    <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff89d56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff89d56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Toutes les fois qu\u2019il est question de panafricanisme et de recherche africaine comme le propose ce num\u00e9ro 3 de Global Africa, il nous faut faire preuve d\u2019intelligence de premier ordre1 pour ne pas verser dans l\u2019amertume, la col\u00e8re, le d\u00e9couragement. Ainsi, quand on reconstitue l\u2019histoire du <a href=\"https:\/\/unu.edu\/merit-domain-redirect\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/Lagos-Plan-of-Action.pdf\">Plan d\u2019action de Lagos<\/a> (PAL), l\u2019une des plus ambitieuses strat\u00e9gies de d\u00e9veloppement pour le continent, ce n\u2019est pas seulement le triste sort qui lui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9serv\u00e9 qui d\u00e9concerte, mais le fait qu\u2019en d\u00e9pit de la violence de cette exp\u00e9rience, les \u00c9tats africains ne sont pas radicalement d\u00e9termin\u00e9s \u00e0 r\u00e9aliser toutes les cons\u00e9quences de sa le\u00e7on essentielle, \u00e0 savoir que le devenir africain est une responsabilit\u00e9 (pan)africaine. <\/p>\n<p>Rappelons que le PAL a \u00e9t\u00e9 adopt\u00e9 en avril 1980 lors de la conf\u00e9rence des chefs d\u2019\u00c9tat et de gouvernement de l\u2019Organisation de l\u2019unit\u00e9 africaine (OUA), \u00e0 la suite de l\u2019adoption en 1979 de la strat\u00e9gie de <a href=\"https:\/\/digitization.s3.amazonaws.com\/digibak\/Preservation%20Copies\/A-34-552-E.pdf\">Monrovia pour le d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019Afrique<\/a>. Le PAL consistait en un ensemble de mesures concr\u00e8tes pour la mise en \u0153uvre de cette strat\u00e9gie dont les piliers \u00e9taient \u00ab l\u2019autonomie collective et le d\u00e9veloppement endog\u00e8ne et autoentretenu \u00bb pour la p\u00e9riode 1980-2000. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 ensuite pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 \u00e0 la 11e session extraordinaire de l\u2019assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des Nations unies en septembre 1980, et a \u00e9t\u00e9 int\u00e9gr\u00e9 \u00e0 la strat\u00e9gie internationale pour la 3e D\u00e9cennie des Nations unies pour le d\u00e9veloppement (1981-1990). Ce texte figure parmi les gestes d\u2019une Afrique qui prend \u00e0 bras le corps tous ses probl\u00e8mes, pense sa place dans le monde, s\u2019autocritique, initie, propose, se projette, d\u00e9sire pour ses peuples.   <\/p>\n<p>Le chapitre V du PAL, qui traite sp\u00e9cifiquement de \u00ab science et technologie \u00bb, donne une s\u00e9rie de propositions dont le fil conducteur \u2013 simple mais hautement ambitieux \u2013 tient en ceci : \u00ab Les \u00c9tats membres doivent [\u2026] adopter des mesures pour assurer le d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019une base scientifique et technologique ad\u00e9quate et une application appropri\u00e9e de la science et de la technologie en vue d\u2019assurer le d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019agriculture, des transports et communications, de l\u2019industrie y compris les agro-industries connexes, la sant\u00e9 et l\u2019hygi\u00e8ne, l\u2019\u00e9nergie, le d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019\u00e9ducation et de la main-d\u2019\u0153uvre, le d\u00e9veloppement urbain et l\u2019environnement \u00bb. \u00c9l\u00e9ment remarquable, ce chapitre est le plus long du document : il fait plus de trente pages quand les autres en comptent une dizaine. Au c\u0153ur du panafricanisme de l\u2019Union africaine (UA) et de la Commission \u00e9conomique pour l\u2019Afrique (CEA) se trouve donc la conscience aigu\u00eb de l\u2019importance de la recherche et de la cr\u00e9ation de connaissances. C\u2019est aussi dans le PAL que la proposition de mobiliser des ressources nationales \u00e0 hauteur de 1 % des PIB en faveur de la science et la technologie a \u00e9t\u00e9 pos\u00e9e : \u00ab Afin de prouver leur volont\u00e9 et leur engagement politiques, les \u00c9tats membres sont instamment invit\u00e9s \u00e0 augmenter, au cours de la prochaine d\u00e9cennie, leur contribution au d\u00e9veloppement de la science et de la technique dans leurs pays jusqu\u2019\u00e0 concurrence de 1 % de leur PIB \u00bb. Des propositions fortes indiquent les pistes de financement possibles : augmentation des allocations budg\u00e9taires \u00e9tatiques, taxes