{"id":10021,"date":"2024-12-01T13:36:28","date_gmt":"2024-12-01T13:36:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/actualites\/covid-19-reponse-institutionnelle-et-role-du-climat-etude-comparative-entre-la-cote-divoire-et-les-autres-pays-dafrique-de-louest\/"},"modified":"2025-10-25T18:30:38","modified_gmt":"2025-10-25T18:30:38","slug":"covid-19-reponse-institutionnelle-et-role-du-climat-etude-comparative-entre-la-cote-divoire-et-les-autres-pays-dafrique-de-louest","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/covid-19-reponse-institutionnelle-et-role-du-climat-etude-comparative-entre-la-cote-divoire-et-les-autres-pays-dafrique-de-louest\/","title":{"rendered":"Covid-19, r\u00e9ponse institutionnelle et r\u00f4le du climat \u00c9tude comparative entre la C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire et les autres pays d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10021\" class=\"elementor elementor-10021\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-036a802 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"036a802\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1d7910 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d1d7910\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c21c9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c21c9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Num\u00e9ro 02 - Analyses critiques<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62d8bc1 ignoretoc elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"62d8bc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/fred-eboko\" class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Fred-Eboko-.jpg\" alt=\"Image de Fred Eboko\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/fred-eboko\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-author-box__name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFred Eboko\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-author-box__button elementor-button elementor-size-xs\" href=\"\/authors\/fred-eboko\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTous les articles de l'auteur\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7de3a91 ignoretoc elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"7de3a91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/ibrahima-k.-kante\" class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/photo.webp\" alt=\"Image de Ibrahima K. Kant\u00e9\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/ibrahima-k.-kante\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-author-box__name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIbrahima K. 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class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"\/?issues=Africa%20and%20the%20World%20in%20Viral%20Time%20\">02.2022<br>L\u2019Afrique et le monde \u00e0 l\u2019heure virale<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b07a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b07a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Publi\u00e9 le : 16 d\u00e9cembre 2022<br><\/strong><strong>ISSN: 3020-0458<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38d84bf elementor-align-center elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"38d84bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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decoding=\"async\" width=\"1240\" height=\"1754\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa-Issue-02-African-knowlewdge-against-the-pandemic.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1045\" alt=\"CERFIG an African Health Research of Excellence\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa-Issue-02-African-knowlewdge-against-the-pandemic.jpg 1240w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa-Issue-02-African-knowlewdge-against-the-pandemic-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa-Issue-02-African-knowlewdge-against-the-pandemic-724x1024.jpg 724w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa-Issue-02-African-knowlewdge-against-the-pandemic-768x1086.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa-Issue-02-African-knowlewdge-against-the-pandemic-1086x1536.jpg 1086w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1240px) 100vw, 1240px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae2d51c e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ae2d51c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c8215e e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3c8215e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa2f8e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-adv-tabs\" data-id=\"fa2f8e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-adv-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div data-scroll-on-click=\"no\" data-scroll-speed=\"300\" id=\"eael-advance-tabs-fa2f8e7\" class=\"eael-advance-tabs eael-tabs-horizontal eael-tab-auto-active  responsive-vertical-layout\" data-tabid=\"fa2f8e7\">\n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-nav \">\n                <ul class=\"eael-tab-inline-icon\" role=\"tablist\">\n                                            <li id=\"abstract\" class=\"active-default eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"abstract-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Abstract<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"rsum\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"rsum-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_France.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"muhtasari\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"muhtasari-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Flag_of_Kenya.svg\" alt=\"\">\n                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Muhtasari<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"\" class=\"inactive 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10.022-0.179 3.547-0.703 7.172-1.001 11.013-0.096 1.235-0.283 2.953-0.498 4.816 2.086-2.604 4.252-5.247 5.566-6.692 0.453-0.499 0.931-1.053 1.422-1.638 0.392-5.814 0.769-13.089 0.968-16.142 0.197-3.042 0.07-6.866 0.047-7.531-0.024-0.665 0.318-0.551 0.809 0.925 0.658 1.981 1.071 7.176 0.927 10.621-0.086 2.047-0.275 5.779-0.479 9.309 1.619-2.081 3.156-4.182 4.156-5.6 1.778-2.518 3.411-5.512 3.982-7.38 0.57-1.87 0.633-2.424 0.744-2.757s0.602 1.031 0.524 3.168\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><path id=\"sword\" d=\"m1558.8 1170.7c-1.1729-3.3554-4.7649-5.8169-9.0607-5.8169s-7.8806 2.4615-9.0608 5.8169h-40.678c-0.4105-4.5128-0.01-9.0477 1.2683-13.465l83.981-0.051 2.3385 3.9414c2.1113 3.5531 4.7797 6.7619 7.8731 9.5751zm55.596-39.026h-100.92c7.7559-5.5971 11.824-13.766 10.732-22.029-0.6964-5.2089-5.8571-9.099-12.147-9.6264h-3.1596c-7.6532 0.7472-13.203 6.2637-12.396 12.322l0.3079 2.3297 0.3738 3.5824c0.4106 4.4982 0.015 9.0183-1.2535 13.421h-745.97c11.077 16.117 31.273 26 53.082 25.985l680.71-0.4178c-7.7852 5.6044-11.868 13.788-10.769 22.066 0.8064 6.0585 7.6533 10.374 15.307 9.6263 7.6459-0.7472 13.195-6.2637 12.396-12.33l-0.3079-2.3223h40.004c0.7037 3.9048 4.6037 6.9011 9.354 6.9011s8.6502-2.9963 9.3613-6.9011h40.693v-0.095c8.4963 6.0294 19.294 9.4946 30.716 9.4946 10.747 0 19.456-7.4652 19.456-16.681v-4.8205c0-16.842-15.922-30.506-35.569-30.506\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                    \n                                  <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-content\">\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"abstract-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item active-default\" data-title-link=\"abstract-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">This paper analyzes Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire\u2019s institutional response to the spread of Covid-19 and explores the measures beyond political control, especially the impact of environmental variations, by comparing the Ivorian case to other West African countries, to deconstruct misconceptions about the propagation of Covid-19 in Africa and suggests a rereading of Africa\u2019s place in the collective imaginaries, including at the scientific level.The approach uses political science, which pays particular attention to national political trajectories in relation to institutional responses to the Covid-19. In the subtitle of his book, American political historian Peter Baldwin (2021) asks the question that runs through our contribution: \u201cWhy has the fight against the coronavirus been so different around the world?\u201d Our approach to the problem, based on a broadly defined multifactorial one, attempts to refine the overly encompassing factors, putting each of the empirical factors into a national, or in Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire\u2019s case, even a local context. The lockdown imposed by the authorities on Abidjan (Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire\u2019s capital) from March 26 to July 15, 2020, for example, was a major event in the country\u2019s response to the Covid-19 pandemic. The paper is borne out of our transdisciplinary research (in political science, sociology, climatology, meteorology, atmospheric physics, and oceanography) presented at the West African Consortium for Clinical Research on Epidemics Pathogens (WAC-CREP, 2022) international symposium in March 2022 in Yamoussoukro.    <\/p>\n<h5 class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Keywords<\/h5>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Covid-19, Climate, Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire, Prevalence, West Africa, Policy Response<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"rsum-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"rsum-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Ce texte propose une analyse de la re\u0301ponse institutionnelle de la Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire sur la diffusion de la Covid-19 et explore les pistes qui e\u0301chappent au contro\u0302le politique, spe\u0301cialement les incidences des variations saisonnie\u0300res en comparant le cas ivoirien a\u0300 d\u2019autres pays d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest. Ce point de vue permet de de\u0301construire les illusions d\u2019optique sur l\u2019expansion de la Covid-19 en Afrique et sugge\u0300re une lecture de la place de l\u2019Afrique dans les imaginaires, y compris scientifiques. Le propos s\u2019inscrit notamment dans une logique proche des travaux de science politique qui portent une attention particulie\u0300re aux trajectoires politiques nationales, en lien avec les re\u0301ponses institutionnelles a\u0300 la Covid-19. En sous-titre de son ouvrage, l\u2019historien politologue ame\u0301ricain Peter Baldwin (2021) pose la question qui traverse notre contribution : \u00ab Pourquoi la lutte contre le coronavirus a-t-elle e\u0301te\u0301 si diffe\u0301rente dans le monde ? \u201d Notre proble\u0301matique, qui se fonde sur une approche multifactorielle au sens large, tente d\u2019affiner les facteurs trop englobants, en remettant chacun des facteurs empiriques dans un contexte national, voire local dans le cas de la Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire. La fermeture du district d\u2019Abidjan (capitale de la Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire) de\u0301cide\u0301e par les autorite\u0301s ivoiriennes, du 26 mars au 15 juillet 2020, a, par exemple, constitue\u0301 un e\u0301ve\u0301nement majeur dans la re\u0301ponse de ce pays a\u0300 la pande\u0301mie de la Covid-19. Les re\u0301sultats de nos recherches transdisciplinaires (en science politique, sociologie, climatologie, me\u0301te\u0301orologie, physique de l\u2019atmosphe\u0300re et oce\u0301anographie) ont e\u0301te\u0301 pre\u0301sente\u0301s en mars 2022 a\u0300 Yamoussoukro lors du colloque international du West African Consortium for Clinical Research on Epidemics Pathogens (WAC-CREP, 2022).      <\/p>\n<h5 class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Mots-cl\u00e9s<\/h5>\n<p class=\"font_8 wixui-rich-text__text\">Covid-19, climat, Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire, pre\u0301valences, Afrique de l\u2019Ouest, re\u0301ponse politique<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"muhtasari-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"muhtasari-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>\/\/\/\n <\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>\/\/\/<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t                    <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fadf94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8fadf94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff89d56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff89d56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00c0 l\u2019\u00e9mergence de la Covid-19, l\u2019Afrique a fait l\u2019objet d\u2019une grande inqui\u00e9tude (Jessani et al., 2020 ; Vidal et al., 2020). Pourtant, les chiffres officiels des contaminations et des d\u00e9c\u00e8s sont rest\u00e9s relativement moins \u00e9lev\u00e9s que dans d\u2019autres r\u00e9gions du monde (Tableau 1), except\u00e9 en Asie du Nord-Est, o\u00f9 la morbidit\u00e9 et la l\u00e9talit\u00e9 sont faibles. Ces donn\u00e9es mettent aussi en lumi\u00e8re, des nombres de d\u00e9c\u00e8s trois fois plus bas en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire que dans les autres pays africains qui comptent, comme elle, entre 80 000 et 170 000 contaminations.