sur les produits d\u2019importation, institution d\u2019un imp\u00f4t sur le chiffre d\u2019affaires brut des principales entreprises publiques et priv\u00e9es du secteur de la production, obligation faite par les gouvernements \u00e0 toutes les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s et entreprises \u00e0 participation \u00e9trang\u00e8re de consacrer un pourcentage fixe de leurs d\u00e9penses totales \u00e0 des activit\u00e9s de recherche-d\u00e9veloppement. La Banque africaine de d\u00e9veloppement (BAD) ainsi que les banques r\u00e9gionales de d\u00e9veloppement devraient quant \u00e0 elles \u00ab affecter un certain pourcentage de leurs ressources au financement de projets dans le domaine de la science et de la technique \u00bb.     &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Alors qu\u2019il promouvait l\u2019autonomie collective et une forte coop\u00e9ration intraafricaine, le PAL n\u2019a jamais pu \u00eatre v\u00e9ritablement mis en \u0153uvre, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 simplement marginalis\u00e9 et abandonn\u00e9 au profit des recettes n\u00e9olib\u00e9rales du rapport Berg de la Banque mondiale2&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/702471468768312009\/pdf\/multi-page.pdf\">(1981)<\/a> qui, se situant en totale contradiction avec Lagos, ne parle sans surprise ni de recherche ni de d\u00e9veloppement scientifique, sauf pour l\u2019agriculture \u2013 car il faut stimuler les exportations \u2013 et \u00ab les besoins en recherche \u00bb pour la sant\u00e9 tiennent tr\u00e8s exactement en trois paragraphes (sur 239 pages !), alors m\u00eame que le rapport indique en introduction que \u00ab l\u2019esp\u00e9rance de vie africaine \u00e0 la naissance [\u2026] est de loin, la plus basse de toutes les r\u00e9gions du monde \u00bb. Dans le lot de ses brutales d\u00e9vastations, les plans d\u2019ajustement structurel (PAS), qui s\u2019inspireront directement du rapport Berg et seront de fait les seules politiques publiques mises en \u0153uvre par les \u00c9tats africains les deux d\u00e9cennies qui suivront, n\u2019\u00e9pargnent pas l\u2019Universit\u00e9 africaine, la recherche africaine et les institutions de sa diffusion (presses universitaires, maisons d\u2019\u00e9dition). En 2000, la Banque elle-m\u00eame reconna\u00eetra qu\u2019elles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 des \u00e9checs et proposera des strat\u00e9gies de r\u00e9duction de la pauvret\u00e9 en lieu et place des PAS.  &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Mais la trag\u00e9die ne r\u00e9side pas tant dans cette mise \u00e0 mort du PAL et l\u2019enlisement de tout un continent dans une pauvret\u00e9 et une extraversion sans nom, mais dans le fait que cette exp\u00e9rience ne nous a pas enrichis. Nous ne sommes pas sortis de ces \u00e9preuves plus riches mais plus pauvres3 dans notre connaissance des rapports savoir-pouvoir au niveau mondial. Plus de vingt ans apr\u00e8s la cl\u00f4ture du cycle des PAS et le \u00ab retour de l\u2019\u00c9tat africain \u00bb, aucun des 55 pays du continent n\u2019a atteint l\u2019objectif des 1 %, et il n\u2019y a d\u2019autosuffisance dans aucun des domaines vis\u00e9s par le PAL, les Objectifs du mill\u00e9naire pour le d\u00e9veloppement (OMD), l\u2019Agenda 2063 ou les Objectifs de d\u00e9veloppement durable (ODD). Les strat\u00e9gies pour la science et la recherche se sont succ\u00e9d\u00e9s aux niveaux national, r\u00e9gional et continental, et en d\u00e9pit de l\u2019important dispositif institutionnel de l\u2019UA pour la recherche (voir carte 1 page 160), toutes ces structures manquent de financement d\u00e9cent et p\u00e9renne.   &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Il faut donc analyser le destin du PAL et celui du rapport Berg pour comprendre, preuves et exp\u00e9rience \u00e0 l\u2019appui, que la recherche africaine, sa conception, son financement, sa mise en \u0153uvre, sa coordination doivent \u00eatre une affaire de souverainet\u00e9 collective panafricaine et surtout de consistance politique.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Alors que le monde a pris le pas de la r\u00e9volution digitale, que les incertitudes tout comme le besoin de connaissances nouvelles sont immenses, l\u2019Afrique semble ne pas toujours prendre au s\u00e9rieux le cr\u00e9do ind\u00e9pass\u00e9 du chapitre V du PAL : formation et recherche scientifique sont des conditions n\u00e9cessaires et obligatoires du d\u00e9veloppement, leur financement est une haute priorit\u00e9. Il n\u2019y a pas de transformation possible des secteurs agricole, industriel, \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, sanitaire, d\u2019aucun domaine cl\u00e9 de la connaissance sans les ressources humaines capables de faire face \u00e0 ces d\u00e9fis et sans les institutions de recherche capables de mener des investigations d\u2019envergure et de susciter des innovations ancr\u00e9es et utiles. &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Nous disions que le conflit entre le sentiment de d\u00e9sespoir et la d\u00e9termination \u00e0 changer l\u2019ordre des choses s\u2019apaise dans les intelligences de premier ordre. C\u2019est pourquoi les communaut\u00e9s scientifiques doivent \u00eatre sur la ligne de front, aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s civiles panafricaines et alli\u00e9es, pour continuer \u00e0 porter la revendication d\u2019un droit individuel et collectif \u00e0 la science, et contraindre les \u00c9tats africains \u00e0 faire face \u00e0 leur obligation de consistance. &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Les coordonnateurs scientifiques de ce num\u00e9ro, qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 bien plus en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 : des mentors patients et rigoureux \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9rudition et \u00e0 la g\u00e9n\u00e9rosit\u00e9 exceptionnelles, nous rappellent dans ce num\u00e9ro sp\u00e9cial que le panafricanisme a toujours et d\u2019abord \u00e9t\u00e9 un projet \u00e9pist\u00e9mique. Ils ont, en plus de l\u2019accompagnement des auteur.e.s, pris langue avec des experts en charge de la recherche scientifique dans des organisations panafricaines majeures comme l\u2019UA et la Cedeao. Leur engagement et leur travail sont remarquables et nous leur t\u00e9moignons ici notre immense reconnaissance. Quant aux auteur.e.s, ils ont travaill\u00e9 sur des enjeux globaux majeurs : l\u2019inclusion, la diff\u00e9rence, les archives, les institutions panafricaines de cr\u00e9ation de connaissance, les mobilisations transnationales, d\u00e9montrant par-l\u00e0 la f\u00e9condit\u00e9 du paradigme panafricain pour penser les dynamiques africaines et mondiales.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d9184d e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2d9184d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7fd8c3 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a7fd8c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'auteur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38b0172 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-link-in-bio\" data-id=\"38b0172\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"link-in-bio.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio e-link-in-bio\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image e-link-in-bio__identity-image-profile has-style-circle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa-300x300.jpg\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image-element\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg 780w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"e-link-in-bio__heading\">Global Africa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"e-link-in-bio__title\">Le comit\u00e9 de r\u00e9daction est dirig\u00e9 par Mame-Penda Ba,<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-link-in-bio__description\"> professeure en sciences politiques \u00e0 l&#039;Universit\u00e9 Gaston Berger.<\/p>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icons has-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon is-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a aria-label=\"Email\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-link\" href=\"mailto:redaction@globalafricapress.org?subject=Contact%20from%20GA%20Bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-svg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__ctas has-type-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/global-africa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener \" class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta is-type-button has-corners-rounded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVoir le profil complet\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca44f9b ignoretoc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ca44f9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9galement