<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_16183\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16183\" style=\"width: 754px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-16183 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/526d98_303c0584dc184c0293341a349584040amv2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"315\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16183\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tableau 1 : R\u00e9partition des cas de Covid-19 dans quelques r\u00e9gions et pays, dont la C\u00f4te d&rsquo;Ivoire le 07\/09\/2022. Source : afro.who.int ; who.int\/europe ; coronavirus-statistiques.com.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d165b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d165b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Il est particulie\u0300rement judicieux de distinguer l\u2019action publique et la question du climat, qui e\u0301chappe au contro\u0302le politique imme\u0301diat. L\u2019Afrique e\u0301tant l\u2019une des re\u0301gions les plus vulne\u0301rables aux chocs e\u0301pide\u0301miologiques et climatiques, elle retient l\u2019attention internationale (Lone &amp; Ahmad, 2020). Les facteurs climatiques me\u0301ritent donc une attention particulie\u0300re dans cette pande\u0301mie a\u0300 propagation multifactorielle. Des variables me\u0301te\u0301orologiques telles que la tempe\u0301rature de l\u2019air, l\u2019humidite\u0301 ou le rayonnement solaire agissent diffe\u0301remment sur la survie des coronavirus en Afrique par rapport a\u0300 d\u2019autres continents (Yuan et al<em>., <\/em>2020).\u00a0<\/p><p>Ainsi, des recherches en 2020 ont documente\u0301 la relation entre les facteurs me\u0301te\u0301orologiques (tempe\u0301rature, pression atmosphe\u0301rique) et la Covid-19 en Chine. Au contraire, Ma et al<em>. <\/em>(2020) et Kante\u0301 et al<em>., <\/em>(2021) ont trouve\u0301 des corre\u0301lations ne\u0301gatives entre la tempe\u0301rature et la Covid-19 en Chine, ainsi qu\u2019en Re\u0301publique de Guine\u0301e. Cependant, le nombre d\u2019e\u0301tudes sur la disse\u0301mination du virus et l\u2019influence des facteurs me\u0301te\u0301orologiques est encore limite\u0301. La pande\u0301mie de la Covid-19 a mis en exergue une sorte d\u2019inversion de paradigme a\u0300 partir du cas de l\u2019Afrique subsaharienne, qui connai\u0302t une le\u0301talite\u0301 moindre que la majorite\u0301 des autres re\u0301gions du monde, contrairement aux autres pande\u0301mies (VIH\/sida, Ebola) de ces dernie\u0300res de\u0301cennies.<\/p><p>Cet article vise \u00e0 analyser les d\u00e9terminants climatiques, sociaux, d\u00e9mographiques, structurels et politiques de cette situation. Il pr\u00e9sente le cas ivoirien dans le faisceau des cas africains, qui sont relativement diff\u00e9rents les uns des autres, mais avec une convergence \u2013 except\u00e9 l\u2019Afrique du Sud et les pays d\u2019Afrique du Nord \u2013 si on les compare avec les pays d\u2019Europe, des Am\u00e9riques et une partie de l\u2019Asie.<\/p><h2>Au-del\u00e0 des \u00ab fausses bonnes id\u00e9es \u00bb<\/h2><p>Les \u00e9pid\u00e9mies subies par l\u2019Afrique ont provoqu\u00e9 au fil du temps des inqui\u00e9tudes l\u00e9gitimes, qui ont conduit \u00e0 des discours, repr\u00e9sentations et recherches scientifiques (Eboko, 2021). Ainsi, le climat, qui serait l\u2019une des explications de la moindre circulation du Sars-Cov-2 (Sars : <i>Severe acute respiratory syndrome<\/i>), fait partie d\u2019une s\u00e9rie d\u2019hypoth\u00e8ses autour de facteurs qui \u00e9chappent aux d\u00e9cisions politiques et aux comportements sociaux. Avant d\u2019examiner la question climatique, nous allons expliquer pourquoi certaines autres hypoth\u00e8ses sont d\u00e9menties ou relativis\u00e9es par des faits et\/ou des donn\u00e9es : il s\u2019agit de la densit\u00e9 des populations dans les villes africaines, de l\u2019immunit\u00e9 crois\u00e9e et de la fragilit\u00e9 des syst\u00e8mes de sant\u00e9.\u00a0<\/p><p>La suppos\u00e9e densit\u00e9 des populations des villes africaines est une fausse piste puisqu\u2019il existe une confusion entre le nombre d\u2019habitants d\u2019une ville et la densit\u00e9, qui peut effectivement constituer l\u2019un des facteurs de la diffusion du virus. Selon les estimations disponibles, avec 20 641 hab.\/km\u00b2, Paris est plus dense que trois des quatre villes les plus peupl\u00e9es d\u2019Afrique : Lagos (6 871 hab.\/km\u00b2) ; Johannesburg (3 603 hab.\/km\u00b2) ; Kinshasa (1 462hab.\/km\u00b2). Seul Le Caire fait exception avec 52 237 hab.\/km\u00b2. Dakar (5 795 hab.\/km\u00b2) est quatre fois moins dense que Paris ; Paris est six fois plus dense qu\u2019Abidjan (2 983 hab.\/km\u00b2).<\/p><p>La question de \u00ab l\u2019immunit\u00e9 crois\u00e9e \u00bb constitue \u00e9galement une hypoth\u00e8se scientifique l\u00e9gitime. En effet :<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e83027a elementor-blockquote--skin-border elementor-widget elementor-widget-blockquote\" data-id=\"e83027a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"blockquote.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<blockquote class=\"elementor-blockquote\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-blockquote__content\">\n\t\t\t\tll est [\u2026] possible qu\u2019une partie de la population soit prot\u00e9g\u00e9e vis-\u00e0-vis du Sars-Cov-2 en raison d\u2019une immunit\u00e9 crois\u00e9e avec d\u2019autres coronavirus. Des anticorps reconnaissant ce virus sont en effet pr\u00e9sents chez les patients ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 infect\u00e9s par le Sars-Cov, mais ils ne sont probablement pas neutralisants. L\u2019immunit\u00e9 antivirale cellulaire pourrait \u00e9galement conf\u00e9rer un certain degr\u00e9 de protection crois\u00e9e (Mahieu &amp; Dub\u00e9e, 20201 ).   \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05f8252 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"05f8252\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cette hypoth\u00e8se a donn\u00e9 lieu au lancement d\u2019\u00e9tudes exploratoires l\u00e9gitimes, dont les r\u00e9sultats n\u2019ont pas encore \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s2 . Toutefois, la faiblesse quantitative des donn\u00e9es plaide pour une non-v\u00e9rification de cette hypoth\u00e8se, ce qui n\u2019enl\u00e8ve d\u2019ailleurs rien \u00e0 la scientificit\u00e9 de celle-ci.<br>Peu d\u2019\u00e9tudes identiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9es en Europe, o\u00f9 les donn\u00e9es sont r\u00e9put\u00e9es plus fiables. Des enqu\u00eates de s\u00e9ropr\u00e9valence \u00e0 la Covid-19 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 effectu\u00e9es en Afrique : Mali, Niger, Kenya, Soudan, R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo (RDC) et Cameroun. Il semble que, d\u00e8s la seconde vague, le virus a touch\u00e9 la majorit\u00e9 des populations africaines dans des proportions qui restent tr\u00e8s en dessous des r\u00e9gions du monde les plus touch\u00e9es. Les \u00e9tudes men\u00e9es au niveau national en 2020 et 2021 au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal montrent des pr\u00e9valences qui passent du simple au double, entre 2020 et 2021 (Tableau 2).     <\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5776\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5776\" style=\"width: 495px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5777 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/tableau-2-eboko.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"495\" height=\"371\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5776\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tableau 2 : R\u00e9sultats provisoires de l\u2019enqu\u00eate de s\u00e9ropr\u00e9valence au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal (source : OMS, 2021).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a9b306 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1a9b306\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La question qui se pose par rapport \u00e0 ces pr\u00e9valences est de savoir pourquoi les recherches portent avec plus de pr\u00e9cision sur le continent africain que sur les r\u00e9gions du monde qui ont connu des pourcentages de d\u00e9c\u00e8s beaucoup plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s. L\u2019une des explications se fonde sur la fragilit\u00e9 av\u00e9r\u00e9e des syst\u00e8mes de sant\u00e9 en Afrique. La r\u00e9sistance des syst\u00e8mes de sant\u00e9 africains \u00e0 la Covid-19 tiendrait \u00e0 la jeunesse de sa population. La lecture journalistique des articles scientifiques sur la surmortalit\u00e9 li\u00e9e \u00e0 la Covid-19 dans le monde (Collaborators, 2022) a fait ressortir l\u2019antienne des \u00ab donn\u00e9es cach\u00e9es \u00bb3 . Pourtant, l\u2019article expose clairement que le nombre de surmortalit\u00e9 due \u00e0 la Covid-19 est plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 en Asie du Sud, Afrique du Nord, Moyen-Orient et Europe de l\u2019Est, mais pr\u00e9cise qu\u2019il est difficile de savoir si la surmortalit\u00e9 est due \u00e0 la Covid-19 ou \u00e0 d\u2019autres explications (changements soci\u00e9taux, \u00e9conomiques, comportementaux) en raison de l\u2019absence de donn\u00e9es d\u00e9taill\u00e9es sur les causes sp\u00e9cifiques des d\u00e9c\u00e8s dans de nombreux pays (Covid-19 Excess Mortality Collaborators, 2022, pp. 1513, 1515).<br \/>En revanche, les personnes touch\u00e9es par la Covid-19 en Afrique porteuses d\u2019une comorbidit\u00e9 \u00e9taient en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral en situation de grand danger, au vu de la crise des syst\u00e8mes de sant\u00e9, et notamment de l\u2019incurie de la r\u00e9animation des personnes en situation de d\u00e9tresse respiratoire. Cette situation explique \u00e9galement en partie le caract\u00e8re exceptionnel de la r\u00e9ponse ivoirienne \u00e0 travers la fourniture continue des h\u00f4pitaux d\u2019Abidjan en gaz, notamment en oxyg\u00e8ne du fait de la pr\u00e9sence de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Air Liquide.<\/p><p>La question du climat constitue \u00e9galement une piste cr\u00e9dible susceptible d\u2019expliquer la situation des villes africaines en particulier face \u00e0 la pand\u00e9mie \u00e0 Sars-Cov-2. Le 10 f\u00e9vrier 2021, le Sars-Cov-2 avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 caus\u00e9 2 360 000 d\u00e9c\u00e8s sur plus de 107 millions de cas signal\u00e9s dans le monde (Milleliri et al<em>., <\/em>2021). L\u2019Afrique demeure le continent \u00e0 avoir le moins souffert en termes de morbidit\u00e9 et de mortalit\u00e9 (Lone &amp; Ahmad, 2020 ; Milleliri et al<em>.,<\/em> 2021). Le climat fait partie des hypoth\u00e8ses avanc\u00e9es pour tenter d\u2019expliquer les faibles effectifs observ\u00e9s en Afrique subsaharienne (Nguimkeu &amp; Tadajeu, 2020)<br \/>Nous allons maintenant expliquer les donn\u00e9es comparatives r\u00e9colt\u00e9es dans plusieurs pays, \u00e9tant entendu que l\u2019analyse de l\u2019impact des variations saisonni\u00e8res n\u2019a de sens que dans la comparaison entre plusieurs sites.<\/p><h2>Donn\u00e9es et m\u00e9thodologie<\/h2><h3>Donn\u00e9es cliniques sur la Covid-19<\/h3><p>L\u2019institutionnalisation de la gestion des menaces et crises sanitaires est illustr\u00e9e par la cr\u00e9ation du Centre europ\u00e9en de pr\u00e9vention et de contr\u00f4le des maladies (ECDC), agence europ\u00e9enne charg\u00e9e de la surveillance des menaces sanitaires cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2004 au lendemain de l\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mie de Sras en 2002 (Deruelle, 2016 ; Greer, 2012). D\u00e8s l\u2019av\u00e8nement de la pand\u00e9mie de Covid-19, cette agence s\u2019est directement int\u00e9ress\u00e9e \u00e0 la collecte des donn\u00e9es cliniques du monde. Nous utilisons ici ses donn\u00e9es cliniques, qui correspondent au nombre de cas confirm\u00e9s de Covid-19 (personnes gu\u00e9ries et patients d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9s) dans 17 pays d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2020). Nous retenons sp\u00e9cialement les donn\u00e9es journali\u00e8res portant sur la p\u00e9riode du 1er janvier 2020 au 30 avril 2021 et concernant le Mali (Bamako), le Niger (Niamey), la Guin\u00e9e (Conakry), le S\u00e9n\u00e9gal (Dakar) et la C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire (Abidjan).