dans ce num\u00e9ro<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08ab0bf elementor-grid-1 elementor-grid-tablet-1 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-posts--show-avatar elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"08ab0bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:27,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_tablet_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_mobile_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.posts_cards_pp_authors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-posts_cards_pp_authors elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15271 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-revue author-global-africa\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1200\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Issue-10-\u2013-Global-AfricaProtective-Knowledges-The-Wisdom-to-Protect-.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-15268\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tNum\u00e9ro 10 \u2013 Global Africa\u00ab Savoirs protecteurs, savoir prot\u00e9ger \u00bb\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Num\u00e9ro 10 \u2013 Global Africa\u00ab Savoirs protecteurs, savoir prot\u00e9ger \u00bb\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tGlobal Africa\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15509 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-analyses-critiques author-karine-collette-fr author-ibrahima-ba-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14990\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41.png 527w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41-210x300.png 210w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 527px) 100vw, 527px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tTerre-M\u00e8re : trace discursive d\u2019une \u00e9mancipation \u00e9cologique au Nord et au Sud ?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Terre-M\u00e8re : trace discursive d\u2019une \u00e9mancipation \u00e9cologique au Nord et au Sud ?\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tKarine Collette, Ibrahima Ba\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15517 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-champ author-cheikh-sadibou-sakho-fr author-masengesho-kamuzinzi-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.18.04.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14982\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\t\u00ab We Heal Together \u00bb, un savoir protecteur par excellence qui s\u2019inspire de l\u2019h\u00e9ritage africain, o\u00f9 les responsabilit\u00e9s envers soi et envers autrui sont indissociables\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur \u00ab We Heal Together \u00bb, un savoir protecteur par excellence qui s\u2019inspire de l\u2019h\u00e9ritage africain, o\u00f9 les responsabilit\u00e9s envers soi et envers autrui sont indissociables\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tCheikh Sadibou Sakho, Masengesho Kamuzinzi\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15523 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-analyses-critiques author-cheikh-sadibou-sakho-fr author-ndeye-laity-ndiaye-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.17.22.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14992\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tIt Takes a Village! (R\u00e9)inventer la mise \u00e0 l\u2019abri des survivantes de violences sexuelles au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal<br>Pistes \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience du centre Kullimaaroo de Ziguinchor\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur It Takes a Village! (R\u00e9)inventer la mise \u00e0 l\u2019abri des survivantes de violences sexuelles au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal&lt;br&gt;Pistes \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience du centre Kullimaaroo de Ziguinchor\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tCheikh Sadibou Sakho, Nd\u00e8ye La\u00efty Ndiaye\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e590199 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e590199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dd1381 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-adv-tabs\" data-id=\"3dd1381\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-adv-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div