<\/p><h3>Donn\u00e9es climatiques<\/h3><p>Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous consid\u00e9rons les trois param\u00e8tres climatiques suivants : la temp\u00e9rature \u00e0 2 m (t 2 m), l\u2019humidit\u00e9 relative (RHmean) et le vent m\u00e9ridien \u00e0 850 hPa (v850 hPa). La composante m\u00e9ridienne du vent est prise en compte dans cette \u00e9tude parce qu\u2019elle traduit, lorsqu\u2019elle est positive, des vents du sud relativement charg\u00e9s en humidit\u00e9 provenant du golfe de Guin\u00e9e ; et, lorsqu\u2019elle est n\u00e9gative, des vents du nord, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement secs et charg\u00e9s en poussi\u00e8res d\u00e9sertiques issus du Sahara. En raison du manque de donn\u00e9es m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques r\u00e9centes observ\u00e9es en continu par les stations dans les pays s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9s, nous avons utilis\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es de r\u00e9analyses ERA5 du Centre europ\u00e9en de pr\u00e9visions m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques \u00e0 moyenterme (CEPMMT) (Hersbach et al<em>.,<\/em> 2019 ; Johannsen et al<em>.,<\/em> 2019).<\/p><h3>M\u00e9thodologie<\/h3><p>Notre \u00e9tude s\u2019est concentr\u00e9e sur la tendance \u00e9volutive de la Covid-19 en corr\u00e9lation avec les conditions m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques entre le 1er janvier 2020 et le 30 avril 2021 (Sharma et al<em>., <\/em>2021). Cette approche fait ressortir la place d\u2019Abidjan parmi cinq autres villes d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest : Conakry (capitale de la r\u00e9publique de Guin\u00e9e), Dakar (capitale du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal), Bamako (capitale du Mali), Niamey (capitale du Niger) ; ou encore, en Afrique centrale, Yaound\u00e9 (capitale du Cameroun). Ces villes sont appr\u00e9hend\u00e9es en dyades (deux par deux) dans une m\u00eame zone g\u00e9ographique et en fonction de leur similarit\u00e9 climatique (Figure 1).<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_5739\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5739\" style=\"width: 646px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5740 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/figure-1-eboko.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"646\" height=\"351\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5739\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1 : Pr\u00e9sentation de la zone d\u2019\u00e9tude : en bleu, les villes de la c\u00f4te ouest (Conakry et Dakar) ; en vert, les villes continentales (Bamako et Niamey) ; en rouge, les villes des pays du golfe de Guin\u00e9e (Abidjan), comme l\u2019est Yaound\u00e9 par ailleurs.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>Apr\u00e8s l\u2019analyse globale, en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest, des cas confirm\u00e9s de Covid-19, de personnes gu\u00e9ries et de d\u00e9c\u00e8s, l\u2019\u00e9tude porte sur les co\u00e9volutions entre les donn\u00e9es climatiques (temp\u00e9rature de l\u2019air, humidit\u00e9 relative, vent m\u00e9ridien) et les jours de forts cas confirm\u00e9s de Covid, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire les jours o\u00f9 la variation du nombre de cas dans chaque ville sur la p\u00e9riode d\u2019\u00e9tude est sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cart type. Pour ces jours particuliers de forts cas de Covid-19, la corr\u00e9lation de Pearson est calcul\u00e9e pour mesurer l\u2019existence et la force d\u2019une relation lin\u00e9aire entre les variables climatiques et le nombre de cas confirm\u00e9s (Sedgwick, 2012 ; Akoglu, 2018). Selon Cohen, (1992). Lorsque deux variables sont corr\u00e9l\u00e9es, le changement d\u2019amplitude d\u2019une variable est associ\u00e9 \u00e0 un changement d\u2019amplitude de l\u2019autre variable, soit dans le m\u00eame sens (corr\u00e9lation positive), soit dans le sens oppos\u00e9 (corr\u00e9lation n\u00e9gative) (Schober et al., 2018).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8673647 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8673647\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Covid-19 dans les pays d\u2019Afrique de<br>l\u2019Ouest : contexte climatique et retour sur les faits<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccc9890 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ccc9890\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexte climatique et Covid-19 \u00e0 Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e69d0f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e69d0f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire est situ\u00e9e le long du golfe de Guin\u00e9e, en bordure de l\u2019oc\u00e9an Atlantique Sud, et sa capitale Abidjan a une situation c\u00f4ti\u00e8re. C\u2019est le principal centre urbain du pays. Influenc\u00e9 par la mousson et l\u2019Harmattan, son climat varie d\u2019un milieu \u00e9quatorial de transition au sud du pays (avec deux saisons des pluies) \u00e0 un climat tropical de transition au nord (avec une saison des pluies). Les pr\u00e9cipitations augmentent du nord au sud et influencent consid\u00e9rablement les r\u00e9gimes des cours d\u2019eau.   <\/p>\n<p>Comme l\u2019ensemble des pays africains, la C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire a mis en place des mesures face \u00e0 la pand\u00e9mie de Covid-19 d\u00e8s mars 2020 qui ont int\u00e9gr\u00e9 la majorit\u00e9 des dispositifs du continent africain (couvre-feu, fermetures des lieux de rassemblements, promotion des gestes barri\u00e8res, obligation de port du masquedans les lieux publics ferm\u00e9s, etc.) du premier trimestre 2020. En ce sens, la C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, comme l\u2019ensemble des pays africains, a mis en \u0153uvre les dispositifs d\u2019urgence et de pr\u00e9vention prescrits par l\u2019OMS suite \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mie Ebola qui a frapp\u00e9 l\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest entre 2013 et 2015.  <\/p>\n<p>Le pays pr\u00e9sente la particularit\u00e9 d\u2019avoir ferm\u00e9 Abidjan, la plus grande ville de C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire lors de la premi\u00e8re vague et d\u2019avoir pris en charge les d\u00e9tresses respiratoires, ce qui le distingue des pays voisins et d\u2019une partie de ses homologues africains. La fermeture d\u2019Abidjan a eu un impact in\u00e9dit sur la trajectoire de la pand\u00e9mie dans le pays. En effet, de la premi\u00e8re vague \u00e0 la situation actuelle, Abidjan concentre 95 % des cas de Covid de tout le pays, suivant les estimations officielles disponibles. Avec une l\u00e9talit\u00e9 relativement faible, la C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire comptait en 2021 entre 30 000 et 60 000 cas diagnostiqu\u00e9s et en septembre 2022 un peu plus de 80 000 cas. Elle a engag\u00e9 une campagne de vaccination gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019initiative internationale Covax d\u00e8s le mois de mars 2021. Au-del\u00e0 du cas ivoirien, il convient de porter un regard synoptique sur les situations et les r\u00e9ponses des autres pays et leur contexte climatique.    <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f72657 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8f72657\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexte climatique et Covid-19 \u00e0 Conakry, r\u00e9publique de Guin\u00e9e<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a013b18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a013b18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La position g\u00e9ographique de Conakry entre l\u2019oc\u00e9an et le mont Kakoulima qui forme une barri\u00e8re et favorise le Foehn. Ce dernier qui est chaud et sec souffle en amont d\u2019une montagne et se refroidit en surmontant celle-ci, ce qui peut \u00eatre favorable \u00e0 l\u2019initiation de la convection.<br>Selon l\u2019Agence nationale de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 sanitaire (ANSS) de Guin\u00e9e, le premier cas de Covid-19 et le premier d\u00e9c\u00e8s ont \u00e9t\u00e9 enregistr\u00e9s \u00e0 Conakry, respectivement le 12 mars et le 16 mars 2020. Le 13 mai 2020, le nombre total de cas confirm\u00e9s de Covid-19 en Guin\u00e9e \u00e9tait de 8 739, dont 4 115 d\u00e9clar\u00e9s gu\u00e9ris tandis que le nombre total de d\u00e9c\u00e8s atteignait 29. Le nombre total de cas actifs \u00e0 la m\u00eame date \u00e9tait de 1 076. En effet, les travaux de Kant\u00e9 et al. (2021) sur Conakry montrent l\u2019existence d\u2019une corr\u00e9lation entre les facteurs m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques (temp\u00e9rature et l\u2019humidit\u00e9 relative) et la Covid-19 dans cette ville.     <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc1e629 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fc1e629\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Contexte climatique et Covid-19 \u00e0 Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal<\/h3><p>La position g\u00e9ographique du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, \u00e0 l\u2019extr\u00e9mit\u00e9 occidentale de l\u2019Afrique, explique que son climat soit influenc\u00e9 par des processus \u00e0 la fois oc\u00e9aniques et continentaux (Fall et al<em>.,<\/em> 2006). Le climat de Dakar est tropical aride, avec une longue saison s\u00e8che de novembre \u00e0 mai, et une saison plus chaude, humide et pluvieuse qui s\u2019\u00e9tend approximativement de juillet \u00e0 d\u00e9but octobre. La saison s\u00e8che dure g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement 6 mois dans le Sud (de novembre \u00e0 avril) et 8 \u00e0 10 mois dans le Nord ; des vents oc\u00e9aniques frais et humides soufflent du nord, et de la brume peut parfois se former au-dessus de zone c\u00f4ti\u00e8re. En raison de son emplacement, le climat est plus doux que dans le reste du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal \u00e0 cause de sa proximit\u00e9 oc\u00e9anique.<\/p><p>Comme les autres pays d\u2019Afrique subsaharienne, le S\u00e9n\u00e9gal \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 confront\u00e9 \u00e0 un certain nombre de d\u00e9fis au d\u00e9but de la pand\u00e9mie (Middendorf et al<em>.,<\/em> 2021). Depuis que le premier cas de Covid-19 a \u00e9t\u00e9 confirm\u00e9 au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal le 2 mars 2020 (minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 et de l\u2019Action sociale, 2020), le gouvernement a pris des mesures pour endiguer la propagation et l\u2019impact du virus (Faye et al<em>.,<\/em> 2020). Ainsi, en plus des couvre-feux, les \u00e9coles, les universit\u00e9s et les lieux de culte ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ferm\u00e9s, les services de transport ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9duits et des r\u00e8gles d\u2019hygi\u00e8ne strictes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 impos\u00e9es (Unesco, 2020). Malgr\u00e9 ces actions rapides, la Covid-19 repr\u00e9sente toujours une menace \u00e9lev\u00e9e pour le pays (Agence nationale de la statistique et de la d\u00e9mographie, 2020).<\/p><p>Les travaux de Diouf et al<em>. <\/em>(2021) montrent que, dans le Sahel, le S\u00e9n\u00e9gal conna\u00eet l\u2019expansion la plus rapide des cas de Covid-19. Ceux-ci sont coh\u00e9rents avec les r\u00e9sultats de Faye et al<em>.,<\/em> (2020), qui montrent l\u2019existence d\u2019une relation entre la pand\u00e9mie de Covid-19 (cas confirm\u00e9s, cas actifs, cas r\u00e9cup\u00e9r\u00e9s et d\u00e9c\u00e8s signal\u00e9s), la population et la densit\u00e9. En termes de nombre de cas infect\u00e9s, la r\u00e9gion de Dakar repr\u00e9sente l\u2019\u00e9picentre de la pand\u00e9mie avec 80,5 % des cas infect\u00e9s du pays, suivie de Diourbel avec 8,3 %, Thi\u00e8s avec 3,9 %, S\u00e9dhiou avec 2 % et, pour le reste des r\u00e9gions, le pourcentage reste inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 1,5 % (Faye et al<em>.,<\/em> 2020). Il en est de m\u00eame pour le total des cas actifs, des cas gu\u00e9ris et des cas d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9s, pour lesquels Dakar enregistre respectivement 69,1 %, 85,8 % et 73,8 % (Faye et al<em>.,<\/em> 2020).<\/p><h3>Contexte climatique et Covid-19 \u00e0 Bamako, Mali<\/h3><p>Le Mali est un pays enclav\u00e9 d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest. Sa capitale Bamako, situ\u00e9e en zone soudanienne, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d\u2019un climat tropical sec et humide avec des temp\u00e9ratures maximales moyennes sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 30 \u00b0C. Bamako est tr\u00e8s chaud en moyenne toute l\u2019ann\u00e9e; les mois les plus chauds sont mars, avril et mai et la saison des pluies est unimodale, le d\u00e9but des pluies se produisant dans les principales zones agricoles de mai \u00e0 juillet et se terminant en septembre ou octobre (Toure et al<em>.,<\/em> 2017).