data-scroll-on-click=\"no\" data-scroll-speed=\"300\" id=\"eael-advance-tabs-3dd1381\" class=\"eael-advance-tabs eael-tabs-horizontal eael-tab-auto-active  responsive-vertical-layout\" data-tabid=\"3dd1381\">\n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-nav \">\n                <ul class=\"eael-tab-inline-icon\" role=\"tablist\">\n                                            <li id=\"pour-citer-larticle-\" class=\"active-default eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-quote-left\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Pour citer l&rsquo;article :<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"notes\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"notes-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-notes-medical\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Notes<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"bibliographie\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"bibliographie-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-book\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Bibliographie<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                    \n                                  <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-content\">\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item active-default\" data-title-link=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <h5>APA<\/h5>\n<p>Global Africa. (2023). Lagos 1980 and the Right of Africans to Science. Global Africa, (3), pp. 9-11.  <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/trw0-8p15\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/trw0-8p15<\/a><\/p>\n<h5>MLA<\/h5>\n<p>Global Africa. \u00ab\u00a0Lagos 1980 and the Right of Africans to Science\u00a0\u00bb. Global Africa, no. 3, 2023, p. 9-11. doi.org\/10.57832\/trw0-8p15  <\/p>\n<h5>DOI<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/trw0-8p15\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/trw0-8p15<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00a9 2023 by author(s). This work is openly licensed via CC BY-NC 4.0 <\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"notes-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"notes-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <ol>\n<li>[1] Dans sa nouvelle La F\u00ealure (1945), F. S Fitzgerald affirme que \u00ab ce qui caract\u00e9rise une intelligence de premier ordre, c\u2019est son aptitude \u00e0 garder simultan\u00e9ment \u00e0 l\u2019esprit deux id\u00e9es contradictoires sans pour autant perdre sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 fonctionner. On devrait par exemple \u00eatre capable de voir que les choses sont sans espoir et pourtant \u00eatre d\u00e9termin\u00e9 \u00e0 les changer \u00bb. <\/li>\n<li>[2] Il faut se rappeler le contexte de l\u2019\u00e9poque : face \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9volution alarmante des \u00e9conomies africaines, les chefs d\u2019\u00c9tat et de gouvernement \u00e9laborent la strat\u00e9gie de Monrovia et le PAL. De leur c\u00f4t\u00e9, de nombreux ministres de l\u2019\u00c9conomie et les gouverneurs africains de la Banque mondiale demand\u00e8rent \u00e9galement \u00e0 la Banque de pr\u00e9parer un document sp\u00e9cial sur la crise des \u00e9conomies africaines. La Banque mondiale rend en octobre 1981 le rapport intitul\u00e9 D\u00e9veloppement acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9 en Afrique au sud du Sahara : programme indicatif d\u2019action, d\u00e9nomm\u00e9 rapport Berg du nom de son principal auteur, Elliot Berg.  <\/li>\n<li>[3] Walter, B. (1933). Exp\u00e9rience et pauvret\u00e9. Editions Payot et Rivages.  <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"bibliographie-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"bibliographie-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>\/\/\/<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t                    <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aff930 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5aff930\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc34b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-off-canvas\" data-id=\"fc34b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"off-canvas.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"eael-creative-button-wrapper\">\n\n            <a class=\"eael-creative-button eael-creative-button--default eael-cb-icon-position-\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Doff_canvas%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6ImZjMzRiODYiLCJkaXNwbGF5TW9kZSI6Im9wZW4ifQ%3D%3D\" data-text=\"Allez-y !