<\/p><p>Selon le minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 et des Affaires sociales du Mali (2020), le pays a enregistr\u00e9 les deux premiers cas de Covid-19 \u00e0 Kayes le 25 mars 2020 et Bamako le 26 mars 2020 (dans la Commune III). D\u00e8s lors, l\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mie s\u2019est propag\u00e9e dans la plupart des r\u00e9gions sanitaires (Togola et al<em>., <\/em>2021). \u00c0 la date du 2 ao\u00fbt 2020, le district de Bamako \u00e9tait le plus touch\u00e9, avec 1 207 cas de Covid-19, dont 105 dans la Commune III de Bamako (minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 et des Affaires sociales du Mali, 2 ao\u00fbt 2020). De multiples efforts ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par l\u2019\u00c9tat et ses partenaires dans le cadre de la surveillance \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique des maladies \u00e0 potentiels \u00e9pid\u00e9miques \u00e0 travers l\u2019\u00e9quipement, le recrutement et la formation du personnel (Togola et al<em>.,<\/em> 2021). Le syst\u00e8me de surveillance des maladies existe au Mali depuis plusieurs d\u00e9cennies avec une collecte syst\u00e9matique des donn\u00e9es sanitaires (minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 et des Affaires sociales du Mali, 2020).<\/p><h3>Contexte climatique et Covid-19 \u00e0 Niamey, Niger<\/h3><p>La R\u00e9publique du Niger pr\u00e9sente au nord, un type de climat saharien, d\u00e9sertique et chaud selon la classification de K\u00f6ppen (Kottek et al<em>., <\/em>2006) car le d\u00e9sert s\u2019\u00e9tend sur environ les deux tiers de la superficie du pays, tandis qu\u2019au sud, le climat semi-aride chaud cr\u00e9e une pr\u00e9dominance de la savane sah\u00e9lienne (Bigi et al<em>.,<\/em> 2018). La capitale Niamey couvre une superficie de 255 km\u00b2 pour une population de 1 802 910 habitants en 2018, ce qui en fait la ville la plus peupl\u00e9e du Niger.<br \/>Ce pays est le plus grand d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest, avec une \u00e9conomie vuln\u00e9rable, un faible niveau d\u2019alphab\u00e9tisation, un manque d\u2019infrastructures et un acc\u00e8s limit\u00e9 aux soins (African Wildlife Foundation, 2020). Par ailleurs, le Niger fait actuellement face \u00e0 des attaques arm\u00e9es et des enl\u00e8vements (Garda World, 2020), qui ont sans aucun doute aggrav\u00e9 la crise sanitaire (Tchole et al<em>., <\/em>2020). Le 19 mars 2020, un magasinier nig\u00e9rian de 36 ans, qui avait r\u00e9cemment voyag\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, a \u00e9t\u00e9 le premier cas de Covid-19 au Niger (Agency Niger Press, 2020). En 15 jours, 120 patients ont \u00e9t\u00e9 positifs au Sars-Cov-2 (OMS, 2020). Par la suite, la Covid-19 s\u2019est rapidement r\u00e9pandu et les admissions de cas de Covid-19 ont bondi entre entre le 8 et le 12 avril 2020, avec un pic le 10 avril 2020 (Aminou et al<em>., <\/em>2021).<br \/>Selon le rapport de situation du minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 publique \u00e0 la date du 25 juin 2020, 1 059 cas cumul\u00e9s ont \u00e9t\u00e9 enregistr\u00e9s sur l \u0301ensemble du territoire, dont 75,60 % des cas (soit 801 cas) dans la communaut\u00e9 urbaine de Niamey (minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 publique, 2020). Au cours de cette pand\u00e9mie, le personnel de sant\u00e9 a pay\u00e9 un lourd tribut avec 184 cas confirm\u00e9s sur 1 059, soit 17,40 % (MSP, 2020). Ce constat pourrait s\u2019expliquer, d\u2019une part, par l\u2019absence de pr\u00e9cautions pour la pr\u00e9vention et le contr\u00f4le des infections (PCI), et, d\u2019autre part, par la nouveaut\u00e9 de la maladie dans le syst\u00e8me sanitaire (Baissa et al<em>., <\/em>2020).<\/p><h2>Climat et Covid : vers des pistes multifactorielles<\/h2><p>L\u2019\u00e9tude des relations entre la Covid-19 et les facteurs climatiques \u00e0 Bamako, Niamey, Conakry, Dakar, Abidjan et Yaound\u00e9 apporte un certain nombre de r\u00e9sultats. Le r\u00e9sultat des corr\u00e9lations entre les forts cas de Covid-19 et les facteurs climatiques \u00e0 Bamako et \u00e0 Niamey sont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s sur la Figure 2. \u00c0 Bamako, des corr\u00e9lations n\u00e9gatives entre les jours de forts cas de Covid-19 et les facteurs climatiques, notamment la temp\u00e9rature (Figure 2b) et les vents m\u00e9ridiens (Figure 2c), sont obtenues sans \u00eatre significatives : une baisse des temp\u00e9ratures et un renforcement des vents du nord (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement secs et charg\u00e9s en poussi\u00e8res) sont des conditions favorables \u00e0 une augmentation des forts nombres de cas confirm\u00e9s de Covid-19 ; en revanche, on ne peut conclure que les p\u00e9riodes de forte humidit\u00e9 sont des conditions favorables \u00e0 une augmentation des contaminations (Figure 2a). Niamey pre\u0301sente une situation contraire a\u0300 celle de Bamako, alors que les deux pays ont les me\u0302mes conditions climatiques sahe\u0301liennes. En effet, a\u0300 Niamey, la corre\u0301lation entre les jours de forts cas de Covid-19 et l\u2019humidite\u0301<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_5733\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5733\" style=\"width: 2029px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5734 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/CorrSeuil_Temp_Rh_Vent_Bamako_Niamey.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"2029\" height=\"904\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5733\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2 : Corr\u00e9lation entre les forts cas de Covid-19 et les facteurs climatiques (RHmean, t 2 m v850 hPa) \u00e0 Bamako (a, b et c) et \u00e0 Niamey (d, e et f). Les coefficients de corr\u00e9lation sont indiqu\u00e9s par la valeur r2.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9150e65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9150e65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>relative (Figure 2d) est n\u00e9gative. La corr\u00e9lation avec le vent m\u00e9ridien est tr\u00e8s faible parce qu\u2019en moyenne, quel que soit le nombre de cas, le vent varie peu (faible pente de la r\u00e9gression). De m\u00eame, les faibles variations moyennes de temp\u00e9rature sont peu significatives par rapport au nombre de cas, en comparaison avec la situation de Bamako.<\/p><p>La Figure 3 montre qu\u2019\u00e0 Dakar comme \u00e0 Conakry, m\u00eame si les valeurs de coefficients de corr\u00e9lation sont tr\u00e8s faibles, une baisse de l\u2019humidit\u00e9 relative ou une baisse des temp\u00e9ratures ou un renforcement des vents soufflant du nord semblent \u00eatre des conditions m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques favo-rables \u00e0 une augmentation de forts cas de contamination confirm\u00e9s de Covid-19. Les tendances \u00e0 Abidjan et Yaound\u00e9 semblent \u00eatre qualitativement similaires \u00e0 celles de Dakar et Conakry. Pour autant, dans les cas d\u2019Abidjan et Yaound\u00e9, les valeurs des coefficients de corr\u00e9lation sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement tr\u00e8s faibles, sugg\u00e9rant un r\u00f4le moindre des variables climatiques \u00e9tudi\u00e9es dans l\u2019\u00e9volution des jours de fortes contaminations.<\/p><p>Les tendances issues de cette \u00e9tude comparative entre des villes ayant des contextes climatiques similaires d\u00e9montrent que la temp\u00e9rature de l\u2019air, l\u2019humidit\u00e9 relative et la vitesse des vents pourraient jouer un r\u00f4le dans la hausse des cas de contaminations malgr\u00e9 des corr\u00e9lations tr\u00e8s<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_5741\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5741\" style=\"width: 677px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5742 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/figure-3.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"677\" height=\"369\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5741\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3 : Corr\u00e9lation entre les cas de Covid-19 sup\u00e9rieurs au seuil et les facteurs climatiques (RHmean, t 2 m, v850 hPa) de Conakry (a, b et c) et de Dakar (b, e et f). Les coefficients de corr\u00e9lation sont indiqu\u00e9s par la valeur r2.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d32698 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d32698\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>faibles, voire insignifiantes, comme dans les \u00e9tudes pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes sur d\u2019autres continents. Des analyses compl\u00e9mentaires sont n\u00e9cessaires pour d\u00e9crire l\u2019influence relative de chaque variable selon la position g\u00e9ographique de la ville. Par ailleurs, ces r\u00e9sultats soulignent la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de mener des recherches additionnelles et des analyses multivari\u00e9es pour \u00e9valuer l\u2019impact potentiel des types de temps avec des indicateurs contrast\u00e9s combinant \u00e0 la fois, la temp\u00e9rature, l\u2019humidit\u00e9 et le vent. Dans cette perspective, il serait instructif de comprendre comment le nombre de cas de contaminations \u00e9volue pendant les jours associ\u00e9s \u00e0 des baisses de temp\u00e9rature, d\u2019humidit\u00e9 (secs) et \u00e0 des forts du nord, et de comparer aux jours chauds, humides avec des vents du sud. Enfin, consid\u00e9rant le temps d\u2019incubation du virus, l\u2019analyser devrait inclure les conditions m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques moyennes 5 \u00e0 10 jours avant les jours de pics de contaminations.<\/p><h2>La r\u00e9ponse institutionnelle<br \/>\u00e0 la Covid-19 en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire<\/h2><h3>Connaissances actuelles : un changement de paradigme en Afrique et en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire<\/h3><p>Le premier cas de Covid-19 en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire a \u00e9t\u00e9 diagnostiqu\u00e9 le 11 mars 2020 sur un ressortissant ivoirien de 45 ans de retour d\u2019Italie, hospitalis\u00e9 au CHU de Treichville \u00e0 Abidjan. Depuis lors, le pays a connu, \u00e0 la date du 15 janvier 2022 quatre vagues \u00e9pid\u00e9miques successives (Tableau 3).<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_16189\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16189\" style=\"width: 545px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-16189 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/526d98_d734ff511a7c4475a638af7afaa6538amv2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"545\" height=\"201\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16189\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tableau 3 : Vagues e\u0301pide\u0301miques de Covid-19 en Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire entre juin 2020 et de\u0301cembre 2021 (source : institut Pasteur de Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cc8159 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2cc8159\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le 3 septembre 2022, la Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire comptait 86 779 cas confirme\u0301s cumule\u0301s pour 819 de\u0301ce\u0300s. Le taux de le\u0301talite\u0301 atteignait 0,9 %, parmi les plus faibles en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest. Ces re\u0301sultats sont en partie lie\u0301s a\u0300 la re\u0301ponse institutionnelle ivoirienne, conforme a\u0300 la pre\u0301cocite\u0301 des re\u0301ponses des autorite\u0301s africaines depuis le de\u0301but de la pande\u0301mie (e\u0301boko &amp; Schlimmer, 2020). Faisant suite a\u0300 l\u2019alerte mondiale de l\u2019OMS demandant a\u0300 tous les pays d\u2019activer les Centres des ope\u0301rations d\u2019urgence sanitaire, le ministe\u0300re de la Sante\u0301 et de l\u2019Hygie\u0300ne publique a active\u0301 le 31 de\u0301cembre 2019 son Centre des ope\u0301rations d\u2019urgence en sante\u0301 publique (COUSP), avec la mise en place d\u2019un comite\u0301 de crise afin de mieux ge\u0301rer le risque de contraction et de propagation de la maladie. Dans ce cadre, le COUSP a e\u0301labore\u0301 un plan d\u2019urgence qui est en cours d\u2019exe\u0301cution (cabinet du Premier ministre, mars 2020 : 3). <br>Deux mesures diffe\u0301rencient la re\u0301ponse ivoirienne des autres pays d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest et centrale : la fermeture d\u2019Abidjan et la qualite\u0301 de la prise en charge des de\u0301tresses respiratoires.      <\/p>\n<h3>Une r\u00e9ponse pr\u00e9coce<\/h3>\n<p>Ainsi, le 20 juin 2020, l\u2019Afrique comptait un d\u00e9c\u00e8s pour 10 798 habitants, l\u2019Europe un d\u00e9c\u00e8s pour 3 886 habitants, les \u00c9tats-Unis un d\u00e9c\u00e8s pour 2 754 habitants. Bien que certains pays africains (Afrique du Sud, Maroc, Mali, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, etc.) connussent une \u00ab seconde vague \u00bb et que la C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire ait \u00e9t\u00e9 confront\u00e9e \u00e0 une acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration de la pand\u00e9mie d\u00e8s le d\u00e9but de l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2021, la situation ivoirienne a b\u00e9n\u00e9fici\u00e9 des mesures prises en mars-avril 2020. En effet, la \u00ab fermeture d\u2019Abidjan \u00bb du 26 mars au 15 juillet 2020 a permis de contenir la pand\u00e9mie dans la capitale \u00e9conomique, qui constitue aussi le maillage sanitaire le plus important du pays. Quelque 577 bars ont ferm\u00e9 dans le district d\u2019Abidjan et l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence s\u2019est prolong\u00e9 jusqu\u2019au 30 juillet. Le Premier ministre ivoirien, feu Mamadou Gon Coulibaly a annonc\u00e9, le 31 mars 2020, un \u00ab Plan de soutien \u00e9conomique, social et humanitaire \u00bb d\u2019un montant de \u00ab 1 700 milliards de francs CFA \u00bb (2,6 milliards d\u2019euros), soit \u00ab environ 5 % du PIB \u00bb ivoirien. Au moment pr\u00e9cis de cette annonce la C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire comptait un seul d\u00e9c\u00e8s (Eboko &amp; Schlimmer, 2020). Les figures 4 et 5 permettent de mesurer, sur une dur\u00e9e de deux ans, l\u2019impact \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique de cette mesure politique.      <\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5743\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5743\" style=\"width: 593px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5744 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/figure-4.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"593\" height=\"362\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5743\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4 : Les premiers impacts de la fermeture d\u2019Abidjan sur la diffusion de la maladie en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire le 5 avril 2020 (source : Institut national de sant\u00e9 publique de C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5745\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5745\" style=\"width: 680px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5746 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/figure-5.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"440\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5745\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 5 : L\u2019impact durant deux ans de la fermeture d\u2019Abidjan sur la diffusion de la maladie en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire (septembre 2022).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87943c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87943c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>D\u2019une vague \u00e0 l\u2019autre<\/h3>\n<p>L\u2019impact de la pand\u00e9mie ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 plus faible en Afrique qu\u2019ailleurs, le rel\u00e2chement des mesures barri\u00e8res a \u00e9t\u00e9 constat\u00e9 sur l\u2019ensemble du continent, de Dakar \u00e0 Abidjan et de Yaound\u00e9 \u00e0 Accra. En comparaison avec les pays africains qui comptent un nombre \u00e9quivalent de personnes infect\u00e9es par la Covid-19, la C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire (88 870 cas) a enregistr\u00e9 3 \u00e0 4 fois moins de d\u00e9c\u00e8s \u00e0 la fin du mois d\u2019avril 2021. Cette situation est li\u00e9e \u00e0 la sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 du cas de la C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, qui a pris des mesures similaires aux autres pays, notamment dans les villes4 , auxquelles s\u2019ajoute la fermeture d\u2019Abidjan. Sans porter de jugement sur l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 des traitements, notons aussi que la C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire a tr\u00e8s vite abandonn\u00e9 l\u2019hydroxychloroquine5 , alors que la plupart des pays, tels le S\u00e9n\u00e9gal ou le Cameroun y ont eu recours jusque tr\u00e8s r\u00e9cemment. Le virus a \u00e9t\u00e9 relativement cantonn\u00e9 dans Abidjan, qui abrite le seul a\u00e9roport international par lequel il a p\u00e9n\u00e9tr\u00e9 dans le pays. La concentration des centres de prise en charge dans la m\u00eame ville a permis d\u2019apporter une r\u00e9ponse appropri\u00e9e \u00e0 ce cantonnement viral au sein du district autonome d\u2019Abidjan.     <\/p>\n<h3>Des comp\u00e9tences et un concours de<br>circonstances pour la prise en charge des patients<\/h3>\n<p>La majorit\u00e9 des patients d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9s dans les villes d\u2019Afrique subsaharienne concern\u00e9es par cet article n\u00e9cessitaient une assistance respiratoire. \u00c0 Abidjan, l\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne a \u00e9t\u00e9 fourni par la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Air Liquide sans discontinuit\u00e9, contrairement \u00e0 d\u2019autres pays. Les manifestations culturelles, plus que les regroupements cultuels, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 des occasions de r\u00e9duction des gestes barri\u00e8res, notamment le relatif abandon du port du masque dans des lieux ferm\u00e9s. Qu\u2019il s\u2019agisse du concert du chanteur Singuila du 10 d\u00e9cembre 2020 \u00e0 Abidjan, des festivit\u00e9s de fin d\u2019ann\u00e9e ou encore des rassemblements suite au d\u00e9c\u00e8s le 10 mars 2021 du Premier ministre Hamed Bakayoko (deuil national), ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements ont contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 une augmentation des cas de Covid de mani\u00e8re peu discutable. La figure 6 en est l\u2019illustration.    <\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5747\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5747\" style=\"width: 574px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5748 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/figure-6.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"574\" height=\"364\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5747\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 6 : rassemblements et hausse des cas de Covid en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire en 2020 et 2021 (source : Institut national de la sant\u00e9 publique, 2021).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba40555 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba40555\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La troisi\u00e8me vague en 2020 a \u00e9galement pris les contours d\u2019une \u00ab \u00e9pid\u00e9mie middle class \u00bb, en lien avec les vacanciers de No\u00ebl en provenance d\u2019Europe, suivant le t\u00e9moignage d\u2019un membre de l\u2019\u00e9quipe de l\u2019institut Pasteur d\u2019Abidjan d\u00e9di\u00e9 aux pr\u00e9l\u00e8vements et \u00e0 l\u2019analyse des tests PCR (polymerase chain reaction) de Covid-19.<\/p>\n<h2>Conclusion : les conditions sociales des<br>e\u0301volutions des cas de Covid, au-dela\u0300 du climat<\/h2>\n<p>Les travaux pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s ici mettent en \u00e9vidence qu\u2019un lien entre les variations climatiques et les contaminations n\u2019est pas clairement \u00e9tabli, et que l\u2019impact de ces variations climatiques n\u2019est pas le facteur le plus d\u00e9terminant dans les villes africaines consid\u00e9r\u00e9es. Les variations de l\u2019incidence des cas de Covid-19 sont multifactorielles, avec une pr\u00e9dominance d\u2019impact des comportements humains par rapport au r\u00f4le du climat, par ailleurs r\u00e9el, mais non cern\u00e9 encore. Dans le cas d\u2019Abidjan, la deuxi\u00e8me vague, au d\u00e9but de l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2021, est grandement li\u00e9e \u00e0 la baisse du respect des mesures barri\u00e8res sous la pression de la p\u00e9riode festive des vacances de No\u00ebl et \u00e0 d\u2019autres \u00e9v\u00e8nements signal\u00e9s pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment. Le climat dans ce contexte constitue une variable mineure. Ce qui a p\u00e9nalis\u00e9 les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de \u00ab l\u2019\u00e2ge l\u2019abondance \u00bb (Sahlins, 1976), ce sont les modes de vie et les infrastructures li\u00e9es \u00e0 la capacit\u00e9 des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de consommation \u00e0 s\u2019entasser dans les avions, m\u00e9tros, trams, train, etc.   <\/p>\n<p>L\u2019\u00e9conomie n\u00e9olib\u00e9rale s\u2019est affich\u00e9e comme productrice de ce qu\u2019il est possible de nommer aujourd\u2019hui \u00ab les politiques d\u2019entassement \u00bb. Un raisonnement par l\u2019absurde permet de proposer l\u2019id\u00e9e que les p\u00e9nuries de toutes sortes qui jalonnent la vie quotidienne en Afrique sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ratrices de le\u00e7ons de vie. La majorit\u00e9 des Africains entre 50 et 60 ans qui sont d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9s de la Covid-19 en Afrique auraient surv\u00e9cu dans des pays ayant des syst\u00e8mes de sant\u00e9 dignes de ce nom. Une \u00e9tude transversale men\u00e9e par les \u00e9quipes du centre hospitalier universitaire de Treichville \u00e0 Abidjan sur 1 230 personnes, \u00e2g\u00e9es en moyenne de 37 ans, test\u00e9es positives, symptomatiques \u00e0 la Covid-19 et prises en charge sur des sites de confinement (h\u00f4tels) montre les \u00e9l\u00e9ments suivants : un d\u00e9lai moyen de n\u00e9gativit\u00e9 de 15 jours (plus ou moins 4 jours); un retour \u00e0 domicile de 98,7 % des cas tandis que 1,3 % des cas ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s en milieu hospitalier (Kouakou, \u00c9holi\u00e9 et al<em>.,<\/em> 2022, p. 180). La jeunesse des populations africaines, caract\u00e9ristique soulev\u00e9e d\u00e8s le d\u00e9but de la pand\u00e9mie, confirme \u00eatre le crit\u00e8re principal de la faible mortalit\u00e9 des populations africaines (except\u00e9es l\u2019Afrique australe et l\u2019Afrique du Nord) par rapport au reste du monde. Cette variable de l\u2019\u00e2ge met en \u00e9vidence que la Covid-19 touche en priorit\u00e9 les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es.       <\/p>\n<p>N\u00e9anmoins, si les Ivoiriens ont connu une l\u00e9talit\u00e9 plus faible que leurs voisins, cela tient \u00e0 la concentration des malades dans la ville qui conna\u00eet la meilleure offre de soins du pays et une prise en charge sans p\u00e9nurie d\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne pour les d\u00e9tresses respiratoires, quelle que soit la saison. Ce qui pose la question de la prise en charge des maladies non transmissibles en Afrique (Baxerres &amp; Eboko, 2020), dont les \u00ab comorbidit\u00e9s \u00bb avec le Sars-Cov-2 sont la cause principale des d\u00e9c\u00e8s li\u00e9s \u00e0 la Covid-19. Dans cette optique, les syst\u00e8mes de sant\u00e9 africains, affaiblis mais \u00ab prot\u00e9g\u00e9s \u00bb de l\u2019h\u00e9catombe par la jeunesse de ses populations, ont travers\u00e9 la crise sanitaire comme une all\u00e9gorie de ceux que l\u2019anthropologue Pierre Sansot (1928-2005) nommait \u00ab les gens de peu \u00bb : \u00ab partis de rien, arriv\u00e9s \u00e0 pas grand-chose mais qui n\u2019ont de merci \u00e0 dire \u00e0 personne \u00bb (Sansot, 1991). \u00c0 l\u2019inverse, on peut consid\u00e9rer en Occident que ce n\u2019est pas une fatalit\u00e9 de vivre tous entass\u00e9s au quotidien. Ce qu\u2019a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 l\u2019Afrique, c\u2019est aussi l\u2019impasse des raisonnements qu\u2019Henri Bergson appelait l\u2019associationnisme :    <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3d7b3a elementor-blockquote--skin-border elementor-widget elementor-widget-blockquote\" data-id=\"a3d7b3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"blockquote.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<blockquote class=\"elementor-blockquote\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-blockquote__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00ab L\u2019associationnisme a donc comme tort de substituer sans cesse au ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne concret qui se passe dans l\u2019esprit la reconstitution artificielle que la philosophie en donne, et de confondre ainsi l\u2019explication du fait avec le fait lui-m\u00eame \u00bb (Bergson, 2013, p. 123).\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-363721f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"363721f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&rsquo;urgence para\u00eet aujourd&rsquo;hui d&rsquo;am\u00e9liorer les conditions de prise en charge des patients vuln\u00e9rables pour \u00e9viter les d\u00e9c\u00e8s. Il existe peu d&rsquo;interrogations sur le taux de survie des patients infect\u00e9s par la Covid-19, hospitalis\u00e9s et en d\u00e9tresse respiratoire aigu\u00eb en Afrique subsaharienne. Il semble que l&rsquo;Afrique et les Africains comprennent de plus en plus que leur place dans le monde est celle qu&rsquo;ils se donnent eux-m\u00eames. Dans cette logique, l&rsquo;organisation en C\u00f4te d&rsquo;Ivoire de la premi\u00e8re grande conf\u00e9rence scientifique sur la Covid-19 en Afrique de l&rsquo;Ouest, organis\u00e9e par le West African Consortium for Clinical Research on Epidemic Pathogens est un \u00e9v\u00e9nement significatif pour l&rsquo;Afrique. Cette manifestation a mis en lumi\u00e8re des r\u00e9sultats concrets issus de plus de 180 communications.<br>L&rsquo;Afrique face \u00e0 la Covid invite \u00e0 penser l&rsquo;\u00e9conomie morale de la vie, selon Didier Fassin dont l&rsquo;ouvrage \u00e9ponyme La Vie, publi\u00e9 en 2020, est presque un raisonnement pr\u00e9monitoire de la pand\u00e9mie de la Covid-19. R\u00e9v\u00e9ler les contradictions qui traversent l&rsquo;\u00e9conomie morale de la vie ne rend pas les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s contemporaines plus justes, mais fournit des armes \u00e0 celles et ceux qui veulent lutter pour les rendre plus justes (Fassin, 2018 : 157).      <\/p>\n<p>Dans cette optique, les travaux pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s lors du colloque de la West African Consortium for Clinical Research on Epidemics Pathogens (WAC-CREP 2022) tendent \u00e0 montrer une adaptation sociale relative aux connaissances scientifiques. La vaccination en constitue un exemple important. D&rsquo;apr\u00e8s un questionnaire soumis \u00e0 1 061 individus dans les 6 districts d&rsquo;Abidjan, 82,28 % connaissent l&rsquo;existence du vaccin contre la Covid-19. 34,04 % croient en son efficacit\u00e9, contrairement \u00e0 37,07 % qui n&rsquo;y croient pas. Entre les deux groupes, 30,89 % des personnes avouent n&rsquo;avoir aucune opinion (Kangah et al<em>.,<\/em> 2022). De mani\u00e8re plus sp\u00e9cifique, les travaux de Kouassi et Irika (2022) portant sur la couverture vaccinale chez les plus de 50 ans montrent que 60 % de ces personnes se consid\u00e8rent comme \u00ab personnes \u00e0 risque face \u00e0 la Covid-19 \u00bb. Si seulement 46 % de ces personnes sont effectivement vaccin\u00e9es, elles sont 88,4 % \u00e0 penser que le port du masque est efficace pour se prot\u00e9ger. Parmi elles, 41 % n&rsquo;ont pas confiance dans les vaccins; 4,6 % y sont hostiles de mani\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et 10 % soulignent des probl\u00e8mes mat\u00e9riels pour se rendre dans les centres de vaccination. Si la diffusion \u00ab d&rsquo;infox \u00bb (Djaha, 2021) a eu un impact en C\u00f4te d&rsquo;Ivoire, dans tous les pays africains et au-del\u00e0, ces r\u00e9sultats nuancent l&rsquo;id\u00e9e d&rsquo;une hostilit\u00e9 sp\u00e9cifique aux vaccins contre la Covid-19.       <\/p>\n<p>Une \u00e9tude men\u00e9e \u00e0 domicile aupr\u00e8s de 207 familles de 8 communes d\u2019Abidjan (Anoumatacky et al<em>.,<\/em> 2022) montre que 90 % d\u2019entre elles pensent qu\u2019il s\u2019agit d\u2019une maladie mortelle. Pour autant, 37 % se pensaient \u00ab moyennement expos\u00e9s \u00bb en 2020 contre 25 % en 2021. Cette contradiction sociale s\u2019inscrit \u00e0 contre-courant de l\u2019\u00e9volution de la pand\u00e9mie, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 plus forte en 2021 qu\u2019en 2020. La peur est mauvaise conseill\u00e8re, et ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 connu et document\u00e9 dans les pand\u00e9mies et \u00e9pid\u00e9mies pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes.<br>Les personnes confront\u00e9es au risque de contracter la maladie et\/ou d\u2019en ressentir des effets d\u00e9l\u00e9t\u00e8res modifient leurs repr\u00e9sentations de la maladie, y compris de mani\u00e8re contre-intuitive, en Afrique comme ailleurs. Par exemple, plus l\u2019\u00e2ge augmente, plus les personnes acceptent (ou refusent moins) d\u2019\u00eatre vaccin\u00e9es. Une autre \u00e9tude men\u00e9e \u00e0 Bouak\u00e9 montre que, sur un petit effectif de 51 personnes, 68 % des personnes vaccin\u00e9es et diagnostiqu\u00e9es positives affirment que le vaccin contre la Covid-19 les a \u00ab prot\u00e9g\u00e9s contre des formes graves de la maladie \u00bb (Soumahoro, Irika et al<em>.,<\/em> 2022 : 208).      <\/p>\n<p>La C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire appara\u00eet comme un cas d\u2019\u00e9cole autour de l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se du r\u00f4le du climat, parmi d\u2019autres facteurs. Cet exemple n\u2019est pas loin d\u2019\u00eatre un \u00e9cho involontaire, mais stimulant \u00e0 l\u2019analyse d\u2019Achille Mbembe : <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c07f9d8 elementor-blockquote--skin-border elementor-widget elementor-widget-blockquote\" data-id=\"c07f9d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"blockquote.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<blockquote class=\"elementor-blockquote\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-blockquote__content\">\n\t\t\t\tAnticiper une pr\u00e9sence potentielle, mais non encore av\u00e9r\u00e9e, et qui n\u2019a pas encore rev\u00eatu de forme stable, devrait peut-\u00eatre \u00eatre le point de d\u00e9part de toute critique \u00e0 venir dont l\u2019horizon est de forger un sol commun (Mbembe, 2020, p. 29).\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32b2356 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"32b2356\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Remerciements<\/h3><p>Nous remercions les institutions et personnes suivantes :<\/p><p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Institut de recherche pour le de\u0301veloppement (IRD)<\/p><p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Ministe\u0300re de l\u2019Enseignement supe\u0301rieur et de la Recherche scientifique (MESRS) de Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire<\/p><p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Service des Maladies infectieuses et tropicales (SMIT).<\/p><p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Centre hospitalier universitaire de Treichville, Abidjan, Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire<\/p><p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Institut Pasteur de Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire (IPCI)<\/p><p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Institut national de la sante\u0301 publique (INSP) de Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire<\/p><p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Ministe\u0300re de la Sante\u0301 et de l\u2019Hygie\u0300ne publique et de la Couverture Maladie Universelle de Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire<\/p><p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Universite\u0301 Fe\u0301lix Houphoue\u0308t Boigny (UFHB) d\u2019Abidjan<\/p><p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Universite\u0301 Alassane Ouattara de Bouake\u0301 (UAOB)Vale\u0301ry Riddle, IRD<\/p><p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Ousmane Zina, Universite\u0301 Alassane Ouattara de Bouake\u0301<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d9184d e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2d9184d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7fd8c3 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a7fd8c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les auteurs<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38b0172 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-link-in-bio\" data-id=\"38b0172\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"link-in-bio.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio e-link-in-bio\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image e-link-in-bio__identity-image-profile has-style-circle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"207\" height=\"276\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Fred-Eboko-.jpg\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image-element\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"e-link-in-bio__heading\">Fred Eboko<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"e-link-in-bio__title\">Politiste, repr\u00e9sentant de l&#039;IRD en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire <\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-link-in-bio__description\">Universit\u00e9 Paris-Cit\u00e9, IRD, Inserm, France \n\n<\/p>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icons has-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon is-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a aria-label=\"Email\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-link\" href=\"mailto:fred.eboko@ird.fr?subject=Contact%20from%20GA%20Bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-svg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__ctas has-type-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/fred-eboko\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener \" class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta is-type-button has-corners-rounded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVoir le profil complet\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a13b421 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-link-in-bio\" data-id=\"a13b421\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"link-in-bio.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio e-link-in-bio\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image e-link-in-bio__identity-image-profile has-style-circle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"299\" height=\"299\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/photo.webp\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image-element\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/photo.webp 299w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/photo-150x150.webp 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 299px) 100vw, 299px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"e-link-in-bio__heading\">Ibrahima K. Kant\u00e9\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"e-link-in-bio__title\">Oc\u00e9anographe, Laboratoire de physique de l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re et de l\u2019oc\u00e9an S. Fongang (UCAD), S\u00e9n\u00e9gal<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-link-in-bio__description\">Laboratoire d\u2019enseignement et de recherche en \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique appliqu\u00e9e de Conakry, Guin\u00e9e\n\n<\/p>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icons has-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon is-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a aria-label=\"Email\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-link\" href=\"mailto:ibrahima.kante@ucad.edu.sn?subject=Contact%20from%20GA%20Bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-svg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__ctas has-type-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/ibrahima-k.-kante\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener \" class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta is-type-button has-corners-rounded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVoir le profil complet\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d83e54 ignoretoc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-link-in-bio\" data-id=\"1d83e54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"link-in-bio.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio e-link-in-bio\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image e-link-in-bio__identity-image-profile has-style-circle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Arona-225x300.jpg\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__identity-image-element\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Arona-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Arona.jpg 230w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"e-link-in-bio__heading\">Arona Diedhiou\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"e-link-in-bio__title\">Climatologue, LASMES, African Centre of Excellence on Climate Change <\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-link-in-bio__description\">Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt Boigny, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire <\/p>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icons has-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon is-size-small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a aria-label=\"Email\" class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-link\" href=\"mailto:arona.diedhiou@ird.fr?subject=Contact%20from%20GA%20Bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__icon-svg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__ctas has-type-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/authors\/arona-diedhiou\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener \" class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta is-type-button has-corners-rounded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-link-in-bio__cta-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVoir le profil complet\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-link-in-bio__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca44f9b ignoretoc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ca44f9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9galement dans ce num\u00e9ro<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08ab0bf elementor-grid-1 elementor-grid-tablet-1 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-posts--show-avatar elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"08ab0bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:27,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_tablet_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_mobile_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;posts_cards_pp_authors_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.posts_cards_pp_authors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-posts_cards_pp_authors elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15271 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-revue author-global-africa\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1200\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Issue-10-\u2013-Global-AfricaProtective-Knowledges-The-Wisdom-to-Protect-.