\">\n            \t    \n                <div class=\"creative-button-inner\">\n\n                    \n                    <span class=\"cretive-button-text\">Table des mati\u00e8res<\/span>\n\n                                    <\/div>\n\t                        <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Num\u00e9ro 03 &#8211; \u00c9ditorial This post is also available in: English Fran\u00e7ais (French) T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER EN PDF 03.2023Panafricanisme, recherche africaine et enjeux globaux Publi\u00e9 le : 20 septembre 2023ISSN: 3020-0458 T\u00c9L\u00c9CHARGER LE NUM\u00c9RO PDF Abstract R\u00e9sum\u00e9 Muhtasari \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \/\/\/ \/\/\/ \/\/\/ \/\/\/ Toutes les fois qu\u2019il est question de panafricanisme et de recherche africaine comme le propose ce num\u00e9ro 3 de Global Africa, il nous faut faire preuve d\u2019intelligence de premier ordre1 pour ne pas verser dans l\u2019amertume, la col\u00e8re, le d\u00e9couragement. Ainsi, quand on reconstitue l\u2019histoire du Plan d\u2019action de Lagos (PAL), l\u2019une des plus ambitieuses strat\u00e9gies de d\u00e9veloppement pour le continent, ce n\u2019est pas seulement le triste sort qui lui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9serv\u00e9 qui d\u00e9concerte, mais le fait qu\u2019en d\u00e9pit de la violence de cette exp\u00e9rience, les \u00c9tats africains ne sont pas radicalement d\u00e9termin\u00e9s \u00e0 r\u00e9aliser toutes les cons\u00e9quences de sa le\u00e7on essentielle, \u00e0 savoir que le devenir africain est une responsabilit\u00e9 (pan)africaine. Rappelons que le PAL a \u00e9t\u00e9 adopt\u00e9 en avril 1980 lors de la conf\u00e9rence des chefs d\u2019\u00c9tat et de gouvernement de l\u2019Organisation de l\u2019unit\u00e9 africaine (OUA), \u00e0 la suite de l\u2019adoption en 1979 de la strat\u00e9gie de Monrovia pour le d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019Afrique. Le PAL consistait en un ensemble de mesures concr\u00e8tes pour la mise en \u0153uvre de cette strat\u00e9gie dont les piliers \u00e9taient \u00ab l\u2019autonomie collective et le d\u00e9veloppement endog\u00e8ne et autoentretenu \u00bb pour la p\u00e9riode 1980-2000. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 ensuite pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 \u00e0 la 11e session extraordinaire de l\u2019assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des Nations unies en septembre 1980, et a \u00e9t\u00e9 int\u00e9gr\u00e9 \u00e0 la strat\u00e9gie internationale pour la 3e D\u00e9cennie des Nations unies pour le d\u00e9veloppement (1981-1990). Ce texte figure parmi les gestes d\u2019une Afrique qui prend \u00e0 bras le corps tous ses probl\u00e8mes, pense sa place dans le monde, s\u2019autocritique, initie, propose, se projette, d\u00e9sire pour ses peuples. Le chapitre V du PAL, qui traite sp\u00e9cifiquement de \u00ab science et technologie \u00bb, donne une s\u00e9rie de propositions dont le fil conducteur \u2013 simple mais hautement ambitieux \u2013 tient en ceci : \u00ab Les \u00c9tats membres doivent [\u2026] adopter des mesures pour assurer le d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019une base scientifique et technologique ad\u00e9quate et une application appropri\u00e9e de la science et de la technologie en vue d\u2019assurer le d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019agriculture, des transports et communications, de l\u2019industrie y compris les agro-industries connexes, la sant\u00e9 et l\u2019hygi\u00e8ne, l\u2019\u00e9nergie, le d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019\u00e9ducation et de la main-d\u2019\u0153uvre, le d\u00e9veloppement urbain et l\u2019environnement \u00bb. \u00c9l\u00e9ment remarquable, ce chapitre est le plus long du document : il fait plus de trente pages quand les autres en comptent une dizaine. Au c\u0153ur du panafricanisme de l\u2019Union africaine (UA) et de la Commission \u00e9conomique pour l\u2019Afrique (CEA) se trouve donc la conscience aigu\u00eb de l\u2019importance de la recherche et de la cr\u00e9ation de connaissances. C\u2019est aussi dans le PAL que la proposition de mobiliser des ressources nationales \u00e0 hauteur de 1 % des PIB en faveur de la science et la technologie