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-15268\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tNum\u00e9ro 10 \u2013 Global Africa\u00ab Savoirs protecteurs, savoir prot\u00e9ger \u00bb\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/numero-10-global-africa-savoirs-protecteurs-savoir-proteger\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Num\u00e9ro 10 \u2013 Global Africa\u00ab Savoirs protecteurs, savoir prot\u00e9ger \u00bb\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tGlobal Africa\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15509 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-analyses-critiques author-karine-collette-fr author-ibrahima-ba-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14990\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41.png 527w, https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.19.41-210x300.png 210w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 527px) 100vw, 527px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tTerre-M\u00e8re : trace discursive d\u2019une \u00e9mancipation \u00e9cologique au Nord et au Sud ?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/terre-mere-trace-discursive-dune-emancipation-ecologique-au-nord-et-au-sud\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Terre-M\u00e8re : trace discursive d\u2019une \u00e9mancipation \u00e9cologique au Nord et au Sud ?\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tKarine Collette, Ibrahima Ba\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15517 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-champ author-cheikh-sadibou-sakho-fr author-masengesho-kamuzinzi-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.18.04.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14982\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\t\u00ab We Heal Together \u00bb, un savoir protecteur par excellence qui s\u2019inspire de l\u2019h\u00e9ritage africain, o\u00f9 les responsabilit\u00e9s envers soi et envers autrui sont indissociables\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/we-heal-together-un-savoir-protecteur-par-excellence-qui-sinspire-de-lheritage-africain-ou-les-responsabilites-envers-soi-et-envers-autrui-sont-indissociables\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur \u00ab We Heal Together \u00bb, un savoir protecteur par excellence qui s\u2019inspire de l\u2019h\u00e9ritage africain, o\u00f9 les responsabilit\u00e9s envers soi et envers autrui sont indissociables\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tCheikh Sadibou Sakho, Masengesho Kamuzinzi\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-15523 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-analyses-critiques author-cheikh-sadibou-sakho-fr author-ndeye-laity-ndiaye-fr\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Capture-decran-2025-06-27-a-19.17.22.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-14992\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t        <div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n            <img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cheikh-Sadibou-Sakho-.webp' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/><img alt='' src='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' srcset='https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Global-Africa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='128' width='128'\/>        <\/div>\n        \t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" target=&quot;_blank&quot;>\n\t\t\t\tIt Takes a Village! (R\u00e9)inventer la mise \u00e0 l\u2019abri des survivantes de violences sexuelles au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal<br>Pistes \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience du centre Kullimaaroo de Ziguinchor\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalafricasciences.org\/fr\/it-takes-a-village-reinventer-la-mise-a-labri-des-survivantes-de-violences-sexuelles-au-senegalpistes-a-partir-de-lexperience-du-centre-kullimaaroo-de-ziguinchor\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur It Takes a Village! (R\u00e9)inventer la mise \u00e0 l\u2019abri des survivantes de violences sexuelles au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal&lt;br&gt;Pistes \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience du centre Kullimaaroo de Ziguinchor\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t        <span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tCheikh Sadibou Sakho, Nd\u00e8ye La\u00efty Ndiaye\t\t<\/span>\n        \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e590199 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e590199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dd1381 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-adv-tabs\" data-id=\"3dd1381\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-adv-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div data-scroll-on-click=\"no\" data-scroll-speed=\"300\" id=\"eael-advance-tabs-3dd1381\" class=\"eael-advance-tabs eael-tabs-horizontal eael-tab-auto-active  responsive-vertical-layout\" data-tabid=\"3dd1381\">\n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-nav \">\n                <ul class=\"eael-tab-inline-icon\" role=\"tablist\">\n                                            <li id=\"pour-citer-larticle-\" class=\"active-default eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-quote-left\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Pour citer l&rsquo;article :<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"notes\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"notes-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-notes-medical\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Notes<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"bibliographie\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"bibliographie-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <i class=\"fas fa-book\"><\/i>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Bibliographie<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                    \n                                  <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-content\">\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item active-default\" data-title-link=\"pour-citer-larticle--tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <h5>APA<\/h5>\n<p>Eboko, F., Kant\u00e9, I. K., Diedhiou, A. (2022). Covid-19, r\u00e9ponse institutionnelle et r\u00f4le du climat.  <\/p>\n<p>\u00c9tude comparative entre la C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire et les autres pays d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest. <em>Global Africa, 2<\/em>, pp. 55-69. <u><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/trm0-3614\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/trm0-3614<\/a><\/u><\/p>\n<h5>MLA<\/h5>\n<p>Eboko, Fred et al. \u00ab Covid-19, r\u00e9ponse institutionnelle et r\u00f4le du climat.  <\/p>\n<p>\u00c9tude comparative entre la C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire et les autres pays d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest \u00bb. <em>Global Africa, <\/em>no. 2, 2022, p. 55-69. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/trm0-3614\">doi.org\/10.57832\/trm0-3614<\/a><\/p>\n<h5>DOI<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/trm0-3614\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57832\/trm0-3614<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00a9 2022 by author(s). This work is openly licensed via CC BY-NC 4.0 <\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"notes-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"notes-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <ol>\n<li>Voir \u00e9galement Huibin et al., 2020 ; Grifoni et al., 2020.<\/li>\n<li>L\u2019IRD et l\u2019institut Pasteur de C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire ont commenc\u00e9 en 2020 une \u00e9tude sur l\u2019impact de \u00ab l\u2019immunit\u00e9 crois\u00e9e \u00bb concernant la Covid-19.<\/li>\n<li>Berthaud-Clair, S., \u00ab En Afrique, le fardeau \u201ccach\u00e9\u201d de la surmortalit\u00e9 due au Covid-10 \u00bb, Le Monde Afrique, 11 mai 2022 :<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/\"> https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique<\/a>\/article\/2022\/05\/11\/en-afrique-le-fardeau-cache-de-lasurmortalite- due-au-covid-19_6125678_3212.html<\/li>\n<li>\u00ab La Covid-19 dans les villes africaines : Impacts, ripostes et recommandations politiques \u00bb, ONU-Habitat, 2020, p. 4, disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/unhabitat.org\/\">https:\/\/unhabitat.org <\/a><\/li>\n<li>Le protocole ivoirien pour les cas cliniques sans comorbidit\u00e9 et sans \u00e9pisode clinique exceptionnel est le suivant : Pr\u00e9dnisolone (15 mg \u00d7 3\/jour) ; Azithromycin (500 mg\/jour) ; Ac\u00e9tylcyst\u00e9ine (200 mg \u00d7 3\/jour) ; Amoxicilline (1 g \u00d7 2\/jour + acide clavulanique (125 mg \u00d7 2\/jour) pendant 8 jours.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"bibliographie-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"bibliographie-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">African Wildlife Foundation. (2020). More than 80 percent of this landlocked country is covered by the Sahara Desert. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.awf.org\/country\/niger\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.awf.org\/country\/niger<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Agency Niger Press. (2020). Niger registers its first case of coronavirus (Official) (in French). <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.anp.ne\/?q=ar-ticle\/le-niger-enregistre-son-premier-cas-de-coronavirus-officiel\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">http:\/\/www.anp.ne\/?q=ar-ticle\/le-niger-enregistre-son-premier-cas-de-coronavirus-officiel<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Akoglu, H. (2018). User&rsquo;s guide to correlation coefficients.  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Turkish journal of emergency medicine<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">18<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(3), 91-93. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.08.001\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.08.001<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Aminou, M. S. M., Diawara, G. A., Moctar, M. H., Rabiou, S. A. N. I., Idrissa, E. T., Ibrahim, S. A., &amp; Ambrose, T. A. L. I. S. U. N. A. (2021). Covid-19 Comorbidity and Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) General Reference Hospital (HGR), Niamey, Niger.  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Journal of Infectiology and Epidemiology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">4<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(1). <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29245\/2689-9981\/2021\/1.1165\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29245\/2689-9981\/2021\/1.1165<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Anoumatacky, A. P. N. M., &amp; Yeo-Tenena, Y. J. M. (2022). Impact de la maladie \u00e0 coronavirus sur les familles du grand Abidjan.  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">WAC<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, 143 p.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Baissa, A. M., Hamani, S., Ali, M., Mouako, A. L., Anya, B. M., &amp; Wiysonge, C. S. (2020). COVID-19 control in Niger: an assessment of infection prevention and control practices at healthcare facilities in the city of Niamey.  