a \u00e9t\u00e9 pos\u00e9e : \u00ab Afin de prouver leur volont\u00e9 et leur engagement politiques, les \u00c9tats membres sont instamment invit\u00e9s \u00e0 augmenter, au cours de la prochaine d\u00e9cennie, leur contribution au d\u00e9veloppement de la science et de la technique dans leurs pays jusqu\u2019\u00e0 concurrence de 1 % de leur PIB \u00bb. Des propositions fortes indiquent les pistes de financement possibles : augmentation des allocations budg\u00e9taires \u00e9tatiques, taxes sur les produits d\u2019importation, institution d\u2019un imp\u00f4t sur le chiffre d\u2019affaires brut des principales entreprises publiques et priv\u00e9es du secteur de la production, obligation faite par les gouvernements \u00e0 toutes les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s et entreprises \u00e0 participation \u00e9trang\u00e8re de consacrer un pourcentage fixe de leurs d\u00e9penses totales \u00e0 des activit\u00e9s de recherche-d\u00e9veloppement. La Banque africaine de d\u00e9veloppement (BAD) ainsi que les banques r\u00e9gionales de d\u00e9veloppement devraient quant \u00e0 elles \u00ab affecter un certain pourcentage de leurs ressources au financement de projets dans le domaine de la science et de la technique \u00bb. &nbsp; Alors qu\u2019il promouvait l\u2019autonomie collective et une forte coop\u00e9ration intraafricaine, le PAL n\u2019a jamais pu \u00eatre v\u00e9ritablement mis en \u0153uvre, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 simplement marginalis\u00e9 et abandonn\u00e9 au profit des recettes n\u00e9olib\u00e9rales du rapport Berg de la Banque mondiale2&nbsp;(1981) qui, se situant en totale contradiction avec Lagos, ne parle sans surprise ni de recherche ni de d\u00e9veloppement scientifique, sauf pour l\u2019agriculture \u2013 car il faut stimuler les exportations \u2013 et \u00ab les besoins en recherche \u00bb pour la sant\u00e9 tiennent tr\u00e8s exactement en trois paragraphes (sur 239 pages !), alors m\u00eame que le rapport indique en introduction que \u00ab l\u2019esp\u00e9rance de vie africaine \u00e0 la naissance [\u2026] est de loin, la plus basse de toutes les r\u00e9gions du monde \u00bb. Dans le lot de ses brutales d\u00e9vastations, les plans d\u2019ajustement structurel (PAS), qui s\u2019inspireront directement du rapport Berg et seront de fait les seules politiques publiques mises en \u0153uvre par les \u00c9tats africains les deux d\u00e9cennies qui suivront, n\u2019\u00e9pargnent pas l\u2019Universit\u00e9 africaine, la recherche africaine et les institutions de sa diffusion (presses universitaires, maisons d\u2019\u00e9dition). En 2000, la Banque elle-m\u00eame reconna\u00eetra qu\u2019elles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 des \u00e9checs et proposera des strat\u00e9gies de r\u00e9duction de la pauvret\u00e9 en lieu et place des PAS. &nbsp; Mais la trag\u00e9die ne r\u00e9side pas tant dans cette mise \u00e0 mort du PAL et l\u2019enlisement de tout un continent dans une pauvret\u00e9 et une extraversion sans nom, mais dans le fait que cette exp\u00e9rience ne nous a pas enrichis. Nous ne sommes pas sortis de ces \u00e9preuves plus riches mais plus pauvres3 dans notre connaissance des rapports savoir-pouvoir au niveau mondial. Plus de vingt ans apr\u00e8s la cl\u00f4ture du cycle des PAS et le \u00ab retour de l\u2019\u00c9tat africain \u00bb, aucun des 55 pays du continent n\u2019a atteint l\u2019objectif des 1 %, et il n\u2019y a d\u2019autosuffisance dans aucun des domaines vis\u00e9s par le PAL, les Objectifs du mill\u00e9naire pour le d\u00e9veloppement (OMD), l\u2019Agenda 2063 ou les Objectifs de d\u00e9veloppement durable (ODD). Les strat\u00e9gies pour la science et la recherche se sont succ\u00e9d\u00e9s aux niveaux national, r\u00e9gional et continental, et en d\u00e9pit de l\u2019important dispositif institutionnel de l\u2019UA pour la<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50,"featured_media":1087,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[204],"tags":[],"issues3":[],"post_folder":[],"ppma_author":[265],"class_list":["post-10097","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-editorial-fr","author-global-africa"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Lagos 1980 et le droit des Africain.e.s \u00e0 la science | Global Africa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explorez Lagos 1980 et le droit des Africain.e.s \u00e0 la science \u2013 une 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