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Pan African Medical Journal<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">37<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(1), 35. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11604\/pamj.supp.2020.37.35.26512\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11604\/pamj.supp.2020.37.35.26512<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Baldwin, P. (2021). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fighting the first wave: Why the coronavirus was tackled so differently across the globe?<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Cambridge University Press, 385 p.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Baxerres, C., &amp; Eboko, F. (dirs.) (2020). Global health : et la sant\u00e9 ?. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Politique africaine<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, 156, 2019\/4.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bergson, H. (2013). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Essai sur les donn\u00e9es imm\u00e9diates de la conscience<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. PUF, 322 p.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bigi, V., Pezzoli, A., &amp; Rosso, M. (2018). Past and future precipitation trend analysis for the City of Niamey (Niger): An overview.  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">6<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(3), 73. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390\/cli6030073\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390\/cli6030073<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <\/span> <\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cabinet du Premier ministre. (mars 2020).  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Plan de soutien \u00e9conomique, social et humanitaire contre le Covid-19<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cohen, J. (1992). Statistical power analysis.  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Current directions in psychological science<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(3), 98-101. .  <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8721.ep10768783\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8721.ep10768783<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <\/span> <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Deruelle, T. (2016). Bricolage or entrepreneurship? Lessons from the creation of the European centre for disease prevention and control.   <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">European Policy Analysis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(2), 43-67. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18278\/epa.2.2.4\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18278\/epa.2.2.4<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Diouf, I., Sy, S., Senghor, H., Fall, P., Diouf, D., Diakhat\u00e9, M., &amp; Gaye, A. T. (2021). Potential contribution of climate conditions on Covid-19 pandemic transmission over West and North African countries.  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Atmosphere<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">13<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(1), 34. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.01.21.21250231\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.01.21.21250231<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Djaha, J. F. (12 janvier 2021). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pol\u00e9miques en contexte de riposte au Covid-19 en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: une netnographie des communaut\u00e9s Facebook, Webinaire APHRO-CoV<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Eboko, F. 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Aerodynamic characteristics and RNA concentration of SARS-CoV-2 aerosol in Wuhan hospitals during COVID-19 outbreak.  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BioRxiv<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0806852106\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0806852106<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n\t\t                    <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aff930 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5aff930\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc34b86 elementor-widget 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NUM\u00c9RO PDF Abstract R\u00e9sum\u00e9 Muhtasari \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 This paper analyzes Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire\u2019s institutional response to the spread of Covid-19 and explores the measures beyond political control, especially the impact of environmental variations, by comparing the Ivorian case to other West African countries, to deconstruct misconceptions about the propagation of Covid-19 in Africa and suggests a rereading of Africa\u2019s place in the collective imaginaries, including at the scientific level.The approach uses political science, which pays particular attention to national political trajectories in relation to institutional responses to the Covid-19. In the subtitle of his book, American political historian Peter Baldwin (2021) asks the question that runs through our contribution: \u201cWhy has the fight against the coronavirus been so different around the world?\u201d Our approach to the problem, based on a broadly defined multifactorial one, attempts to refine the overly encompassing factors, putting each of the empirical factors into a national, or in Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire\u2019s case, even a local context. The lockdown imposed by the authorities on Abidjan (Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire\u2019s capital) from March 26 to July 15, 2020, for example, was a major event in the country\u2019s response to the Covid-19 pandemic. The paper is borne out of our transdisciplinary research (in political science, sociology, climatology, meteorology, atmospheric physics, and oceanography) presented at the West African Consortium for Clinical Research on Epidemics Pathogens (WAC-CREP, 2022) international symposium in March 2022 in Yamoussoukro. Keywords Covid-19, Climate, Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire, Prevalence, West Africa, Policy Response Ce texte propose une analyse de la re\u0301ponse institutionnelle de la Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire sur la diffusion de la Covid-19 et explore les pistes qui e\u0301chappent au contro\u0302le politique, spe\u0301cialement les incidences des variations saisonnie\u0300res en comparant le cas ivoirien a\u0300 d\u2019autres pays d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest. Ce point de vue permet de de\u0301construire les illusions d\u2019optique sur l\u2019expansion de la Covid-19 en Afrique et sugge\u0300re une lecture de la place de l\u2019Afrique dans les imaginaires, y compris scientifiques. Le propos s\u2019inscrit notamment dans une logique proche des travaux de science politique qui portent une attention particulie\u0300re aux trajectoires politiques nationales, en lien avec les re\u0301ponses institutionnelles a\u0300 la Covid-19. En sous-titre de son ouvrage, l\u2019historien politologue ame\u0301ricain Peter Baldwin (2021) pose la question qui traverse notre contribution : \u00ab Pourquoi la lutte contre le coronavirus a-t-elle e\u0301te\u0301 si diffe\u0301rente dans le monde ? \u201d Notre proble\u0301matique, qui se fonde sur une approche multifactorielle au sens large, tente d\u2019affiner les facteurs trop englobants, en remettant chacun des facteurs empiriques dans un contexte national, voire local dans le cas de la Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire. La fermeture du district d\u2019Abidjan (capitale de la Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire) de\u0301cide\u0301e par les autorite\u0301s ivoiriennes, du 26 mars au 15 juillet 2020, a, par exemple, constitue\u0301 un e\u0301ve\u0301nement majeur dans la re\u0301ponse de ce pays a\u0300 la pande\u0301mie de la Covid-19. Les re\u0301sultats de nos recherches transdisciplinaires (en science politique, sociologie, climatologie, me\u0301te\u0301orologie, physique de l\u2019atmosphe\u0300re et oce\u0301anographie) ont e\u0301te\u0301 pre\u0301sente\u0301s en mars 2022 a\u0300 Yamoussoukro lors du colloque international du West African Consortium for Clinical Research on Epidemics Pathogens (WAC-CREP, 2022). Mots-cl\u00e9s Covid-19, climat, Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire, pre\u0301valences, Afrique de l\u2019Ouest, re\u0301ponse politique \/\/\/ \/\/\/ Introduction \u00c0 l\u2019\u00e9mergence de la Covid-19, l\u2019Afrique a fait l\u2019objet d\u2019une grande inqui\u00e9tude (Jessani et al., 2020 ; Vidal et al., 2020). Pourtant, les chiffres officiels des contaminations et des d\u00e9c\u00e8s sont rest\u00e9s relativement moins \u00e9lev\u00e9s que dans d\u2019autres r\u00e9gions du monde (Tableau 1), except\u00e9 en Asie du Nord-Est, o\u00f9 la morbidit\u00e9 et la l\u00e9talit\u00e9 sont faibles. Ces donn\u00e9es mettent aussi en lumi\u00e8re, des nombres de d\u00e9c\u00e8s trois fois plus bas en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire que dans les autres pays africains qui comptent, comme elle, entre 80 000 et 170 000 contaminations. Il est particulie\u0300rement judicieux de distinguer l\u2019action publique et la question du climat, qui e\u0301chappe au contro\u0302le politique imme\u0301diat. L\u2019Afrique e\u0301tant l\u2019une des re\u0301gions les plus vulne\u0301rables aux chocs e\u0301pide\u0301miologiques et climatiques, elle retient l\u2019attention internationale (Lone &amp; Ahmad, 2020). Les facteurs climatiques me\u0301ritent donc une attention particulie\u0300re dans cette pande\u0301mie a\u0300 propagation multifactorielle. Des variables me\u0301te\u0301orologiques telles que la tempe\u0301rature de l\u2019air, l\u2019humidite\u0301 ou le rayonnement solaire agissent diffe\u0301remment sur la survie des coronavirus en Afrique par rapport a\u0300 d\u2019autres continents (Yuan et al., 2020).\u00a0 Ainsi, des recherches en 2020 ont documente\u0301 la relation entre les facteurs me\u0301te\u0301orologiques (tempe\u0301rature, pression atmosphe\u0301rique) et la Covid-19 en Chine. Au contraire, Ma et al. (2020) et Kante\u0301 et al., (2021) ont trouve\u0301 des corre\u0301lations ne\u0301gatives entre la tempe\u0301rature et la Covid-19 en Chine, ainsi qu\u2019en Re\u0301publique de Guine\u0301e. Cependant, le nombre d\u2019e\u0301tudes sur la disse\u0301mination du virus et l\u2019influence des facteurs me\u0301te\u0301orologiques est encore limite\u0301. La pande\u0301mie de la Covid-19 a mis en exergue une sorte d\u2019inversion de paradigme a\u0300 partir du cas de l\u2019Afrique subsaharienne, qui connai\u0302t une le\u0301talite\u0301 moindre que la majorite\u0301 des autres re\u0301gions du monde, contrairement aux autres pande\u0301mies (VIH\/sida, Ebola) de ces dernie\u0300res de\u0301cennies. Cet article vise \u00e0 analyser les d\u00e9terminants climatiques, sociaux, d\u00e9mographiques, structurels et politiques de cette situation. Il pr\u00e9sente le cas ivoirien dans le faisceau des cas africains, qui sont relativement diff\u00e9rents les uns des autres, mais avec une convergence \u2013 except\u00e9 l\u2019Afrique du Sud et les pays d\u2019Afrique du Nord \u2013 si on les compare avec les pays d\u2019Europe, des Am\u00e9riques et une partie de l\u2019Asie. Au-del\u00e0 des \u00ab fausses bonnes id\u00e9es \u00bb Les \u00e9pid\u00e9mies subies par l\u2019Afrique ont provoqu\u00e9 au fil du temps des inqui\u00e9tudes l\u00e9gitimes, qui ont conduit \u00e0 des discours, repr\u00e9sentations et recherches scientifiques (Eboko, 2021). Ainsi, le climat, qui serait l\u2019une des explications de la moindre circulation du Sars-Cov-2 (Sars : Severe acute respiratory syndrome), fait partie d\u2019une s\u00e9rie d\u2019hypoth\u00e8ses autour de facteurs qui \u00e9chappent aux d\u00e9cisions politiques et aux comportements sociaux. Avant d\u2019examiner la question climatique, nous allons expliquer pourquoi certaines autres hypoth\u00e8ses sont d\u00e9menties ou relativis\u00e9es par des faits et\/ou des donn\u00e9es : il s\u2019agit de la densit\u00e9<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":43,"featured_media":6439,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[200],"tags":[],"issues3":[],"post_folder":[],"ppma_author":[521,522,520],"class_list":["post-10021","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analyses-critiques","author-fred-eboko-fr","author-ibrahima-k-kante-fr","author-arona-diedhiou-fr"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Covid-19, r\u00e9ponse institutionnelle et r\u00f4le du climat \u00c9tude comparative entre la C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire et 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